Honors Biology Worksheet - Carbohydrates
1. What types of atoms make up carbohydrates? Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
2. How does the number of H atoms in a carbohydrate compare to the number of oxygen atoms?
There are twice as many hydrogens as oxygens.
3. What is the simplest type of carbohydrate? Monosaccharides
4. What two functional groups are found in monosaccharides? Hydroxyl and carbonyl
5. Name two common monosaccharides and give the molecular formula for each.
Glucose and fructose both have the molecular formula C6H12O6. They are isomers.
6. What suffix is commonly found on the end of sugar names? -ose
7. How are monosaccharides used in a cell?
They supply energy for cellular work. They also serve as raw materials for building other organic
molecules.
8. What is a disaccharide? Name two common disaccharides.
A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis. Sucrose, lactose, and
maltose are common disaccharides.
9. Fill in the chart below for the three most commonly occurring polysaccharides:
Polysaccharide
Monomer
Type of organism in which
it is found
Function
Starch
Glucose
Plants
Energy storage
Glycogen
Glucose
Animals
Energy storage
Cellulose
Glucose
Plants
Structural component of cell walls
10. What would you expect to get if you hydrolyze (do hydrolysis on) the following:
A) a starch molecule
Glucose
B) a sucrose molecule
Glucose and fructose
C) a glycogen molecule
Glucose
D) a cellulose molecule
Glucose
11. Which of the molecules above cannot be hydrolyzed by the digestive system of most animals?
Cellulose
12. Are carbohydrates generally hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Hydrophilic (due to the many –OH groups)
Honors Biology Worksheet - Proteins
1. Describe 6 functions proteins may perform.
 Enzymes – Control chemical reaactions
 Structural – Forming structures such as hair and tendons
 Movement – Such as proteins in muscles
 Transport – Hemoglobin carries O2 in the blood
 Communication – Signal proteins and some hormones
 Defense – Antibodies that defend the body against microorganisms
 Storage – Such as albumen (the whites) in eggs
2. What are the monomers of proteins? Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.
3. How many different kinds are there? There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins.
4. What types of atoms are found in proteins? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (and sometimes sulfur)
5. Draw the general structure for an amino acid and label its functional groups.
H
O
H
N
C
C
H
OH
R
Amino group
Carboxyl (acid)
group
6. Which part of an amino acid determines its specific properties? The R group (side chain)
7. When 2 amino acids are joined together by dehydration synthesis a peptide bond is formed.
8. What is a polypeptide?
A chain of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
9. What kind of molecules will result when a protein is completely hydrolyzed?
A mixture of various amino acids will result.
10. What makes different kinds of proteins unique?
The sequence of amino acids (primary structure)
11. Explain how a protein’s shape is determined.
Some of the side chains form weal bonds such as hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds with each other.
Hydrophobic R groups “hide” together on the inside of the protein while hydrophilic R groups position
themselves on the outside. Hydrogen bonding along the backbone can cause regular areas like a helix.
12. What is denaturation?
Denaturation is a loss of shape that occurs when a protein is placed in an unfavorable environment.
Changes in environmental conditions such as temperature or pH often cause denaturation.
13. Which of the following are amino acids?
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Side chain
Side chain
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
H
N
=C
YES – This is an
amino acid.
NO – This is glucose.
It lacks nitrogen.
YES – This is an
amino acid.
H
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
O
C
O H
NO – This one is close, but it
lacks a true amino group.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Side chain
YES – This is an
amino acid.
14. For the molecules above that are amino acids label the amino group, the carboxyl group and the side chain.
Honors Biology Worksheet - Lipids
1. Give two examples of lipids.
 Fats (triglycerides)
 Steroids
 (We will also learn about phospholipids and waxes later in the year.)
2. Give an example of how each is used in living organisms.
 Fats (triglycerides) – generally used for energy storage (also cushion organs and insulate)
 Steroids – Cholesterol helps stabilize membranes. Others act as hormones.
 (Phospholipids – components of cell membranes)
 (Waxes – prevents drying out)
3. What kinds of atoms are found in lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (also phosphorous and sometimes nitrogen in phospholipids)
4. Explain why oils don’t dissolve in water.
Their fatty acid components have long hydrocarbon tails that are hydrophobic.
5. What smaller molecules make up a fat molecule?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
6. What functional group do all fatty acids have in common?
A carboxyl grouop
7. How are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids different?
Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbons in their hydrocarbon tails. This means that
they hold as many hydrogen atoms as possible (hence the name saturated).
Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbons in their hydrocarbon tails. This
means that they do not hold as many hydrogen atoms as possible (hence the name unsaturated). The
double bond makes a kink in their shape. Because of this kink, fats made with unsaturated fatty acids
don’t “stack up” as well to make a solid and therefore tend to remain liquid at room temperature.
8. Predict which of the following would contain saturated fatty acids and which would contain unsaturated
fatty acids:
A) Solid Crisco shortening Saturated (since it is solid at room temperature)
B) Olive oil Unsaturated (since it is liquid at room temperature)
C) Bacon grease Saturated (since it is solid at room temperature)
9. Why are diets high in saturated fats often considered unhealthy?
Diets high in saturated fats have been associated with the buildup of deposits within the walls of blood
vessels, often leading to heart disease.
10. How are “hydrogenated oils” changed chemically? (Not in the book! We will discuss this in class.)
They have had hydrogen atoms atoms force on to make them more solid (breaking some of the double
bonds between carbons),
11. What is a steroid?
It is a lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings.
Honors Biology Worksheet - Nucleic Acids
1. Name two types of nucleic acids.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
2. What are their functions?
DNA carries the genetic material of a cell.
RNA serves as the intermediary to use the genetic info to build proteins.
3. What are the monomers that make up nucleic acids? nucleotides
4. Name the three parts that combine to form a nucleotide.
A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
5. What is the name of the "twisted ladder" shape of the DNA molecule? A double helix