Microbial Air Pollution: A Case Study from Sisdol Sanitary
Landfill Site
Panthi, J. Shrestha, U.
Chapter I: Introduction
1.1
Background
As urbanization continues to take place, the management of solid waste has become a
major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing
countries including Nepal. In recent years solid waste has become major environmental
problem in Kathmandu and other urban areas of Nepal. The only ultimate management of
solid waste in Kathmandu Valley is to dump solid waste in a landfill site and Sisdol is the
single land fill site for the disposal of solid waste of Kathmandu Valley. A typical solid
waste management system in Kathmandu valley displays an array of problems, including
low collection coverage and irregular collection services, crude open dumping and
burning without air and water pollution control, the breeding of flies and vermin, and the
handling and control of informal waste picking or scavenging activities.
Since, the waste was used to dump in the riverbank of Bagmati River. The government of
Nepal in 1995 decided to develop as a sanitary landfill site for the Sisdol of Okharpauwa8 in Nuwakot district as a long term solution to the solid waste problem of the valley.
However it came into operation only after ten years in June 2005 (Rising Nepal). Lots of
problems due to landfill sites have been noticed such as water pollution, air pollution, soil
pollution, noise pollution etc.
Air is the precious natural gift without which no life can exist in this earth and clean air is
vital for human survival. Air pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical
and biological composition in the air causing detrimental effects to human livelihood.
According to World Health Organization (WHO, 1996), air pollution is "limited to
situations in which the outer ambient atmosphere contains materials in concentrations
which are harmful to human being and their environment" (www.who.org).
Air pollution is a major environmental problem that is becoming day by day in Nepal. Air
pollution in Nepal is considered as one of the most dangerous and common kind of
environmental pollution of an urban area than a rural one. However, in rural areas also,
burning of firewood for domestic purpose and agricultural activities such as field
burning, crop spraying and drying activities contribute air pollution.
As far as microbial air pollution is concerned, no microorganisms are indigenous to the
atmosphere but microorganisms of the air within 300 to 1000 or more feet of the earth’s
surface are merely organisms of soil that have become attached to fragments of dried
leaves, straw or dust particles light enough to be blown about by the wind. Kinds and
number of microorganisms found in the atmosphere depend on where the samples are
collected, weather, speed and direction of wind and the level of concentration of
pollutants at that place. Therefore, air pollution is the combined contribution and relative
effects of suspended particulate matter (SPM), gaseous/chemicals and air borne
microorganisms.
Although biological pollutants are not extensively studied in ambient air pollution as
chemical/gaseous pollutants, these seem to be equally dangerous for public health point
of view. Many animal and plant parasites and pathogenic microorganisms are released to
atmosphere from their natural hosts. Human activities such as disposal of hazardous
waste, industrial waste contribute for the contamination of air with pathogenic
microorganisms.
Fungi, bacteria, virus, pollens, lichens, insects etc. become biological air pollutants and
cause fatal health effects to the human beings. Because, the ultimate fate of the
microorganisms in the air are governed by various atmosphere conditions such as
humidity, intensity of light, temperature, wind velocity, seasons, topography,
geographical variations, size of the particles bearing microorganisms etc. Many
pathogenic microorganisms are secreted from the nose and throat of the infected
individuals which can be transmitted to air by aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing
and even talking and then transmitted to the community by air.
The fungi cause the various skin diseases (fungal) and eye infections. The higher
concentration of fungi in the atmosphere causes severe and serious diseases like
Aspergilosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary infections, skin and nil infections, Blasto
mycosos, Chromoblastomycosis, Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis,
Dengue, Facil eczema, Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Asthma, Palatitis, Myacarditis, sub cutaneous
mycetoma, Angular cheilitis, central nervous system infections, Meningitis and colitis.
Besides there, a wide variety of fungal toxic metabolites are encompassed into a common
name mycotoxin, as Aflatoxin Ochrotoxin, Patulin etc. which are very much hazardous to
human health. The fungi frequently found in the air are the species of Alternaria,
Aspergillus, Botrytis, Clardosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Mucor,
Penecillium, Trichoderma etc.
