Excavated material under study (archaeological object) relating to Roman period of
Tauric Chersonesos life is represented with almost all types: amphorae, red-slipped and
common tableware and kitchenware. There are also several fragments of ceramic lamps. It
is important to note poor state of preservation of the material, and its inexpressiveness and
fragmentariness. Unfortunately, sometimes it was impossible to exactly define not only
chronological, but also typological identity. Poor preservation of the material is surely
explained with numerous reconstructions that took place later at the site of the ancient
city, and this in its turn led to great stratigraphic dispersion of the finds. Only in three
cases we deal with ceramic assemblages: 1 – found ….(place of finding), 2 – place of
finding 3 – place of finding. Revealed assemblages obviously are not closed, objects of
the earlier pottery are found.
At the site of a water reservoir?? most numerous are fragments of amphorae and
fragments of red-slipped pottery. Among amphorae we especially mark out a group of
light-clay amphorae (Late Sinopean and Late Heraclean ones) which have been welldeveloped recently. Lifetime of the types represented in our case embraces the period
from the second half of I c. BC and up to the end of IV c. AD. Most frequent are find of
Shelov types – type C, D, and F, and taking into account the types of Bosporus vessels it
is fair to say that most numerous are amphorae of II – IV cc. AD. Lifetime bounds of redslipped pottery, which also is rather developed at the present time, may be defined as I c.
BC – IV c. AD. Also to the period of II-IV cc. AD relates the most numerous material
represented with the following types: plates and cups Hayes – form I, IV, and significant
amount of bowls. Thus, basing on the examined ceramic material it can be noticed that the
time of most active life at the site of the water reservoir?? of Chersonesos relates to IIIV cc. AD.
As to the place of production of the main types of pottery, Malaysian centers certainly
prevail. This is especially true in regard to red-slipped ware. Plates, cups (Hayes – form I,
VI) and also bowls (Zhuravlev – form 14, 17) and a fragment of a ribbed lamp may be
related to local production.
Amphorae
1. LIGHT-CLAY (LATE-HERACLEAN) AMPHORAE
The amphorae under study are characterized by light clay mainly of light-brown,
yellowish and beige tinges.
Light-clay (Late Heraclean) amphorae are the most numerous varieties of receptacles
in Roman time at the coasts of the Black Sea. Their basic amount is spread in Northern
Black Sea region, and they are rarely found in Western and Eastern Black Sea region.
Rare specimens were found in the Mediterranean, specifically in Athens, Knossos and
Ostia /Vnukov 2003, p. 28; Abadie-Reynal 1999, p. 255-256, fig.1/.Production center of
this type of amphorae is Heraclea Pontica (modern Eregli, Turkey) which is indicated by
petrographic analysis of clay and remains of pottery shops found in 1996 near the
settlement of Alapli in 12 km from Eregli /Vnukov 1988, p. 15; Vnukov 2006, p. 56;
Arsen’eva, Kassab-Tezgör, Naumenko 1997, р.187-198/.
1
1.1. (Catalogue № 1-3) fig. Zeest 61; Vnukov C I. Amphorae have a spindle-shaped
body, shoulders are separated from the body with a bend. Neck is wide and high, rim is
cordon-shaped, double handles. Foot is acorn-shaped. Height of amphorae is 80-118 cm.
I.B. Zeest dates this type of amphorae to I c. BC – I c. AD /Zeest 1960, p. 109, table
XXVI, 61/. In the variant C I S.Y. Vnukov singles out two subvariants, and he dates the
type C Ia to 50th of I c. BC – first quarter of I c. AD /Vnukov 2003, p. 202, fig. 10) or to
the turn of 60th-50th of I c. BC – first quarter of I c. AD (Vnukov 2006, p. 167), C 1б – to
the end of the first quarter of I c. AD – first third of II c. AD. /Vnukov 2003, p. 202, fig.
10/ or to 10th of I c. AD – first third of II c. AD/Vnukov 2006, p. 167/.
Fragments of amphorae C 1б in Chersonesos were found in the quarter VI of northeastern area, in the infill of the cistern /Vnukov 2006, p. 154; Sedikova 1996, p. 175-176,
fig. 1, 1/. Probably, V.I. Kadeev dates this type of amphorae to the end of I c. BC. – I c.
AD supposing that they were imported to Chersonesos from Sinope /Kadeev 1970, p.
131-132, fig. 17, 2/. The amphora was found at Chersonesos chora, in the farm 338, in the
layer of deconstruction of the first half of I c. AD of the room 2 /Kovalevskaja, Sarnovski
2003, s. 229, 232, fig. 3, 5/.
This variant of amphorae - one of the most widespread varieties of Late Heraclean
receptacles – embraces Northern, North-Western and Western Black Sea region, and also
Pridneprovie and Pridnestrovie. It is rarely found in Eastern Black Sea region /Vnukov
2006, p. 177-179/. Rather frequent are finds of amphorae at Late Scythian sites of the
Crimea, for example, in household pits of Bulganak Late Scythian ancient city-site
/Kharpunov 1991, p. 11-20, fig. 17, 7-9, 11-16, 25/, at Karta-tobe /Vnukov 2003, p. 219226, fig. 10/, in vaults 735, 620, 820 of the middle –third quarter of I c. AD of Ust-Alma
necropolis /Puzdrovskii 2007, p. 167, fig. 156, 1, 3, 5/, in the layers of tier “C” 4 of the
early third quarter of I c. AD of Kalos Limen /Uzhentsev 2006, p. 33, fig. 82, 1/.
1.2. (Catalogue № 4, 5) Zeest 94; Šelov – typ С; Vnukov C IVС. Amphorae have
shorter body ending in small foot in the form of a footring. High narrow neck ending in
cordon-shaped rim which along the internal edge often has a crest projecting upwards.
Handles are strongly profiled, one cordon is longitudinally cut by a sharp object. Height
of the amphorae is 55 cm.
I.B. Zeest dates such amphorae to II-III c. AD /Zeest. 1960, p. 118, table XXXVIII,
94/. Shelov believes that type C was spread in II c. AD. /Shelov 1978, p. 18, fig. 6/.
Following the researches of recent years S.Y. Vnukov dates type C IVC to the second
quarter of II – late II cc. AD /Vnukov 2003, p. 202/.
This type of light-clay amphorae are often found in Chersonesos; once V.I. Kadeev
suggested that they were imported from Sinope in II c. AD /Kadeev 1970, p. 139, fig. 17,
4/. Framents of amphorae were found in cistern of the quarter 96 in north-eastern area of
the city-site /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov 1997, p. 46, fig. 5, 2, 5/, among cistern
material of II – early IV c. AD near Zeno’s tower (excavations by Leper) /Ryzhova 2003,
p. 157, fig. 4/, at the site of water reservoir in Chersonesos in the complex of the second
half of II – first half of III cc. AD / Kovalevskaja, Sedikova p. 79, fig. 4, 3, 4/. There are
fragments of these amphorae at the territory of rural district of Chersonesos, at the farm
of “Bliznetsy” [Twins]; they were found in the complex of II – III cc. AD. /Soznik 2005.
