Ch 3 Minerals
 _________ (8 to 32 km)
 _________ (2900 km)
 Liquid Core(_________ km)
 Solid Core (_________ km)
Core
1. Solid Inner Core:
• Made of solid _________ and Iron
• Under great pressure -resulting in a _________ form.
• _________ causes the Earth to be magnetic
• _________ degrees Celsius
2. Liquid Outer Core
• Made of liquid Nickel and _________
• 2200 degrees _________
Mantle
• Molten, liquid _________ (Magma)
• Makes up about _________% of Earth’s volume
• Ranges from _________ to 2200 degrees Celsius
• Crust and Mantle divided by the Moho _________
Crust
• Very thin, _________ layer of rock
• Made of mostly _________ & Oxygen (75%)
What are Minerals?
• Naturally occurring – not _________-made, in the earth
• _________ – doesn’t come from living things
• Always a solid – has _________ and shape
• Definite _________ composition – made of a single pure substance or element
• Crystalline form – flat sides, sharp edges & _________
• Formation & Composition
• As hot _________ cools, the minerals will _________.
• If the magma cools very _________ it forms large crystals. If it cools very quickly it forms tiny to
_________ crystals.
• Some mineral crystals will form _________ dissolved in liquids. Minerals will be left behind
when the liquid _________.
• The eight most common elements in the crust form a large number of the known _________.
• (O, Si, Al, _________, Ca, _________, K, & Mg)
• The _________ formed by Silicon & Oxygen is known as Silicate.
Mineral Identification
• The identification of a mineral is based on its _________ properties
• 1. Color
• Some minerals have __________________ colors
• Some minerals can come in several different color _________ EX: Quartz & _________
• Some of the colors can change due to temperature, _________, or radiation.
• 2. Luster
• The way a mineral _________ light off its surface.
• 2 types
• A. _________ – very shiny, looks like a metal
• B. Non-metallic –
• _________ – shiny, transparent, translucent
• Earthy - clay-like, _________
• _________: pearl-like
• 3. Hardness
• The ability for a mineral to resist being __________________.
• _________ Hardness Scale
• A list of ten minerals _________ according to hardness.
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1= softest (_________)
10=hardest (diamond)
A mineral that is higher on the scale will _________ the mineral that is lower.
Other common items have been given ratings on the scale for identification _________.
EX: Fingernail, _________, File, Glass
4. Streak
The color of the _________ scraped off a mineral when rubbed against a rough surface (streak
plate.)
• Very useful property for showing the _________ color.
• Same color _________, no matter what the variation
• 5. Breakage
• 2 types –
• a. _________ - breaks in smooth, definite surfaces
• Same every time
• b. _________ - breaks in rough or _________ surfaces
• 6. Crystal Form
• Geometric crystals with flat surfaces and definite edges
• _________
• Hexagonal
• _________
• Orthorhombic
• _________
• Triclinic
• Different _________ cleavage
• 7. Other Properties
• 1. Reaction to _________ - some minerals will _________ in acid
• 2. _________ - some special minerals will be magnetic
• 3. Smell - some will have distinct _________
• 4. _________ - some have a distinct taste
Mineral Groups
• 1. _________
• Most common mineral _________
• Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4) along with additional _________.
• Joined together into _________, sheets, or 3-demensional networks.
• EXAMPLES: Feldspars, _________, Micas
• 2. _________
• Carbonates are used in _________ & lime.
• Made of Carbonate (CO3) with other _________.
• EXAMPLES: _________ & Dolomite
• 3. _________
• Used in steel making, _________, & salt
• EXAMPLES: Halite & Fluorite
• 4. _________
• Used in plaster.
• Made of Sulfate (_________) with other elements.
• EXAMPLE: Gypsum
• 5. _________
• Have Oxygen as a major _________.
• EXAMPLES: Hematite, Magnetite, Corundum, & _________
• 6. _________ Elements
• Minerals of great economic _________ that are pure elements.
• EXAMPLES: _________, Silver, Diamond (C), Sulfur, _________ (C), Copper,
Platinum
Uses for Minerals
• 1. _________
• Minerals or combinations of minerals from which _________ and nonmetals can be removed in
usable amounts.
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Examples: _________ (Mercury), Bauxite (Aluminum), Hematite (Iron)
Smelting- when an ore is heated so that a _________ can be separated from it.
_________- when pure metals are combined to form other metallic substances. (Steel & Brass)
2. _________
Minerals that are hard, _________, and durable.
They are substances that can be cut & polished for _________ & decoration.
a. Precious _________
The _________ & most valuable.
Ex: Diamonds, Rubies, _________, Sapphires, & _________
b. __________________ Stones
The other gemstones
Ex: _________, Zircons, Garnets, Turquoises, _________, & more
c. Non-Mineral _________
Come from _________ things
Ex: _________, _________, & _________