Different types of bacteria like Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus
spp., Bacillus spp., Sarcina spp., Gram positive pleomorphic rods and aerobic spore
former are predominantly found into the air. Among them, pathogenic bacteria such as
Streptococcus viridous, Gram’s positive cocci, the commensal of mouth is considered as
the indicator of respiratory pollution
The higher concentration of bacteria causes various diseases like skin and soft tissue
infection, nasal vestibullitis, hay fever, cystic fibrosis, asthma, rhinitis, nasal polyps,
sinusitis, tonsillitis, quirsy, typhoid fever, dermatitis, acute laryngotrachaeitis, epiglotitis,
papilloma, pulmonary pneumonia, anthrax, pulmonary tuberculosis and various eye
infections as keratitis, conjunctivitis. Similarly higher concentration of fungi in the air
causes several serious diseases like aspergilosis, allergic bronchopulnomonary infection,
skin and nailo infections, blastomicosis, chromoblastomycosis, dengue, histoplamosis,
cryptococoosis, facil eczema, rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, palatitis, central nervous system
infection etc (Subedi, 2003)
Sources of microbial air pollution:
The microbial flora of air is transient and variable. Air is not the medium in which
microorganisms can grow but is a carrier of Particulate matter, dusts and droplets, which
may be laden with microorganisms. Hence no microorganisms are indigenous to the
atmosphere. Microorganisms of the air within 300 to 1000 or more feet of the earth’s
surface are merely organisms of soil (Frobisher, 1974). The sources of microorganisms
into the atmosphere can be categorized into:
Human beings and animals:
Human and other living beings are the major sources of the pathogenic and non
pathogenic microorganisms; these organisms are continuously emitted into the
atmosphere through various mechanisms. Human being, for example, expels out many
droplet of moisture during sneezing, coughing scabbing and even talking. Each droplet
has size about 10 micrometer and normally contains 1-2 bacteria. So, the number of
bacteria from the single sneeze varies from 10,000 to 10, 00,000 cells (Brock, 1998).
Plants:
Plants contain wide variety of microorganisms in their parts such as leaves, trunks, roots
etc. These organisms become air borne through a variety of mechanisms such wind,
rainfall other animals and bird’s activities.
Soil and solid waste:
Soil is normal habitat of various kinds of bacteria and fungi that become ate source of air
pollution. Solid waste such as garbage, pathological wastes, agricultural waste and
decaying materials are excellent nutrients for the growth and multiplication of
microorganisms. Turbulence force of air carries a vague amount of microorganisms in the
air and become the source of air pollution.
Industries:
Industries that process various animal skins, hair, furs such as cotton industries, carpet
industries, garment industries, leather industries etc. discharge a lot of microbes including
most bacteria and fungi. For example, Anthrax bacilli, Tubercle bacilli and Aspergillus
spp. Even Clostridium tetani is released from the metal industries.
1.2 Study area
Sisdol land-fill site lies in the Okharpauwa VDC ward no 8 of Nuwakot district, 18 km
NW from Kathmandu. It covers 485 ropanies of area and has a capacity of 4.2 million
metric tons. The semi-aerobic system has been incorporated into the Sisdol LFS
considering the advantage of reducing leachate intensity and methane gas generation and
of rapid stabilization of the disposed waste with cost effective and simple construction
and operation manner. The total population of Okharpauwa VDC is estimated to be 6183
with 48% of female. The village is predominated by Chhetry, Brahmin, Tamang and
Balami being Balami the dominant caste. There is high household family size i.e. 10 to
15 members with three to four generations. More than 80% of the people depend on
agriculture and some work as employees in offices and laborers in the construction
activities.