2
p. 240, fig. 3, 1/, at the farm 9 among materials of the turn of the century – II c. AD
/Saprykin 1994, s. 23, fig.11, 5/,at the sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus in the layers of the
end of first half of II – first quarter of III cc. AD /Klijonina 2000, p. 123, fig. 23, 3,6/, in
Roman structure (Building 1) in Balaklava, which was ruined in about 223 /Kovalevskaya
2000, p. 178, fig. 36, 1,2/.
Amphorae of this type were extremely popular in the ancient world, the area of their
distribution is very wide, they were noted in all areas of the Black Sea region and foreststeppe zones up to Western Kazakhstan in the East. They are found in ancient centers of
the Mediterranean /Vnukov 2003, p. 181-182; Zhuravlev, Lomtadze, 2005, p. 288, fig. 3,
4,5; Golenko 2007, p. 149, fig. 46,23; Alekseeva 1997,table 154. 1-4; 169, 21,22;
Domzhal’skii, Chistov 1998, с. 13, fig. 22, 7,8; Burakov 1976, p. 74, table. III, 13;
Krapivina 1993, с. 94, fig. 29, 4; Samoilova 1978, p. 260-261, fig. 3, 1; Kurchatov,
Simonenko, Chirkov 1995, p. 113, fig. 4, 6; Abikulova 1994, p. 79, fig. 2, 12-19;
Maliukevich 1991, p. 75, fig. 3, 11,12; Dyczek 1999, с. 174-188/.Great number of
amphorae were found at Late Scythian sites of the Crimea: at the city-sites and
necropolises of Naples and Ust-Alma among materials of the last quarter of I – II c. AD
/Dashevskaya 1991, p.31.tables 28, 18; 31, 10; Vysotskaya p. 74, table 38, fig. 1;
Puzdrovskii, Solomonenko 2007, p. 208, fig. 2, 11-16; Zaitsev 2007, p. 84-85, fig. 7, 1/, in
the cemetery of Belbek IV /Akhmedov, Guschina, Zhuravlev 2001, p. 177, fig. 2, 1/ at
Bulganak city-site /Kharpunov 1991, p. 18, fig. 16, 8-11/,at the settlement of Dobroe
/Koltukhov 2004, p. 126, fig. 3, 1,9, and also in the sanctuary at Sakskaja peresyp (?)
/Lantsov 2003, p. 15, fig. 10, 31,44,45/.
1.4 (Catalogue № 6) Zeest 91-93; Shelov – type D; Vnukov C IVD (Zeest 91-93;
Šelov – typ D; Vnukov C IVD). Amphorae represent small vessels with short body
ending in small foot with deep groove at the bottom. Neck with carelessly profiled rim
gradually becomes wider downwards. Surface of the body is ribbed. Total height is 40-42
cm.
Zeest I.B. dates this type of amphorae to II-III cc. AD /Zeest 1960, p. 117-118, table
XXXVII, 91-93/. D.B. Shelov dates type В to the first half of III c. AD. /Shelov 1978, p.
18-19, fig. 7/. According to researches of recent years S.Y. Vnukov believes that
amphorae of the type C IVD were widespread in the last quarter of II (?) – second half of
III (?) cc. AD /Vnukov 2003, p. 202/.
In V.I. Kadeev’s opinion, amphorae of the type D were imported to Chersonesos in II
c. AD from Sinope /Kadeev 1970, p. 139, fig. 17, 5/, they were found mainly in the cistern
of the quarter 96 in north-eastern area /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov 1997, p. 46/. In
Chersonesos vicinity amphorae of this type were found in the sanctuary of Jupiter
Dolichenus in the layers of the end of the first half of II – first quarter of III cc. AD
/Klenina 2000, p. 128, fig. 24, 1,2/, in the grave 20 of necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10” the
amphora was found together with the coin of Gordian III (238-242) /Strzheletskii,
Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 76, table IV, 9/.
In Northern Black Sea region amphorae of the type D are in general the largest group
among narrow-necked light-clayed amphorae at the territory of the Black Sea region in III
c. AD, in the north they reach Lipetsk Oblast, in the east they reach Kazakhstan /Vnukov
3
2003, p. 182-183/, and they prevail at such ancient sites as Tanais and Olvia /Shelov 1978,
p. 18-19, fig. 7; Böttger, Šelov 1998, p. 30, аbb.1,2; Krapivina 1993, p. 94, fig. 29, 5-7;
Zhuravlev, Lomtadze 2005, p. 288, fig. 6; Alekseeva 1997 p. 272, 227, tables 172, 1; 222,
1; Burakov 1976. 157 p. 74-75, table III, 29, 30; Domzhal’skii, Chistov p. 13, fig. 22, 911; Maliukevich 1991, p. 75, fig. 3, 18-20/. Amphorae of this type are often found at late
ancient sites in South-Eastern Crimea /Vysotskaya 1972, p. 133, fig. 39,1/, at the
settlement of Dobroe /Koltukhov 2004, p. 128, fig. 3, 1, 9/, in the vault 1 of the second
quarter – the middle of III cc. AD near the village of Perevalnoe /Puzdrovskii 2007, p.
194, fig. 161, 1,2,4,5/, in the cemetery of Balta-Chokrak near the village of Skalistoe in
the grave 13 of the middle of III c. AD /Zaitsev, Mordvintseva, Nenevolia, Firsov,
Radochin 2005, p. 173, fig. 13, 5/, in the burial of the second half of II – first half of III c.
AD near the village of Michurinskoe /Muld 2001, p. 51-52, fig. 1/, in the cemetery near
the village of Tankovoe /Aibabin 1996, fig. 5, 3/, at the cemetery of Suvorovo
/Puzdrovskii, Zaitsev, Nenevolia 2001, p. 33, fig. 8, 8/, at the necropolis on Ai-Nikola
mountain near Yalta (Myts, Lysenko, Zhuk Nikola 1999, p. 171, fig. 1; 5,5), and also
probably in Sanctuary at Sakskaja peresyp /Lantsov 2003, p. 15, fig. 8, 1,2,4,8; 9, 1,2/.
1.5 (Catalogue № 7-9) Zeest 105; Shelov – type F; Sazanov – F type 2 (Zeest 105;
Šelov – typ F; Sazanov – F typ 2). The amphorae represent small vessels with necks
expanding downwards and with conic ribbed body ending in a low complex-profiled foot.
Rim in the shape of small semi-cordon. Handles are almost round, profiled by two
grooves. Total height is …………. cm.
Zeest I.B. dates this type of amphorae to IV c. AD / Zeest 1960, p. 122, table XLI, 105,
а, б/. D.B. Shelov dates type F to the end of III – IV cc. AD. /Shelov 1978, p. 19, fig. 10/.
A.V. Sazanov believes that amphorae of the type F were widespread in the end of III –
first half of V cc. AD. And the peak of the widest spread of these amphorae is the second
half of IV cc. AD. The researcher singled out subtypes within the mentioned types.
Fragments of amphorae which we examine relate to F typ 2 /Sazanov 1993, p. 16-19, fig.
