DSHVM Vegetation Parameters

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FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA ATLÂNTICA

DSHVM Vegetation Parameters

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1. VEGETATION DESCRIPTION : Ombrophylous Dense

2. OVERSTORY PRESENT : True

3. UNDERSTORY PRESENT : True

The following set of eleven parameters (inclusive of SNOW INTERCEPTION EFF) only apply to the overstory layer (if there is one).

4. FRACTIONAL COVERAGE : fractional coverage of overstory (0-1)

The fraction of total area occupied by the overstory. The understory is assumed to completely cover the ground for all cells that have an understory.

5. TRUNK SPACE : distance from the ground surface to the start of the crown (0-1, fraction of total height)

6. AERODYNAMIC ATTENUATION : canopy attenuation coefficient for wind profile

This is the extinction coefficient, n, in equation A2 of Wigmosta et. al. (1994).

Reference: Appendix of Wigmosta et. al. (1994) which references Shuttleworth and

Wallace(1985).

7. RADIATION ATTENUATION : radiation attenuation by the overstory

This is the canopy attenuation coefficient, k, in equation 18 of Wigmosta et. al.

(1994). Based on Pascal Storck’s field work, short wave radiation beneath the canopy, ô, can be estimated as 10-20% of that with no canopy.

Parameters 8 through 12 do not need to be specified when canopy radiation attenuation mode is FIXED.

8. HEMI FRACT COVERAGE : fraction of the hemisphere that is visible for each layer (0-1)

9. CLUMPING FACTOR : clumping factor of overstory

10. LEAF ANGLE A : leaf angle distribution parameter for overstory

11. LEAF ANGLE B : leaf angle distribution parameter for overstory

12. SCATTERING PARAMETER : scattering parameter (0.7-0.85) for overstory

The next three parameters (13-

15) are from Pascal Storck’s dissertation based on field work in the Umpqua National Forest in Oregon.

13. MAX SNOW INT CAPACITY : não se aplica

14. MAX RELEASE DRIP RATIO : não se aplica

15. SNOW INTERCEPTION EFF: não se aplica

16. IMPERVIOUS FRACTION : impervious fraction (0-1)

Parameters 17 - 22 vary with the layer (overstory and/or understory). The overstory is specified first, followed by the understory.

17. HEIGHT : Height of each vegetation layer (m)

18. MAXIMUM RESISTANCE : Maximum stomatal resistance for each vegetation layer (s/m)

19. MINIMUM RESISTANCE : Minimum stomatal resistance for each vegetation layer (s/m)

Reference: Table 1 of Wigmosta et al. (1994) references Kaufmann (1982),

Alexander et al. (1985), Hunt et al.(1991), and Dickinson et al. (1986).

20. MOISTURE THRESHOLD : soil moisture threshold above which soil moisture does not restrict transpiration for each vegetation layer (0-1)

This is è* in equation 16 of Wigmosta et. al. (1994). Maidment (1993) estimates this, referred to as èd, as 50 to 80 percent of the field capacity.

Reference: Maidment (1993)

21. VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT : vapor pressure deficit threshold above which stomatal closure occurs for each vegetation layer (Pa)

This is cd in equation 14 of Wigmosta et. al. (1994).

Reference: Wigmosta et. al. (1994)

22. RPC : fraction of shortwave radiation that is photosynthetically active for each layer

Wigmosta et al. (1994) states this is the light level where rs = 2rsmin (equation 12).

Reference: Table 1 of Wigmosta et al. (1994) references Dickenson et al. (1991)

23. NUMBER OF ROOT ZONES : number of rooting zones

This should be the same as the number of root zone layers in the soil section.

24. ROOT ZONE DEPTHS : thickness of soil layers (m)

25. OVERSTORY ROOT FRACTION : fraction of the roots of the overstory in each root zone layer

26. UNDERSTORY ROOT FRACTION : fraction of the roots of the understory in each root zone layer

The order in which this should be specified is: fraction of roots in top layer, fraction of roots in second layer, etc. For each vegetation layer, the sum of the root fractions in the different root zones must be equal to one.

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27. OVERSTORY MONTHLY LAI : overstory leaf area index (one-sided) for each month (Jan-Dec)

28. UNDERSTORY MONTHLY LAI : overstory leaf area index (one-sided) for each month (Jan-Dec)

Reference: Table 1 in Wigmosta et. al. (1994) references Kaufmann et. al. (1982).

This can also be based on satellite data. One source for this is the LDAS project

( http://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ) which is based on the global Myneni (1997) data set.

29. OVERSTORY MONTHLY ALBEDO : overstory albedo for each vegetation for each month (Jan-Dec)

30. UNDERSTORY MONTHLY ALBEDO : understory albedo for each vegetation for each month (Jan-Dec)

Reference: Eagleson (2003) includes some values. This can be based on remote sensing data.

References

Alexander, R.R., C. A. Troendle, M.R. Kaufmann, W.D. Shepperd, G.L. Crouch, and R.K. Watkins. 1985. The Fraser experimental forest, Colorado: Research program and published research 1937-1985, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-118 , 44 pp., Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., U.S. Dept. of Agric. For. Serv., Fort

Collns, Colo

Dickinson, R.E., A. Henderson-Sellers, C. Rosenzweig, and P.J. Selers, 1991.

Evapotranspiration models with canopy resistance for use in climate models,

A review, Agric. For. Meteorol.

, 54 ,373-388,

Dickinson, R.E., A. Henderson-Sellers, P.J. Kennedy, and M.F. Wilson, 1986.

Bisosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) for NCAR Community

Climate Model, Tech. Note NCAR/TN-275+STR , Natl. Cent. For Atmos.

Res., Boulder, Colo

Eagleson, Peter S. 2003. Dynamic Hydrology.

European Geosciences Union,

Germany.

Eagleson, Peter S. 2002. Ecohydrology - Darwinian Expression of Vegetation

Form and Function . Cambridge University Press

Hunt, E.R., Jr., S.W. Running, and C.A. Federer, 1991. Extrapolating plant water flow resistances and capacitances to regional scales, Agric. For. Meteorol.

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54 , 169-195.

Kaufmann, M.R., C.B. Edminster, and C.A. Troendle, 1982. Leaf area determination for subalpine tree species in the central Rocky Mountains,

Res. Pap. RM-238, 7 pp., Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., U.S. Dept. of

Agric. For. Serv., Fort Collins, Colo.

Kaufmann, M.R., 1982. Leaf conductance as a function of photosynthetic photon flux density and absolute humidity difference from leaf to air, Plant Physiol.,

69, 1018-1022,.

Maidment, David R. 1993. Handbook of Hydrology , McGraw-Hill, New York,.

Myneni, R.B., R.R. Nemai & S.W. Running, 1997: Estimation of global leaf area index and absorbed PAT using radiated transfer models. IEEE Trans.

Geosci. Remote Sens ., 35, 1380-1391, 1997.

Shuttleworth, W.J. and J.S. Wallace, Evaporation from sparse crops

– An energy combination theory, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111 , 839-855, 1985.

Storck, P., and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2000: Trees, Snow and Flooding: An

Investigation of Forest Canopy Effects on Snow Accumulation and Melt at the

Plot and Watershed Scales in the Pacific Northwest , Water Resources

Series, Technical Report 161, University of Washington, Seattle.

Wigmosta, Mark S, Lance W. Vail, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier, A distributed hydrologyvegetation model for complex terrain, Water Resources Research,

30(6), 1665-1679, 1994.

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