1.3 Statement of the problem
The generation of solid waste is increasing at an accelerated rate in municipalities of
Nepal. At the same time, human health problems associated with rampant disposal of
solid wastes are also increasing. The production of solid waste in Kathmandu Valley is
about 520 tons to 550 tons per day and most of it is managed through disposal in landfill
site (Kantipur daily). According to ENPHO/KMC (2000), the infectious waste generation
from hospitals/clinics in the Kathmandu valley is 1312 kg/day (23% of hospital waste)
whereas it becomes 1189 kg/day in the Kathmandu city only. Due to increase in number
of hospitals in Kathmandu valley those are lacking of incineration, dispose the infectious
waste to the same landfill site. Solid wastes such as garbage, pathological waste,
agricultural wastes and decaying materials are excellent nutrients for the growth and
multiplication of microorganisms. In this way, there is chance of contamination of
pathogenic microorganisms in and around the land fill site. Air borne transmission of
many human, plant and other animal diseases are the major hazardous effects of
biological pollutants. Sisdol land-fill site is only the landfill site of the Kathmandu valley
which has fulfilled the basic criteria of environmental assessment of the government.
However number of health impacts has been rising in recent days in the territory of the
landfill site. The public stress not to dump the solid waste at Sisdol is high which was
faced time to time. The frequent conflict between the local residents of Sisdol and KMC
is becoming a major problem to dispose the waste of Kathmandu valley.
1.4 Objective
The broad objective of the study is to assess the microbial air pollution of Sisdol
sanitary landfill site.
The specific objectives are
 To find total bacterial, Gram’s negative bacterial and total fungal load in the
ambient air of the study area.
 To isolate and identify the air micro-flora (bacteria) present in the site.
 To study the seasonal variation of the air microbes.
1.5 Justification of the study
Many studies have been carried out on different potentially adverse health effects of
pathogenic microorganisms due to land filling in the foreign countries. However we can’t
find any single research here on the health impacts of the landfill air microbes on the
local people. This types of study should be carried out frequently not only once because
the air quality and its impact area in always dynamic. Up-to-date knowledge about
epidemiologic evidence for potential human health effects of landfill sites is important for
those deciding on regulation of sites, their sitting and remediation, and for those whose
task is to respond to concerns from the public in a satisfactory way.
This study will be a valuable document comprising the health status of the local residents
of project affected area. Further this research will also provide the valuable information
on the quality of ambient air in terms of microorganisms which is directly co-related with
the health of the local people. Likewise this study will also recommends the mitigation
measures on the health impacts of local residents which will be useful for the
stakeholders, policy makers and concern agencies. Therefore this research will fulfill
some lacking in this sector in Nepal.
Chapter II: Review of Literature:
Boger et.al. (1990) has found species of Gram’s positive Bacillus and Gram’s negative
Pseudomonas species as a dominant bacterial species in the air of Halatcher textile
factory.
In 1992, UNCED considered landfills as a potential threat to the quality of the
environment, although the full extent of this threat has not always been scientifically
validated. Landfills can produce gas and contaminate water, as well as wind-blown litter
and dust, and attract vermin. Transport of waste to landfill sites can also have a
significant impact on the environment in terms of noise, vehicular emissions, accidental
spillages, etc
Danuta et.al. in their research found that the air in the offices was characterized not only
by elevated concentrations of bacteria and fungi but also by high frequencies of gramnegative bacteria, along with fungal species characteristic of landfills.
Huang et al. (2002) studied the bioaerosols of a municipal landfill site in west Taiwan.
They found that the levels of air borne bacteria and fungi were all far above 103 CFU/m3.
The concentration of culturable bacteria and fungi were higher in winter than in other
seasons.
Acharya (2004) in his research study done in Kathmandu valley says that various
industrial discharges may contribute as anthropogenic source of microorganisms in
atmosphere. Unmanaged solid waste, sewage are also the sources of microbes in
atmosphere.