16-19, fig. 4/. A.P. Abramov marks out type F-1, type F-2, type F-3, and dates all of them
to the second half of III – IV cc. AD. /Abramov 1993, p. 49-50, 129/. V.V. Kropotov also
suggests to single out 3 Variants within the type F: Variant 1 is dated to the first half – the
middle of IV c. AD, Variant 2 is dated to the second half of IV c. AD, Variant 3 is dated
to the late IV – early V cc. AD. /Kropotov 1998, p. 128-134/.
In Chersonesos the intact amphora was found in the cistern of the house yard of the
second quarter among the material of III-IV cc. AD. /Ryzhov 1986, p. 136, fig. 8/, also in
the cistern of the quarter 96 of north-eastern area /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov p. 46/.
V.I. Kadeev believes that amphorae of this type were imported to Chersonesos from
Sinope in IV c. AD. /Kadeev 1970, p. 139, fig. 17, 8/. In Chersonesos vicinity the
amphorae were found in Inkerman cemetery dated to III-IV cc. AD. /Veimarn 1957, p.
230, fig. 12; Veimarn 1963, p. 25, fig. 15; 25/ and at the farmstead 150, in cistern K-1, the
authors dates this type of receptacles to the end of III – the middle of V cc. AD.
/Kuzischin, Ivanchik 1998, p. 211-212, fig. 4/.
Amphorae of the type F are found in various centers of the Black Sea region /Shelov
1978, p. 19; Il’ašenko 2005. p.315-316. Abb. 1,2/, and also among materials of the sites of
the Crimea, for example in cemeteries of Tas-Tepe near the village of Tenistoe, IV c. AD
4
/Puzdrovskii, Zaitsev, Nenevolia 2001, p, 32-33, fig. 6, 2/, near the village of Suvorovo
/Puzdrovskii, Trufanov, Yurochkin 2007, p. 122-125, fig. 9, 2-4; Zaitsev 1997, p. 110, fig.
63; Puzdrovskii, Trufanov, Yurochkin 2007, p. 122-125, fig. 5, 4; 9, 2-4/, the authors of
excavations relate this type of amphorae to the III Phase of functioning of the cemeteries
dated to 310/320 – 370/380th AD /Yurochkin, Trufanov 2003, p. 217, fig. 4, 56-58; 5, 59;
Yurochkin, Trufanov 2007, p. 365, fig. 5, 22,23/.
2. LIGHT-CLAY (LATE SYNOPEAN) AMPHORAE
The amphorae under study are also characterized with light-colored clay mainly of
light-brown and beige colors with a grayish tint.
Light-clayed (Late Sinopean) amphorae are rather frequently found in Roman time in
the Black Sea region from Danube to Caucasus /Abadie-Reynal 1999, p. 258/, most often
at the territory of the Black Sea region.
2.1. (Catalogue № 10) Similis – Vnukov Sin II (Vnukov Sin II). Wide-necked
amphorae with elongate egg-shaped body, sub-triangular cordon-shaped rim, with oval
handles and conic foot. This vessels have a shallow groove about 1 cm. wide under the
cordon of the rim. Total height is 75-83 cm.
This type of wide-necked amphorae was singled out by I.S. Kamenetskii (Kamenetskii
I.S. Svetloglinianye amfory s Nizhne-gnilovskogo gorodischa [Light-clayed amphorae
from Nizhne-Gnilovskii city-site]. 1963, KSIA, issue 94/ and worked out by Vnukov S.Y.
/Vnukov 1988 p. 198-206, fig. 1/, who related them to Late Sinopean receptacles and who
dates them to the end of I – II cc. AD. /Vnukov 2003, p. 140, fig. 56/ or to late quarter of I
– after the middle of III cc. AD. /Vnukov 2006, p. 167/.
In Chersonesos there are finds of such type of amphorae which in the end of I c. BC – I
c. AD were imported directly from Sinope /Kadeev 1970, p. 131-132, fig. 17, 3/, in
Chersonesos vicinity they were found at necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10” /Strzheletskii,
Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 66, table III, 1,2/.
To date in the Black Sea region there have been found rather small number of intact
amphorae, in general the finds appear mainly in some areas of Northern Back Sea region,
and to the West of the Crimea the data on the finds are absent /Vnukov 2003, p. 185-186/.
It seems that amphorae of such type are frequently found at Late Scythian sites of the
Lower Dnieper / Abikulova 1994, p. 79, fig. 1/. At the territory of the Crimea the greatest
number of amphorae of the type Sin II has been found in Kalos Limen /Uzhentsev 2001,
p. 7, 5-10; Uzhentsev 2006, p. 33, fig. 88, 5-10/.
3. RED-CLAYED (BOSPORUS) AMPHORAE
The amphorae are characterized with their big size and red clay with various tints from
pink to maroon.
In Roman time red-clayed amphorae of the types under study were rather widespread
in Northern Black Sea region, there are also several finds in Western and Eastern Black
Sea region. According to optical analysis of clay, the amphorae of the types 72 and 75
relates to Panticapaeum production /Krug 1960, p. 128-129/, although it is believed that
5
they were made in various centers of the Black Sea region – Bosporus, Olvia, Tyre, Istria
and etc. /Vetshtein. 1975, p. 167-170/. Amphorae of the type 69 also could be maid at the
territory of Bosporus (Zeest 1960, p. 111/.
3.1 (Catalogue № 11-13) Zeest 72; Krapivina type 19 (Zeest 72; Krapivina typ 19)
Amphorae with oval elongate body and a pointed bottom turning into a cone-shaped
foot. A short straight neck ends with massive rim in the form of a semi-cordon. Handles
on the outside are profiled with five cordons. Total height is 110 cm.
I.B. Zeest singled out this type of amphorae and dates them to the end of II – the
middle of III cc. AD /Zeest 1960, p. 111-112, table XXX, 72/.
In Chersonesos fragments of amphorae of the type 72 were found in cistern of the
quarter 96 of north-eastern area /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov p. 44/, in Chersonesos
vicinity – in round tower at farmstead of “Bliznetsy” [Twins], in the complex of II-III cc.
AD (Soznik 2005, p. 238-239, fig. 2, 2,3), in sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus of the second
quarter of II – the middle of III cc. AD /Klenina 2000, p. 131, fig. 26, 1/, in Building 1 in
Balaklava which was destroyed in about 223 /Kovalevskaya 2000, p. 179, fig. 36,6/, in
necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10” 30 amphorae of this type, probably of Chersonesos
production, dated to III – turn of IV cc. AD, were used as urns /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya,
Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, table V, 1-6, p. 67-68/.
Indicated amphorae are one of the most widespread types in many ancient centers of
Northern Black Sea region /Gaidukevich. 1952, p. 206, fig. 124; Alekseeva 1997, p. 266,
tables 89, 95; Golenko 2007, p. 149, fig. 46, 13,16; Arsenijeva, Naumenko 1992, p. 36,
fig. 19; Vetshtein 1975, p. 167-168, fig. 1, 1; Krapivina 1993, p. 97, fig. 30, 1-3; Lantsov
2003, p. 15, fig. 11, 40-48, 50-52, 59-60, 62-64; fig. 12, 52-56,59-65,67,59-76;
Vysotskaya 1972, p. 125, fig. 34,13/. This type of amphorae from Bosporus got to Dacia,
Thrace and Lower Moesia (Dyczek 1999, с. 195-197/. Similar amphora was found in the
sea under Sinope, and the authors date it to IV c. AD /Kassab Tezgőr, Lemaitre, Pieri, p.
