Earth’s Internal Processes (and stuff on the surface too!) Geomorphology Earth –Shapes Landforms Tectonic & Volcanic Processes Build Things Up Gradational Processes Wear things down Earth in Cross Section Core to Crust Lithosphere Crust Asthenosphere ‘Plastic’ Rocks Igneous Rock Types Magma Intrusive (Plutonic) Extrusive (Volcanic) Lava Basaltic/Mafic Low silica Felsic High Silica Andesite & Granite Sedimentary Strata (layers) Lithification Clastic Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale Some Limestone Chemically Precipitated Limestone Oldest Rocks on Bottom Metamorphic Rock Foliated (sometimes) Granite = Gniess Limestone = Marble Shale = Slate Sandstone = Quartzite Olivine = Serpentinite The Rock Cycle The Pace of Change Catastrophism Young Earth Uniformitarianism Late 1700s Geologic Time Scale Uniformitarianism Index Fossils & Fossil Succession Never coexist (no dinos & man) Always in sequence Oldest at Bottom Independent of Radiometric dating Geologic Time Scale Plate Tectonics Driving Force of Surface Changes Seafloor Spreading Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform Continental Rearrangement Origin of Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegner Continental Drift Mid Atlantic Ridge Magnetic Reversals Mirror Images Seafloor Spreading Convection and Tectonics Earth’s Major Plates Earthquakes and Volcanoes Divergent Boundaries Rift Valley Forming a Divergent Boundary Divergent - Continental Divergent - Oceanic Mid-Ocean Ridge Convergent Boundary Ocean-Ocean Ocean-Continent Continent-Continent Transform Boundary Hot Spots/Mantle Plume Evidence of plate movement Volcanism Hot Spot Volcano Tracks Hawaiian Hot Spot