系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
Choose the best one (each 2 points)
1. The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason?
(A) segregation of maternal and paternal alleles
(B) recurrent mutations forming new alleles
(C) crossing over during prophase I
(D) different possible alignments of chromosomes
(E) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate together
2. Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants?
(A) proton pumps in the membrane
(B) a difference in solute concentrations
(C) aquaporins
(D) receptor proteins in the membrane
(E) a difference in water potential
3. Extinction is a natural phenomenon. It is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why then do we say that we are now experiencing an extinction (loss of biodiversity) crisis?
(A) Humans are ethically responsible for protecting endangered species.
(B) The current rate of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels.
(C) Scientists have finally identified most of the species on Earth and are thus able to quantify the number of species becoming extinct.
(D) Humans have greater medical needs than at any other time in history, and many potential medicinal compounds are being lost as plant species become extinct.
(E) Most biodiversity hot spots have been destroyed by recent ecological disasters.
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
4. The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are)
(A) carotenoids.
(B) xanthophylls.
(C) phytochrome.
(D) chlorophyll.
(E) auxin.
5. Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this?
(A) incomplete dominance
(B) multiple alleles
(C) codominance
(D) epistasis
(E) pleiotropy
6. Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis?
(A) the incursion of a non-native species
(B) increasing pollution levels
(C) decrease in regional productivity
(D) high rate of extinction
(E) climate change
7. Which structure or compartment is not part of the plant's apoplast?
(A) the lumen of a xylem vessel
(B) the lumen of a sieve tube
(C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell
(D) the cell wall of a transfer cell
(E) the cell wall of a root hair
8. Which of the following are true of most angiosperms?
(A) They have a triploid endosperm within the seed.
(B) They have an ovary that becomes a fruit.
(C) They have a small (reduced) sporophyte.
(D) They have a triploid endosperm within the seed and an ovary that becomes a fruit.
(E) They have a triploid endosperm within the seed, an ovary that becomes a fruit, and a small
(reduced) sporophyte.
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
9. A researcher analyzes the mineral content of a particular grass and is surprised to find substantial levels of uranium in both leaf and root tissues. The most likely explanation for this finding is that
(A) uranium is an essential nutrient for this grass.
(B) the plant has a mutation in its active transport proteins.
(C) there is a higher than usual concentration of uranium in the soil.
(D) uranium is substituting for some other essential nutrient.
(E) uranium is being supplied by mycorrhizae.
10.Which statement most accurately describes how matter and energy are used in ecosystems?
(A) Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not.
(B) Energy is cycled through ecosystems; matter is not.
(C) Energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy.
(D) Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter.
(E) Matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not.
11.The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from
(A) soil minerals.
(B) CO2.
(C) the hydrogen from H2O.
(D) the oxygen from H2O.
(E) the uptake of organic nutrients from the soil.
12.Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?
(A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition.
(B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position.
(C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day.
(D) A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator.
(E) A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.
13.Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?
(A) prophase I of meiosis
(B) anaphase II of meiosis
(C) metaphase I of meiosis
(D) anaphase I of meiosis
(E) anaphase of mitosis
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
14.What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked in the de-etiolation pathway?
(A) Specific protein kinase 1 would be activated, and greening would occur.
(B) Ca2+ channels would not open, and no greening would occur.
(C) Ca2+ channels could open, and specific protein kinase 2 could still be produced.
(D) No transcription of genes that function in de-etiolation would occur.
(E) Transcription of de-etiolation genes in the nucleus would not be affected.
15.The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by
(A) hormones.
(B) evolution.
(C) sexuality.
(D) pheromones.
(E) the nervous system.
16.Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?
(A) root hair --- dermal tissue
(B) palisade parenchyma --- ground tissue
(C) guard cell --- dermal tissue
(D) companion cell --- ground tissue
(E) tracheid --- vascular tissue
17.Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosophila melanogaster has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following has/have continued to make it a most useful species?
I.
its four pairs of chromosomes
II.
a very large number of visible as well as biochemically mutant phenotypes
III.
easy and inexpensive maintenance
IV.
short generation time and large number of offspring
(A) I and IV only
(B) II and III only
(C) I, II, and III only
(D) II, III, and IV only
(E) I, II, III, IV, and V
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
18.Use the following pedigree for a family in which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis.
From this pedigree, how does this trait seem to be inherited?
(A) from mothers
(B) as an autosomal recessive
(C) as a result of epistasis
(D) as an autosomal dominant
(E) as an incomplete dominant
19.How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced?
(A) The two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome.
(B) The two genes are linked but on different chromosomes.
(C) Recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosis.
(D) The testcross was improperly performed.
(E) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene.
20.In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male?
(A) tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males
(B) black females; orange males
(C) orange females; orange males
(D) tortoiseshell females; black males
(E) orange females; black males
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
21.A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?
(A) zone of cell division
(B) zone of elongation
(C) zone of maturation
(D) root cap
(E) apical meristem
22.What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross ?
(A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents.
(B) A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny, whereas a dihybrid cross produces two progeny.
(C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid cross involves only one.
(D) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations.
(E) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.
23.All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except
(A) sporopollenin.
(B) lignin.
(C) chlorophyll a .
(D) cellulose.
(E) chlorophyll b .
24.Which of the following provides an example of epistasis?
(A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes ( aabb ) results in an albino corn snake.