179/.
3.2 (Catalogue № 14) Zeest 75; Krapivina type 31 (Zeest 75; Krapivina typ 31)
Scorpan III, Opajţ XI, Kuzmanov II. Amphorae with ribbed body and wide neck
widening downwards. Handles on the outside are profiled in the form of two longitudinal
cordons with narrow relief strip in the middle, along the back of handle a deep groove
runs. The rim is massive, it represents a thickened edge of the neck, total height is 1,10
cm.
I.B. Zeest singled out this type of amphorae, and she dates them to II-III cc. AD,
allowing of their production in various centers of the Black Sea region, not in one center
/Zeest 1960, p. 113, table XXXI, 75/.
In Chersonesos fragments of amphorae of the type 75 were found in cistern of the
quarter 96 of north-eastern area /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov p. 45/, in Chersonesos
vicinity – in sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus of the second quarter of II – the middle of III
cc. AD / Klenina 2000, p.129-130, fig. 25, 2,5/, in necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10” 4
amphorae were used as urns; they were found together with the pottery of the second half
of III c. AD /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, table V, 1-6, p. 6768/.
6
Amphorae of this type are rather frequently found in Northern Black Sea region,
almost everywhere at the territory of Bosporus /Zeest. 1960. p. 113. Table XXXI, 75;
Alekseeva 1997 p. 372, table 90, 6; Golenko 2007, p. 149, fig. 46, 17,18; Vetshtein. 1975
p. 167-170, fig. 1,4; Kryzhitskii, Buiskikh, Burakov, Otreshko 1989, p. 184, fig. 168, 10;
Burakov 1976, p. 71, 72, table 25, 27, 33; Samoilova 1978, p. 258, fig. 1, 20-22/. The
represented fragment of rim is similar to Tanais variant, and like Olvia amphorae it also
has red angobe /Arseniyeva, Naumenko 1992 p. 92, fig. 29,3; Böttger, Šelov 1998. p. 3334, fig. 1, 4). Krapivina 1993. p.99, fig. 30, 26-33/. At the territory of the Crimea
fragments of amphora of the type 75 were found at Chatyr-Dag necropolis in cultural
layer of the second half of III – second half of IV cc. AD, they are probably remains of
funeral feast (Myts, Lysenko, Semin, Teslenko, Schukin 1997, p. 218-219, fig. 121/, and
also in the sanctuary at Sakskaja peresyp (Lantsov 2003, p. 15, fig. 11, 31,32,34-39/, at
Ust-Alma cemetery (Vysotskaja 1972. p. 129, fig. 37,6/ and city-site of Balta-Chokrak I
/ib. p. 131, fig. 38, 37,38/. Individual finds of this type of amphorae appear in Western
Black Sea region /Dyczek 1999, с. 198-202/.
3.3 (Catalogue № 15, 16) Similis – Zeest (Zeest 69)? Amphorae with cone-shaped
strongly elongate body and cone-shaped foot. Neck is high, straight, rim is small, slightly
beveled and hangs on the edges. Handles are oval in section, non-profiled. Total height is
under 90 cm.
Amphorae of this type are rather rare. They are found at Bosporus in I-II cc. AD,
according to Zeest I.B. clay of these amphorae looks like Bosporus one /Zeest 1960 p.
111, table XXIX, 69/.
Fragments of this type of amphorae are also rarely found in Chersonesos; they were
found in layers of I – II cc. AD. /Kadeev, Sorochan 1989 p. 78, fig. 37, 1/.
It seems that fragments found at Sakskaja peresyp /Lantsov 2003 p. 15-16, fig. 12, 83/
and Ust-Alma necropolis /Puzdrovskii, Solomonenko 2007 p. 209, fig. 3б/ also relate to
this type of amphorae.
Red-clayed pottery
1. Eastern Sigillata B
J. Hayes relates this red-slipped pottery to Sigillate orientali B, one of the procuction
centers of which is Malasyian city of Tralles /Hayes 1985, s. 66-67, tav. XV, 1/.The
pottery has various shapes, and it was popular in the ancient world; it was widespread in
Pontic and Aegean areas.
Small cup
1.1. (Catalogue № 17) Hayes – form 70 A small cup of conical-frustum shape and
vertical rim, on a low footring. At the point where walls pass into rim there is a ridge.
Notches were made over the surface of a ridge and over the edge of rim. Rim diameter is
7-14 cm.
7
J. Hayes singles out these small cups into the form 70 Sigillate orientali B, and he
dates them to the second half of I – first quarter of II cc. AD. /Hayes 1985, s. 66-67, tav.
XV, 1/.
Cups of this form are found in Chersonesos vicinity, in necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10”.
The vessels are dated to the first half of I c. AD. /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova,
Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 79-81, table XII, 1-3/. Near Chersonesos there is also a cemetery
of Belbek IV where there were found such small cups which, probably, are dated to the
last quarter of I c. AD. /Zhuravlev 1997, p. 230-241, fig. 4,8; Zhuravlev 2001, p. 187, fig.
1, 16/.
Cups of form 70 were found in ancient centers of Aegean region, Northern Black Sea
region /Hayes 1973, s. 453, plat. 86, 145,148; Beyll 1993, p. 1, taf. 3, 28-31; Arsenjeva,
Naumenko 1992, p. 87-88, fig. 51, 1; Zhuravlev, Lomtadze 2005, p. 287, 293, fig. 4,2/, at
the Crimean territory mainly in Late Scythian cemeteries /Zhuravlev 2000, s. 151, fig. 2,
3,11; Kjunel’t 2007, p. 141, fig. 3, 5-7; Puzdrovskii 2007, p. 172, fig. 169, 1/.
Bowls
1.2. (Catalogue № 18) Hayes – form 29 Bowels with body of hemispherical shape on
a low footring. The receptacle of the vessel obliquely widens upwards. Noches were made
on the inside surface of the bottom. Rim diameter is 6-10,5 cm.
J. Hayes singles out such pottery into the form 29 Sigillate orientali B which, in
opinion of the author, exists since the beginning of I c. AD. It was widespread mainly in
Aegean region /Hayes 1985. S. 59, tav. XII, 27/.
2. Pontic sigillated ware A (Pontic Sigillata А)
This is the most mass group of red-slipped pottery at the territory of the Northern
Black Sea region, it was singled out by J. Hayes (1985).
Pontic silillated ware appeared in about the middle of I c. AD, and it prevailed at the
markets of Northern Black Sea region till the middle of III c. AD. Outside the Northern
Black Sea region it is known in limited quantities, although it is found up to Northern
Africa /Zhuravlev 2001, p. 60/.
In second half of I c. AD most part of plates were stamped. The most widespread
stamp is planta pedis. By the early II c. AD the tradition of stamping ceased. Only
sometimes they made a band of notches in the center of the bottom /Zhuravlev 1998, p.
106/.