Ariya and Amyot (2004) found that the major health threat is the release of bio-aerosols
from the landfill site. According to their research the bio-aerosols are organic aerosol
particles ranging from 10 nm to 100 µm in size. They are either alive, carry living
organisms or released from living organisms. Particles that carry living organisms tend to
contain pathogenic microorganisms (such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts and
protozoans), which have the potential to pose serious health risks to humans.
Komilis et al (2004) suggests that the main odorous emissions from waste are volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), such as organic sulphur compounds, amines and aromatic
hydrocarbons. VOCs are organic compounds with boiling points less than 80°C. Some
VOCs are hazardous and/or malodorous.
Simkhada, et al (2005), studied the air quality of the Bishnumati corridor, Kathmandu
and found that the bacterial load and fungal load vary according to the nature of location
and season. Concentrations of air micro flora also vary at different locations depending
on the sanitations and waste management of the area. He found that the higher
concentration of air microbes than the average level.
DEFRA (2007) reported that the flies (diptera) as a major health threat of the landfill
sites. The flies are insects with one pair of functional wings and are among the most
widely distributed of insects. The close association of flies with humans has led them to
be perceived as a general annoyance and they are known to be vectors of pathogenic
(disease causing) micro-organisms.
Chapter III: Methods and Materials
3.1 Research Design
This research is descriptive because in this research, the influence of the microorganisms
at and near the landfill site atmosphere near ground surface has been described. This
research is longitudinal because the data were taken according to the time series as
monsoon season to the winter season.
Period of sampling: The samples of the air microbes were taken two times in two
seasons, one in August (monsoon) and other in February (winter season)
Sampling design: The sampling procedure adopted here the random sampling method.
The four corners of the landfill site were selected for the sampling of the air microbes and
the 10 household near the landfill site along the roadside were selected for the study.
The principal steps undertaken to accomplish the assignment are briefly discussed below.
3.2 Sampling procedure
For the sampling of the settlable bacteria and fungi from the atmosphere, three different
media were used. Nutrient agar (NA) media was used for the sampling of the total
bacteria; MacConkey Agar (MA) was used as the selective media for the sampling of the
Gram’s negative bacteria while Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used as the selective
media for the sampling of the fungi. The media were transported to the sampling from the
laboratory keeping them into the ice-box and they were taken back to the laboratory into
the same ice box. The appropriate time periods of the exposure was assessed by prefeasibility study and was found to be 10 minutes. The media in circular Petri-plates with
diameter nine centimeters were used for the sampling. The three different media plates
were exposed at the same time for the same period of time and at the same sampling site
as very close to each other. The time of exposure of the plates was day time.
3.3 Laboratory analysis
The samples were brought to the laboratory and the MA and NA plates were subjected to
the incubation for 48 hours at 37°C and the PDA plates were kept into the room
temperature for three days.
Colony counting: After sufficiently growth of the colonies, the number of colonies was
counted manually in each plate viz. NA, MA and PDA. For large number of colonies in a
single plate, the plate was divided into two halves using marker on the outer part and one
part is counted and the number was multiplied by two to get the total number.
The NA and MA samples were further analyzed as the Gram’s staining; spore staining
and biochemical test to identify the bacteria and their types but the PDA plates were not
subjected for further analysis.
Gram’s staining: The Gram’s staining of the microbes was done as follows:
1. A thin smear of the sample was made by inoculating loop on a glass slide.
2. The smear was left for the air dry and then was heat fixed.
3. Then the smear was covered with crystal violet for a minute and then washed with
distilled water.
4. The Gram’s iodine solution was added on it and left a minute for complete
reaction.
5. The iodine solution was washed off with 95% ethyl alcohol ane then the slide was
washed away with distilled water.
6. Again, safranin was applied to the smear and washed with distilled water.
7. The stained slide was left for air dry and observed under the compound
microscope.
Biochemical test:
3.4 Literature Review (Secondary data collection)
Existing secondary information/data from various governmental and non-governmental
organizations were collected. The published report and document on and about the
project sites were reviewed intensively. The similar studies conducted in other sites were
also reviewed for building the general concept.