(B) The allele b17 produces a dominant phenotype, although b1 through b16 do not.
(C) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype ( cc ) prevents any fur color from developing.
(D) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes.
(E) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of spines.
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
25.The most serious consequence of a decrease in global biodiversity would be the
(A) increase in global warming and thinning of the ozone layer.
(B) potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend.
(C) increase in the abundance and diversity of edge-adapted species.
(D) loss of source of genetic diversity to preserve endangered species.
(E) loss of species for "bioprospecting."
26.In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
(A) hydrogen bonds.
(B) nonpolar covalent bonds.
(C) polar covalent bonds.
(D) ionic bonds.
(E) van der Waals interactions.
27. Liquid water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the
(A) small size of the water molecules.
(B) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
(C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.
(D) fact that water is a poor heat conductor.
(E) higher density of liquid water than solid water (ice).
28.The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to
(A) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms.
(B) the variety of rare elements in organic molecules.
(C) the fact that they can be synthesized only in living organisms.
(D) their interaction with water.
(E) their tremendously large sizes.
29.Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts , have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. As a result, these lipid rafts
(A) are more fluid than the surrounding membrane.
(B) are more rigid than the surrounding membrane.
(C) are able to flip from inside to outside.
(D) detach from the plasma membrane and clog arteries.
(E) have higher rates of lateral diffusion of lipids and proteins into and out of the lipid rafts.
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
30.The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals
(A) enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.
(B) enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids.
(C) enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids.
(D) makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell.
(E) makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders.
31.The primary function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is
(A) to facilitate diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients.
(B) to actively transport molecules against their concentration gradients.
(C) to maintain the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane.
(D) to maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures.
(E) to mediate cell-to-cell recognition.
32.Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that
(A) reduces cyclin concentrations.
(B) increases cyclin concentrations.
(C) prevents elongation of microtubules.
(D) prevents shortening of microtubules.
(E) prevents attachment of the microtubules to the kinetochore.
33.Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?
(A) a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic
(B) a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein
(C) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide
(D) a DNA—RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product
(E) a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
34.Which of the following best describes siRNA?
(A) a short double-stranded RNA, one of whose strands can complement and inactivate a sequence of mRNA
(B) a single-stranded RNA that can, where it has internal complementary base pairs, fold into cloverleaf patterns
(C) a double-stranded RNA that is formed by cleavage of hairpin loops in a larger precursor
(D) a portion of rRNA that allows it to bind to several ribosomal proteins in forming large or small subunits
(E) a molecule, known as Dicer, that can degrade other mRNA sequences
35.The host range of a virus is determined by
(A) the enzymes carried by the virus.
(B) whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA.
(C) the proteins in the host's cytoplasm.
(D) the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell.
(E) the proteins on its surface and that of the host.
36.Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?
(A) Plantae
(B) Fungi
(C) Animalia
(D) Protista
(E) Monera
37.Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?
(A) All species can be characterized as scavengers.
(B) They have only longitudinal muscles.
(C) They have a true coelom.
(D) They have a gastrovascular cavity.
(E) Many species are diploblastic.
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
38.The excretory organs of annelids are
(A) protonephridia.
(B) flame bulbs.
(C) metanephridia.
(D) skin gills.
(E) malpighian tubules.
39.Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?
(A) chondrichthyans
(B) ray-finned fishes
(C) lampreys
(D) hagfishes
(E) tetrapods
40.Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?
(A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange.
(B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
(C) It prolongs embryonic development.
(D) It provides insulation to conserve heat.
(E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
41.Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?
(A) lizards
(B) crocodiles
(C) snakes
(D) birds
(E) tuataras
42.With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
(A) Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.
(B) Humans evolved directly from Old World monkeys.
(C) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection.
(D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
(E) Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
43.The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because
(A) thick and thin filaments are present.
(B) they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood.
(C) the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different.
(D) they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients.
(E) the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.
44.Connective tissues typically have
(A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells.
(B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate.
(C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation.
(D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
(E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.
45.The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the
(A) medulla oblongata.
(B) thyroid gland.
(C) hypothalamus.
(D) subcutaneous layer of the skin.
(E) liver.
46.In a developing frog embryo, most of the yolk is
(A) located near the animal pole.
(B) located near the vegetal pole.
(C) found within the cleavage furrow.
(D) found within the blastocoels.
(E) distributed equally throughout the embryo.
47.Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones?
(A) cleavage → blastula → gastrula → morula
(B) cleavage → gastrula → morula → blastula
(C) cleavage → morula → blastula → gastrula
(D) gastrula → morula → blastula → cleavage
(E) morula → cleavage → gastrula → blastula
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系所別：生 物 科 技 系 二 年 級
科 目：普 通 生 物 學
48.The lateral line system in fish transduces sensory information in a manner that, among these choices, is most similar to
(A) human vestibular sense.
(B) human olfaction.
(C) human gustation.
(D) human vision.
(E) human thermoreception.
49.Compared to viewing a distant object, viewing an object held within 5 cm of the eye requires a lens that
(A) has been flattened, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles.
(B) has been made more spherical, as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscles.
(C) has been flattened, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles.
(D) has been made more spherical, as a result of relaxation of the ciliary muscles.
(E) does not change its shape.
50.The complement system is
(A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity.
(B) a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells.
(C) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins.
(D) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion.
(E) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes.
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