Cups (kantharoi)
2.1 (Catalogue № 19-20) Knipovich – 4(T); Hayes – form X; Zhuravlev – forms
32.1 or 34. Handles of the stated shape are typical for some kantharoi and cups. Kantharoi
on a low foorting with cylindrically-shaped body abruptly narrowing downwards.
Kantharoi can be high or short. Handles are loop-shaped. Cups are also on a low footring,
they have hemispherical body and loop-shaped handles.
T.N. Knipovich singled out cups of type 4(T) dating them to I c. BC – early I c.
AD, and he related them to Pergamum production /Knipovich 1952, p. 310-211, fig. 9, 5/.
8
D.V. Zhuravlev singles out cups of form 32.1 on materials of cemeteries of Belbek III and
Belbek IV in South-Western Crimea and dates them to the late I – early II cc. AD. On the
same materials the researcher singles out kantharoi of the form 34 which he dates to the
middle of II – first half of III cc. AD. /Zhuravlev 2007, p. 388, fig. 10, 96,97; p. 390-392,
fig. 13, 14/. J. Hayes relates short kantharoi to form X Pontic Sigillata, and dates them to
the beginning-the middle (?) of I c. AD. /Hayes 1985, s. 9-96, tav XXIII, 10,11/.
According to V.I. Kadeev, cups of the form 32.1 were imported to Chersonesos
from Pergamum in first half of I c. AD. /Kadeev, Sorochan 1989, p. 22, fig. 8, 5/. In
Chersonesos vicinity cups of such form were found in the burial mound of I c. BC – I c.
AD at the Northern side of Sevastopol /Vysotskaya 1972, p. 72, fig. 7/, in Belbek cemetery
/Zhuravlev 2007, p. 388, fig. 10, 96,97/, and also in the sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus of
the late II – early III cc. AD. /Nessel 2000, p. 151, fig. 33, 20/.
Kadeev V.I. believes that kantharoi of the form 34 also got to Chersonesos from
Pergamum at the turn of II – III cc. AD. /Kadeev, Sorochan 1989, p. 48, fig. 23, 1/. In
Chersonesos vicinity kantharoi were found in Belbek cemetery /Zhuravlev 2007, p. 392/.
Vessels of the indicated types are widespread mainly in northern Black Sea region,
although form 32.1 is also found in Rumania, and form 34 – in Heraclea /Zhuravlev
2000, s. 154, fig. 2, 32-33; 5, 12,14; Zhuravlev 2002, s. 255, fig. 12, 12,14; 15, 50;
Zhuravlev 2007, p. 388, fig. 10, 96,97; p. 390-392, fig. 13, 14/. These vessels are often
found at Late Scythian sites of the Crimea: at South-Donuzlav city-site of I c. BC – I c.
AD /Dashevskaya 1991, table 34, 3/, at Ust-Aalma necropolis, in graves of the middlethird quarter of I c. AD and I-II cc. AD. /Puzdrovskii, Medvedev 2005, p. 273, fig. 6, 2;
Puzdrovslii 2007, p. 173, fig. 168, 7-12; Vysotskaya 1994. p. 76, table 33, 17/, in Bitak
cemetery, in burial of the early I c. AD /Puzdrovskii 2003, p. 130-131, fig. 6,3/, at
Bulganak city-site, in the layer of the first half of II cc. AD /Khrapunov 1991, p. 18, fig.
24, 11/, and also late variant of kantharos was found in the grave dated to III-IV cc. AD in
the cemetery at the slope of Chatyr-Dag /Myts 1987, p. 156, fig. 7, 4/.
Plates.
2.2. (Catalogue № 21-23) Knipovich – 6(M), 7(M); Kadeev – type 3; Hayes – form
I; Zhuravlev – form 4. Plates with vertical edge, oblique walls, on a low footring. At the
site where edge turns into walls there is a ridge. Edge diameter is 16-18 cm.
T.N. Knipovich singled out big plates into the type 6(M), and small ones into the type
7(M) daring them to the second third of I c. AD. /Knipovich 1952, p. 298, fig. 2, 1-4/. J.
Hayes relates such plates to form I Pontic Sigillata /Hayes 1985, s. 93, tav XXII, 6-10/.
Plate cat. № 23 could exist till the third quarter of II c. AD, because notches at the base
were not made later. /Zhuravlev 2005, p. 148-149/. Plate cat. № 24 is the latest one, its
form is similar to the plate from the complex of II-first half of III cc. AD of the round
room of the farmstead “Bliznetsy” [Twins] /Soznik 2005, p. 242-243, fig. 4, 1/ or to the
plates from Chersonesos made by local craftsmen which probably existed till the end of
IV – first half of V cc. AD (Ushakov 2005, p. 64, fig. 1, 6/. According to typology of this
form of vessels suggested by A.A. Trufanov, the plate cat. № 25 is most similar to the
type III-Г-1 which relates to the end of I – first half of II cc. AD. /Trufanov 1997, p. 186,
9
190/. This plate is also similar to the form 4.2. (according to typology by D.V. Zhuravlev)
whose date of existence is II – first half of III cc. AD. /Zhravlev 2005, p. 141, fig. 9, 65/.
Red-slipped pottery of this form is one of the most popular in Chersonesos. V.I.
Kadeev calls it bowls of type 3 and dates it to III c. AD. /Kadeev 1970, p. 93, fig. 10, 5/.
Plates of this type in Chersonesos were found in northern quarter - in rooms of the winery
dated to II – IV cc. AD. /Belov 1957, p. 243, fig. 6/, at the territory of barracks /Djachkov
1998, p. 88-93, fig. 2/, in cistern of the quarter VI where the find is dated to the second
half of I c. AD. /Sedikova 1996, p. 178, fig. 2, 6,7/, in necropolis of Chersonesos of I-III
cc. AD /Zubar 1982, p. 66-67, fig. 41/. Much greater number of such plates was found at
the sites of Chersonesos vicinity, mainly in burials. Also frequent are finds in the
cemetery of Belbek IV, and the plate from grave 333 is dated to the second quarter of II c.
AD. /Zhuravlev, Firsov 2007, p. 234, fig. 3, 2; Guschina, Zhuravlev 1999, p. 157, fig. 1,
6/, the vessel found in “Sevastopol burial mound” is dated to I c. AD. /Dashevskaja 1991,
p. 53, table 57, 13,14,18/, the find in the cemetery at the Chernaya river is dated to II-III
cc. AD /Aibabin 1996, p. 291, fig. 4, 11,12/, a plate from secondary grave of Mamai-Oba
burial mound (near the village of L’ubimovka) is dated to the second half of I – early II
cc. AD. /Zubar, Savelja 1989, p. 75, fig. 3, 8-11/, vessel from the cemetery of Kilen-Balka
is dated to III c. AD. /Nessel 2003, p. 114, fig. 4,12/, plates from the cemetery of
“Sovkhoz № 10” were singled out into Variant 1б,в, they existed from the middle of I
till III cc. AD. /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 88-89, table
XVIII/. Plates of the form under study were also found in the complex of the first centuries
at the farmstead 32 /Nessel 2003, p. 4, fig. 2, 10/ and in sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus in
the layers of the late II – early III cc. AD. /Nessel 2000, p. 146, fig. 31, 1-3/.