Chapter IV: Results
The colony forming units (cfu) were counted in the laboratory and changed into the cfu
per cubic meter. For this, the diameter of the Petri-plate was measured and found to be
9cm and the height from the ground was taken as the 10 feet. Then, the volume of the air
sampled was changed into cfu/m3 using the formula πr2h. The different activities of the
human beings such as agricultural practices also affect the distribution of the air
microbes. The time of sampling is also one of the determining factor as in sunny time, the
air microbes distribute very less than in the cool because the solar radiation also affect
their distribution.
The concentrations of microorganisms in different places are shown below:
Fig 4.1: Seasonal variation of total count of bacteria in landfill site
The total count of bacteria is higher in landfill site in winter than in monsoon. In
monsoon season, the atmospheric particles where the microbes get deposited by the
process of wash out and rainout. But in western direction in monsoon, the higher
concentration of the total bacteria is due to wind action since the air flow pattern at the
time of sampling was west-ward.
Fig 4.2: Seasonal variation of Gram’s negative bacteria in landfill site
The concentration of Gram’s negative bacteria is higher in winter season than in
monsoon. The higher concentration observed in west direction of the landfill site in
monsoon season was due to the wind action since the wind flow pattern at the time of
sampling was west-ward.
Fig 4.3: Seasonal variation of total fungi in the landfill site
The variation in fungal load has not followed any trend. It is maximum in north direction
in winter season. The distribution of the fungi is controlled by the various climatic and
topographic factors.
Fig 4.4: Total bacterial count in households in monsoon and winter
The total bacterial load is in the ambient air of the nearby households significantly higher
in winter season than in monsoon. In monsoon season, the atmospheric particles where
the microbes are attached get deposited by the process of wash out and rainout.
Fig 4.5: Gram’s negative bacterial load in households in monsoon and winter season
Gram’s negative bacterial load is in increasing trend when the distance from the landfill
site increases. There can not be seen any significant variation of their concentration of
Gram’s negative bacteria in between monsoon and winter.
Fig 4.6: Total fungal load in households in monsoon and winter season
Total fungal load is significantly higher in winter season than in monsoon season. The
concentration of the fungi is increasing when the distance from the landfill site increases.
Fig 4.7: Distance wise variation of total bacterial load from the landfill site
The total bacterial load is in decreasing order when we approach to the land filling site in
winter season while the trend is in decreasing order in monsoon season. The methane gas
emitted by the anaerobic decomposition of the organic matters also affect to the
distribution of the microbes.
Fig 4.8: Distance wise variation of the Gram’s negative bacteria from landfill site
The number of Gram’s negative bacteria is higher in the west site of the landfill site. The
air flow pattern at the time of sampling was westward so the higher concentration of
Gram’s negative bacteria may be due to the wind action.
Fig 4.9: Distance wise variation of total fungi from the land fill site:
The variation of the total fungi is in decreasing order when we approach towards the
landfill site. The distribution of the fungi is controlled by various climatic and local
topographic factors. The higher concentration of the fungi in far sites of the land filling
site may be due to the agricultural practices and the feedlots activities nearby the homes.
Table 4.1: Concentration of different types of microorganisms
Landfill site
Households
Name of the
microorganisms
Monsoon
Winter
Monsoon Winter
Micrococcus sps.
+++
+++
+++
+++
Bacillus sps.
+++
++
+++
+++
Klebsiella Sps.
++
+++
++
++
E.Coli
++
++
++
++
Staphelo aurie
++
++
+
++
Pseudomonas Sps.
+
+
+
Keys:
- Absent, + Rare, ++Intermediate, +++large in number
The microorganisms isolated from the samples were found in the ambient air above the
landfill site have also been available in the sample of ambient air from the nearby
households. Some of the bacteria such as Micrococcus Sps. was abundant in landfill site
and nearby households in monsoon season and winter as well. The general trend of the
isolated microorganisms is that they are abundant in winter season than in the monsoon
season. Bacteria like Klebsiella sps has been decreased in monsoon season than in the
winter season.
