Методична розробка для студентів
до самостійної позааудиторної роботи №5
по темі «Chemical Substances»
(Фармацевтичний факультет (заочна форма навчання),
курс І, семестр ІІ)
Text: Water
Self-Reliant Work: Chemical substances
Мета самостійної позааудиторної роботи №5
1. Перевірити вміння студентів самостійно працювати.
2. Поглибити наративні навички на основі опису хімічної речовини.
3. Розвинути діалогічне мовлення.
Stages of the Lesson
І. Read the general in formation about chemical substances
Chemical substances are often defined as any material with a definite chemical
composition. According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure
chemical element or a pure chemical compound.
A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same
properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a
river or made in a laboratory. Some typical chemical substances are diamond, gold,
salt (sodium chloride) and sugar (sucrose). Generally, chemical substances exist as
a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma and may change between these phases of matter with
changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical reactions convert one chemical
substance into another.
ІІ. Read the following text.
Water
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H20: one molecule
of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Water appears in nature in all three common states and may take many
different forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky; seawater and icebergs
in the polar oceans; glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and the liquid in aquifers
in the ground.
At high temperatures and pressures, such as in the interior of giant planets, it
is argued that water exists as ionic water in which the molecules break down into a
soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and at even higher pressures as superionic
water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely
within the oxygen lattice.
The major chemical and physical properties of water are:
• Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and
odourless. The colour of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both
appear colourless in small quantities. Water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.
•
Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Ultra-violet and
infrared light is strongly absorbed.
• Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher
electronegativity than hydrogen atoms, it carries a slight negative charge, whereas
the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. As a result, water is a polar molecule with
an electrical dipole moment.
• Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent.
Substances that dissolve in water (salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases especially oxygen, carbon dioxide) are known as hydrophilic substances, while
those that do not mix well with water (fats and oils), are known as hydrophobic
substances.
• All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also
dissolved in water.
• Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases significantly with
the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride.
• The boiling point of water depends on the barometric pressure. For example, on
the top of Everest water boils at 68°C, compared to 100°C at sea level. Conversely,
water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperatures of hundreds
of degrees and remain liquid.
• Water has the second highest molar specific heat capacity of any known
substance, after ammonia, as well as a high heat of vaporization, both of which are
a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules. These two
unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's climate by buffering large
fluctuations in temperature.
• The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98°C. It expands to occupy 9%
greater volume in this solid state, which accounts for the fact of ice floating on
liquid water.
• Water is miscible with many liquids, such as ethanol, in all proportions,
forming a single homogeneous liquid. On the other hand, water and most oils are
immiscible usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. As
a gas, water vapor is completely miscible with air.
• Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Elements which are more electropositive than hydrogen such as lithium,
sodium, calcium, potassium and caesium displace hydrogen from water, forming
hydroxides. Being a flammable gas, the hydrogen given off is dangerous and the
reaction of water with the more electropositive of these elements may be violently
explosive.
Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and
odours. Humans and other animals have developed senses which enable them to
evaluate the potability of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid. The
taste of spring water and mineral water, often advertised in marketing of consumer
products, derives from the minerals dissolved in it. However, pure H 20 is tasteless
and odourless. The advertised purity of spring and mineral water refers to absence
of toxins, pollutants and microbes.
Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms
of life. Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation or
transpiration, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Over land,
evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.
III. Get ready to report on any chemical substance.
Методичну розробку складено викладачем Венгринович Н. Р.
Методичну розробку обговорено і затверджено на кафедрі мовознавства.
Протокол № __ від _______
Зав. кафедри мовознавства, професор
Голод Р.Б.