Such form of red-slipped pottery is the most widespread in the Black Sea area; it was
transformed and existed for a long time during first centuries AD. The widest period of its
spread is third quarter of I – first half of III cc. AD. /Zhuravlev 2005, p. 141-169;
Zhuravlev 2002, p. 197, fig. 3, 1,3,4,6; 1996, p. 101-102, fig. 2, 22-26,35,37; Silantjeva p.
285, fig. 1, 1-4; p. 290, fig. 5; p. 299, fig. 13; Alekseeva 1997, table 99, 6; table 144, 2;
table 215, 16; Golenko 2007, p. 149-151, fig. 47; Naumenko 2005, S. 121, Abb. 20, 1,2;
Arsenjeva 1967, p. 78, fig. 2, 12; Arsenjeva, Naumenko 1992, fig. 51, 3-5; 56, 2;
Domzhal’skii, Chistov 1998, p. 21-36, fig. 20, 1-9; Grach 1999, p. 295, table 160, 1;
Sekerskaya 1984, p. 130, fig. 5, 3; Krapivina 1993, p. 111-112, fig. 51. 5,36; Burakov
1976, с. 98-102, table IX, 16-18; Vinokurov 2003, p. 146, fig. 18, 2; Teodor 1997, p. 4-5,
Abb. 2, 1,9/. Plates of this type are the most frequent finds at Late Scythian necropolis of
the Crimea: at the cemetery of Scythian Naples of I-III cc. AD. /Dashevskaja 1991, p. 54,
table 35, 16,17; Babenchikov 1957, p. 131, table VII, 2,4; Chernenko, Puzdrovskii 2004,
p. 112, fig. 6, 2,12/, at Ust-Alma necropolis /Zhuravlev 1998, p. 105-106, table XXX;
Vysotskaya 1994, p. 75, table 5, 44; table 6, 19; table 33; table 34, 15,19,21), and in
earlier complexes – end of I – first quarter of II cc. AD /Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 178,
8,10,12/ and later complexes – second half-end of II – early-first quarter of III cc. AD
/Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 182, 2,4,6,8,10,11; fig. 184, 2-4/, we shall separately point out
finds in the burial III (Grave 656) dated to the third quarter of II c. AD /Trufanov 1999, p.
228-229, fig. 3, 25/ and finds in graves 303 and 307 – of the second half of II c. AD and
first half of III c. AD, respectively /Zaitsev, Voloshinov, Kiunelt, Masyakin, Mordvintseva,
10
Firsov, Fless 2007, p. 250-251, fig. 5, 5; 6, 16/. We should mention plates of the end of I
– first half of III cc. AD from the vault № 19 and grave 2 of Late Scythian cemetery near
the village of Brianskoe, /Trufanov 1998, p. 144, fig. 2, 8,9,13,14,16,17; Puzdrovskii,
Trufanov, Yurochkin 2007, p. 125, fig. 11, 3/, from the burial near the village of
Konstantinovka of the end of I – first half of II cc. AD /Orlov, Skoryi 1989, p. 69, fig. 4,
1/, from the cemetery near the village of Suvorovo – first half of IV c. AD /Zaitsev 1997,
p. 110-114, fig. 64/, from the cemetery near the village of Skalistoe – II-III cc. AD
/Bogdanova, Guschina 1967, p. 132-139, fig. 46, 1/, from the cemetery of Krasnyi Mak –
IV-first half of V cc. AD. /Loboda 2005, p. 209, table II, 7,8/. Such pottery is also found
in Kalos-Limen /Uzhentsev, Trufanov 1998, p. 276, fig. 3, 32,33; Uzhentsev 2006, p. 3334, fig. 89, 10,11/, in the city-site of Ust-Alma /Vysotskaja 1972, p. 118, fig. 30, 2/, in the
sanctuary at Sakskaja peresyp /Lantsov 2003. p. 16, 17, fig. 14, 14-18/.
Cups.
2.3. (Catalogue №24) Knipovich – 4(M), 12(M); Hayes – form V; Zhuravlev –
form 30.3. Cups with vertical rim, walls narrowing downwards, on a low footring or
without it. At the point where the lip turns into wall there is a ridge. Lip diameter is 10-12
cm.
T.N. Knipovich singled out cup of type 4 (M) dating them to the early I c. AD and
type 12(M) which she dated to the end of I – II cc. AD /Knipovich 1952, p. 297, fig. 1,4;
p. 303, fig. 3,3/. J. Hayes relates similar cups to the form V /Hayes 1985, p. 94. T. XXIII,
5,6/. In the typology worked out by D.V. Zhuravlev on materials of the cemeteries in
South-Western Crimea our cups are related to the form 30.3 (Catalogue № 79) which are
dated to the second-third quarter of II c. AD /Zhuravlev 2007, p. 417, fig. 9, 79/.
In Chersonesos and its vicinity cups of this form were found in winery rooms of the
northern quarter and are dated to II-IV cc. AD /Belov 1957, p. 243, fig. 6/ and in the layer
of the second half of II – first half of III cc. AD of the water reservoir complex
/Kovalevskaya, Sedikova 2005, p. 82, fig. 5, 3/, and also at the farmstead 32, in complex of
the first centuries AD /Nessel 2003, p. 4-5, fig. 2, 1-4/. In necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10”
cups of such form (variant 1) are found in burials of II-III cc. AD, and according to the
researchers’ opinion, in IV c. they were almost completely replaced by the wares of the
local craftsmen /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 79-81, table
XII, 9-30/.
Such cups are second among the most popular form of Pontic sigillata at the territory
of the Black Sea region, the pick of its widest spread is II c. AD /Zhuravlev 2002, p. 198,
fig. 3, 5,8,9; Alekseeva 1997, p. 410, table 128, 2,3; Arsenjeva 1985, p. 78-79, fig. 2; 6,7;
Arsenjeva, Naumenko 1992, fig. 57, 8; Naumenko 2005, s. 121, Abb. 20, 3; Domzalski
1996, p. 102. fig. 2, 44-55; Domzhalskii 1998, p. 21-36, fig. 19, 9-11; Krapivina 1993, p.
113-114, fig. 54, 16-17; Burakov 1976, p. 109, table XI, 21,24,27; Sekerskaya 1984, p.
131, fig. 2, 7; Teodor 1997, p. 4-5, Abb. 3, 11,12/. Such cups are often found at Late
Scythian sites of South-Western and Central Crimea, mainly at cemeteries. In this respect
rich material was provided with excavations of Naples cemetery of I-III cc. AD
/Dashevskaya 1991, p. 54, table 35, 10; Zaitsev 2003, p. 39, fig. 123, 9/, Ust-Alma
cemetery, where the cups are found in complexes of the end of II – first quarter of III cc.
11
AD /Vysotskaya 1994, p. 74, table 28, fig. 29; Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 184, 7,8/, first halfmiddle of III c. AD /Trufanov 2007, p. 230, fig. 1, 1/. There are finds in the burial near the
village of Konstantinovka – late I – first half of II cc. AD /Orlov, Skoryi 1989, p. 69, fig.