Chapter V: Discussion
The concentration of the microorganisms in the air samples taken from the landfill site is
higher than the normal atmospheric concentration of the microorganisms. As the average
level of the microbes in the ambient air is 1083 cfu per cubic meter, but the result
obtained here in the ambient air of the landfill site is much higher than the average. The
total bacterial load in the ambient air of the landfill site in monsoon ranges from 3,299 to
22,268 cfu per cubic mater while the value ranges from 1959 to 13,196 cfu per cubic
meter in winter season. Similarly, the total bacterial load in the air samples taken from
the nearby households ranges from 6,237 to 28,299 cfu per cubic meter in monsoon
season while the value ranges from 10309 to 1,13,866 cfu per cubic meter. The
microorganisms isolated from the air samples taken from the nearby households are
similar in composition and distribution with those isolated from the air samples taken
from the landfill site.
In a similar study conducted in different parts Kathmandu valley by K. Simkhada, K.
Murthy V and S. N. Khanal found that the total bacterial load ranges from 500000 cfu per
cubic meter to 37000000 cfu per cubic meter. Since, the samples were collected from the
Bishnumati river corridor from the Kathmandu Valley.
In a similar types of study conducted by Panda et.al., (2005) in Himanchal Pradesh,
India, it was found that out of 14 samples examined from outdoor public places, no
sample revealed microbes more than common level i.e. 5 to 100 c.f.u/ft3 . All of them
revealed microbes within common level.
Chapter VI: Conclusion
From the study, it can be conclude that the ambient air of the households nearby the
landfill site is not safe for the breathing. The total bacterial load is higher in any samples
taken in both the season exceed the average recommended level that is 1083 cfu per cubic
meter. The microorganisms found into the air of the landfill site are also dominantly
found into the ambient air of the households nearby the households. The Gram’s negative
bacteria in the household’s ambient air are sufficiently higher than the normal level and
the condition is same for the total fungi load too.
VII.
References
1. Acharya, P. 2004, Air Quality Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, A Dissertation
submitted to Central Department of Microbiology, T.U.
2. Ariya, P.A., Amyot, M. 2004. New Directions: The Role of Bio-aerosols in
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Atmospheric Environment, 38, pp 12311232.
3. Brock, T.D. & Madigan, M.T., (1988), Biology of Microorganisms, 5th edition,
Pentice Hall, Inc. USA
4. Danuta Lis, Krzysztof Ulfig, Agnieszka Wlaz and Józef Pastuszka Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 1, Number 2, February 2004 ,
pp. 62-68(7)
5. DEFRA, Wycombe District Council. 2007.
Health Impact Assessment of
Alternate Week Waste Collections of Bio-degradable Waste Implementation
Program.
6. ENPHO/KMC (2000), Medical Waste Management: A Survey in the Kathmandu
Valley.
7. Frobisher, M., et.al. (1974) Fundamental of microbiology, 9th edition, Toppan
company Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
8. Huang, C.Y., Lee, C.C., Li, F.C., Ma, Y.P., and Jenny Su, H.J. 2003, The
Seasonal Distribution of Bio-aerosols in Municipal Landfill Site: A 3-year study,
West Taiwan (www.sciencedirect.com)
9. JICA and GoN. 2007. The Study on Solid Waste Management for the Kathmandu
Valley.
10. Kantipur Daily. 2008, Public Blockade Disrupt the Collection of Waste in Valley,
14th June, 2008
11. Komilis, D.P., Ham, R.K., Park, J.K. 2004. Emission of Volatile Organic
Compounds During Composting of Municipal Solid Wastes, Water Research, 387,
pp1707-1714.
12. Panda, A. K., Katoch, R & Sahoo, A., (2005), Microbial Air Quality in Public
Places and Livestock Farms of Northwestern Himalayas, Department of
Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHimachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Kangra (Himachal
Pradesh), India
13. Rising Nepal. 2005. Okharpauwa Landfill Site Came into Operation. 7th June
2005.