4, 2/, in the cemetery of Neizats (grave 73) /Khrapunov 2005, p. 175-176, fig. 8, 5,7/, at
necropolis of Chatyr-Dag /Myts, Lysenko, Schukin, Sharov 2006, p. /. This type of redslipped pottery is found in Kalos-Limen, mainly in tier “C” of the end of first quarter of I
– first half of II cc. AD /Uzhentsev 2006, p. 33-34, fig. 89, 5,7; Uzhentsev, Trufanov 1998,
p. 271, fig. 2, 7/, at Ust-Alma city-site /Vysotskaja 1972, p. 118, fig. 30, 6/, and also in
sanctuary at Sakskaja peresyp /Lantsov 2003, p. 16, 17, fig. 14, 8/.
2.4. (Catalogue № 25-26) Knipovich – 9A (M); Hayes – form VI Cups with vertical
rim, walls narrowing downwards, convex oblique walls, on a low footring. At the site
where lip turns into walls there is a ridge. Often on the surface of the rim there are arcshaped applications. Lip diameter is 12-16 cm.
T.N. Knipovich singled out cups of the type 9A (M) dating them to the end of I – II cc.
AD /Knipovich 1952, p. 302, fig. 3, 2/. J. Hayes relates these cups to the form VI Pontic
Sigillata /Hayes 1985, p. 94, т. XXIII, 7,8/.
Cups of this type came to Chersonesos from Asia Minor in II-III cc. AD /Kadeev,
Sorochan 1989, p. 41, fig. 20, 6/, they were found at the territory of barracks dated to I –
the middle of II cc. AD /Diachkov 1998, p. 88, 93, fig. 2/, in the layer of bedding of
second half of II – first half of III cc. AD of the water reservoir complex /Kovalevskaya,
Sedikova 2005, p. 81, fig. 5, 7,8/, and also in the burial of the necropolis /Zubar 1982, p.
67, fig. 42; Zubar, Ivlev, Chepak 1990, p. 7, fig. 6, 2/. Cups of such type are often found in
the vicinity of Chersonesos: at the farmstead 32, in complex of the first centuries AD
/Nessel 2003, p. 5, fig. 2, 2-4/, in sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus (Balaklava) in layers of
the late II-early III cc. AD /Nessel 2000, p. 149, fig. 32, 15-17, 20-22/, among materials of
II-III cc. AD of necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10” (cups of the variant 2) /Strzheletskii,
Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 79-81, table XII,1-9/.
Such form of red-slipped pottery existed for a long time during first centuries AD and
was rather widespread mainly at the territory of the Black Sea region /Silantieva p. 291,
fig. 6, 4,5; p. 290, fig. 5; Domzalski 1996, p. 102, fig. 3, 57-72; Domzhalskii, Chistov
1998, p. 21-36, fig. 19, 2-7; Grach 1999, p. 150, fig. 70; Alekseeva 1997, p. 392; table
110, 12; p. 410, table 128, 4; table 153, 2; Arsenjeva, Naumenko 1992, fig. 54, 4,5; 57,
1,2; Krapivina. 1993, p. 113-114, fig. 54, 1-11; Burakov 1976, p. 110, table XI, 26,29;
Sekerskaya 1984, p. 130, fig. 1, 6,7; Vinokurov 2003, p. 146, fig. 18/. Cups of the type
under study are often found in South-Western and Central Crimea, mainly among
materials of the cemeteries. Numerous finds are in burials of cemeteries of Naples and
Ust-Alma /Dashevskaja 1991, p. 32, 54, table 35, 11, 12; Vysotskaya 1994, p. 75, table
20, fig. 11/, were found in the cemetery of Kazan-Tash of second half of I c. AD /Zaitsev
1997, p. 114-116, fig. 65/, in the cemetery of Bitak, in complexes of the second quarter –
middle of II c. AD /Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 179, 6/, at necropolis of Chatyr-Dag – first half
of II – early V cc. AD (Myts, Lysenko, Schukin, Sharov 2006, p. 113, fig. 4, 6; Sharov
2007, p. 69, fig. 13, 9/. The cups are also found at Ust-Alma city-site /Vysotskaya 1972, p.
118, fig. 30, 7/.
12
Bowls.
3.1. (Catalogue № 27-28) Similis Knipovich – 3(M) and Zhuravlev – Form 28.
Deep bowl on a footring with vertical rim, with oblique walls concave at the top, with
handles in the form of projections. Decoration in the form of leaves was applied with paint
over the rim. Lip diameter is 18-20 cm.
The bowl is similar to the form of Knipovich – type 3(M) and Zhuravlev – Form 28
which has loop-shaped bent handles attached to the rim, but the rim is not decorated. Such
pottery is dated to I c. AD /Knipovich 1952, p. 296, fig. 1, 3; Zhuravlev 2007, p. 383, fig.
8/.
Similar form of bowls but without decoration came to Chersonesos from Asia Minor in
I c. AD /Kadeev, Sorochan 1989, fig. 11, 6/. Similar bowl with decoration dated to I c. AD
was found in Chersonesos vicinity, in Sevastopol burial mound /Dashevskaya 1991, p. 53,
table 57, 11/.
Such pottery was found at South-Donuzlav city-site where the bowl is dated to I c. BC
– I c. AD /Dashevskaja 199, p. 50, table 34, 5/. It is also possible that the bowl in the
layer of I c. BC – I c. AD from Bulganak Late Scythian city-site also relates to this type
/Khrapunov 1991, p. 18, fig. 25, 15/.
Bowls.
2.5. (Catalogue № 29) Zhuravlev – Form 10. Deep bowls of hemispherical shape, the
edge is rather heavily curved inwardly, on a footring. Edge diameter is 20-23 cm.
D.V. Zhuravlev singled out bowls of the form 10 on the material from the cemeteries
of Belbek III and Belbek IV in South-western Crimea, and he dated all variants of this
form to the last quarter of I – first quarter of II cc. AD /Zhuravlev 2007, p. 372, fig. 3/.
Such bowls were also found at Bulganak Late Scythian city-site /Kharpunov 1991, p. 13,
fig. 27, 1/.
2.6. (Catalogue № 30) Knipovich – type 14(M); Zhuravlev – form 14. Deep bowls
of hemispherical shape, walls are convex, rounded. The edge is heavily curved inwardly.
On a low footring. Edge diameter is 10-15 cm.
T.N. Knipovich dates bowls of the type 14 (M) to I – III cc. AD /Knipovich 1952, p.
303, fig. 3, 6/. D.V. Zhuravlev singles out this form of bowls and gives general dating of
all variants of the form – last quarter of I – first half of III cc. AD /Zhuravlev 2007, p. 374
– 376, fig. 4/.
Bowls of similar form, a part of which are of Pontic origin, were found in the vault of
the end of I – first half of II cc. AD at Chersonesos necropolis /Zubar 1982, p. 66, fig. 40,
1/, at Chersonesos chora, at the farm 338, in the complex of I c. AD /Kovalevskaya,
Sarnovski 2003, s. 229-234, fig. 4, 1-4/, and also at necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10”
Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 83-84, table XIV-XV/.