14. Simkhada, K., Murthy V, K. and Khanal, S. N.(2005), Assessment of ambient air
quality in Bishnumati corridor, Kathmandu metropolis, Kathmandu University,
Dhulikhel, Kavre, Kathmandu, Nepal.
15. Subedi, R.P. 2003, Study on Ambient Air Micro-flora of Kathmandu Valley and
Its relation to PM10, A Dissertation submitted to Central Department of
Microbiology, T.U.
16. UNCED, 1992. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development.
Annex
I
Principle
15.
Also
available
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm
at
Annex I:
Number of colony forming units of different microbes per cubic meter
of air
Landfill site (monsoon)
Sampling site
East
North
West
South
Total bacterial
Count (Monsoon)
113
76
432
64
Total bacterial Count (Monsoon)
cfu/m3
5824.742268
3917.525773
22268.04124
3298.969072
Sampling site
East
North
West
South
Gram's Negative
Bacteria (monsoon)
6
6
83
1
Gram's Negative Bacteria
(monsoon) cfu/m3
309.2783505
309.2783505
4278.350515
51.54639175
Sampling site
East
North
West
South
Total Fungi (monsoon)
61
143
257
65
Total Fungi (monsoon) cfu/m3
3144.329897
7371.134021
13247.42268
3350.515464
Landfill site (winter)
Sampling site
East
North
West
South
Total Count (Winter)
38
256
206
122
Total bacterial Count (Winter)
cfu/m3
1958.762887
13195.87629
10618.5567
6288.659794
Sampling site
East
North
West
South
Gram's Negative
Bacteria (winter)
21
18
3
6
Gram's Negative Bacteria (winter)
cfu/m3
1082.474227
927.8350515
154.6391753
309.2783505
Sampling site
East
North
West
South
Total Fungi (winter)
70
452
57
112
Total Fungi (winter) cfu/m3
3608.247423
23298.96907
2938.14433
5773.195876
Households (monsoon):
Sampling
sites
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
Total bacterial
Count(Monsoon)
158
549
462
352
437
121
257
120
340
389
Total bacterial Count (Monsoon)
cfu/m3
8144.329897
28298.96907
23814.43299
18144.3299
22525.7732
6237.113402
13247.42268
6185.56701
17525.7732
20051.54639
Sampling
sites
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
Gram's Negative
Bacteria (Monsoon)
8
7
109
25
122
11
123
132
91
102
Gram's Negative Bacteria
(Monsoon) cfu/m3
412.371134
360.8247423
5618.556701
1288.659794
6288.659794
567.0103093
6340.206186
6804.123711
4690.721649
5257.731959
Sampling
sites
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
Total Fungi (Monsoon)
138
90
132
223
186
95
349
61
146
470
Total Fungi (Monsoon)cfu/m3
7113.402062
4639.175258
6804.123711
11494.84536
9587.628866
4896.907216
17989.69072
3144.329897
7525.773196
24226.80412
Households (winter):
Sampling
sites
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
Total bacterial count of
bacteria (Winter)
200
1218
874
353
936
843
630
2209
632
853
Total bacterial count
(Winter)cfu/m3
10309.27835
62783.50515
45051.54639
18195.87629
48247.42268
43453.60825
32474.2268
113865.9794
32577.31959
43969.07216
Sampling
sites
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
Gram's Negative
Bacteria(Winter)
17
37
26
4
121
58
23
37
86
41
Gram's Negative
Bacteria(Winter) cfu/m3
876.2886598
1907.216495
1340.206186
206.185567
6237.113402
2989.690722
1185.56701
1907.216495
4432.989691
2113.402062
Sampling
sites
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
Total fungi(winter)
156
332
328
252
468
392
536
328
508
460
Total fungi(winter)cfu/m3
8041.237113
17113.40206
16907.21649
12989.69072
24123.71134
20206.18557
27628.86598
16907.21649
26185.56701
23711.34021