Bowls of such form are found at the territory of Northern Black Sea region /Burakov
1976, p. 97, table VIII, 11; Krapivina 1993, fig. 45/, and most frequently they are found at
Late Scythian sites of the Crimea: in complexes of the second half of III c. AD of UstAlma /Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 186, 12/, in the vault of the end of I – first half of III cc. AD
of Late Scythian cemetery near the village of Brianskoe /Trufanov 1998, p. 144, fig. 2, 15/
and in cemetery of III c. AD near the village of Suvorovo /Zaitsev 1997, p. 108-109, fig.
61, 24/.
13
Plate
2.7. (Catalogue №31) Knipovich – type 19(M); Hayes - Forma connessa com la
produzione pontika Plates with rounded walls, horizontal rim and strap handles; over the
rim there is a decortion of knobs, on the handles there is a schematic decoration of bent
lines: incised or relief decoration is found at the upper surface of the bottom.
J. Hayes suggests Pontic origin of the plates and dates them to the late I c. BC – early I
c. AD /Hayes 1985. s. 93, tav. XXIII, 12/. T.N. Knipovich dates the existence of plates of
the type 19(M) to the end of II – early III cc. AD /Knipovich 1952, p. 306-307, fig. 6, 7/.
Such type of plates is rather frequently found in Chersonesos vicinity. Their fragments
were found in Balaklava, in the layers of the late II – early III cc. AD of the sanctuary of
Jupiter Dolichenus /Nessel 2000, p. 147, fig. 32, 7-11/, and also in Roman building
(Building 1) which was ruined in about 223 /Kovalevskaya 2000, p. 185, fig. 37, 13/.
Intact dishes were found in the complex of II – first half of III cc. AD of the round room
of the farmstead “Bliznetsy” [Teins] /Klenina, Soznik 2004, p. 50-51, fig. 17; Soznik 2005,
p. 5, 9/ and in the burial 40 dated to III c. AD of necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10” /
Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 210, table 6, 27/. The plate
dated to the late II – early III cc. AD was found in the cemetery of Zavetnoe, in SouthWestern Crimea /Vysotskaja 1972, p. 123, fig. 33, 9/.
Plates of this type were widespread mainly in Northern Black Sea region in the late II
– III cc. AD /Zhuravlev 2000, s. 154, fig. 7,2; Zhuravlev 2002, s. 290, fig. 30, 3,4;
Sekerskaja 1984, p. 132, fig. 3, 7; Arsenjeva, Naumenko 2001, fig. 33, 6; Silantjeva p.
302, fig. 16; Alekseeva 1997, table 216; Krapivina 1993, p. 113, fig. 53/.
4. Bosporan red-slipped pottery (Bosporan sigillata)
The place of production of this group of red-slipped pottery most likely could be the
cities of Bosporan kingdom. The pottery was made according to the samples of imported
eastern red-slipped pottery (ESA).
Plate.
3.1. (Catalogue № 32) Domžalski - Form Ia; Low plate with slightly inclined walls on
low footring. The rim is flat, pointed, vertical. Edge diameter is 30-35 cm.
This type of tableware was one of the most widespread at the territory of Bosporan
kingdom in the late II – late I cc. BC /Domžalski 1996, p. 97, fig. 1, 1-15; Zhuravlev 2002,
s. 248, fig. 6, 1; Tolstikov, Zhuravlev, Lomtadze 2003, p. 292, 298, fig. 8, 13; Maslennikov
2006, 52, fig. 65, д/.
Plate of similar form was found in the burial of the end of I c. BC – first half of I c. AD
of the Late Scythian cemetery of Kara-Tobe in North-Western Crimea /Vnukov, Lagutin.
2001, p. 115, 119, fig. 9, 23/.
Plate of similar form was found in Chersonesos vicinity among materials of II – III cc.
AD of necropolis of “Sovkhoz № 10”. Apparently, Chersonesos craftsmen later
reproduced the earlier imported forms /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova
2003-2004, p. 89, table XVI, 14, 15/.
14
4. Chersonesos red-slipped pottery
Mass production of the local pottery in Chersonesos began not earlier than in II c. AD.
Later this pottery almost completely replaced the imported pottery and became mass
production at the sites of South-Western and Central Crimea /Zhuravlev 2001, p. 60/.
Chersonesos pottery being worse in quality mainly repeated forms of the imported
samples. Among Chersonesos sigillata most frequent are form I and VI.
Plates
4.1. (Catalogue № 33) Kadeev – type 3. As it was already said, this type of
Chersonesos sigillata imitates Pontic Hayes – form I. Plates with vertical edge, oblique
walls, on a low footring. At the point where the edges turn into walls there is a ridge. Edge
diameter is 18 cm.
This form of local production of the pottery is one of the most popular in Chersonesos,
V.I. Kadeed calls them bowls of the type 3 and dates their existence to III c. AD /Kadeev
1970, p. 93, fig. 10, 5/. According to A.A. Trufanov, the fragment under study is more
similar to plates of the type IV which is dated to the second half of III – IV cc. AD and
which, probably, was made in Northern Black Sea region /Trufanov 1997, p. 186, 190/.
The important evidence of Chersonesos origin of this form of the pottery is rejected
products found in the infill of water cistern in the quarter 96 of north-eastern area of
Chersonesos /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov 1997, p. 18, fig. 8, 32,34,38/. S.V. Ushakov
dates the existence and the production of this pottery in Chersonesos to III – IV cc. AD
(Ushakov 1998, p. 290, fig. 1, 4; Ushakov 2005, p. 64, fig. 1, 6/. In Chersonesos fragments
of plates of the type 3 were found in the layer of the second half of II – first half of III cc.
AD of the complex of water reservoir (Kovalevskaya, Sedikova 2005, p. 82, fig. 5, 1,2). In
Chersonesos vicinity the pottery of this form is found among materials of necropolis of
“Sovkhoz № 10” /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 88, table
XVII, 14-16, 21/, at the farmstead 340 (341), in the complex of the end of II – first half of
III cc. AD /Kovalevskaya 1998, p. 96, fig. 4, 2/, in round room of the farms “Bliznetsy”
[Twins], in the complex of II – first half of III cc. AD (Klenina, Soznik 2004, p. 46, fig.
13, 131; Soznik 2005, p. 242-243, fig. 4, 1,3,5/. And in the last case rejected products were
also found.
Cups
4.2. (Catalogue № 34-35) Kadeev – type 2 and 3 This form of Chersonesos sigillata
imitates Pontic Hayes – form VI. Cups with vertical rim, convex oblique walls, on a low
footring. At the site where the rim turns into walls there is a ridge. Edge diameter is 12
cm.
This form of cups of local production was rather widespread in Chersonesos. V.I.
Kadeev relates these cups to types 2 and 3 and dates them to III c. AD. It should be noted
that cups (catalogue № 3) relate to type 3, and cups (catalogue № 4) relate to type 2
/Kadeev 1970, p. 92, fig. 10, 2,3/. Fragments of such cups were found in the complex of
Chersonesos water reservoir in the layer of the second half of II – first half of III cc. AD
/Kovalevskaja, Sedikova 2005, p. 81, fig. 5,7,8/.
The evidence of production of local pottery in Chersonesos is fragments of rejected
vessels found in the infill of water reservoir in the quarter 96 of north-eastern area. In
15
opinion of S.V. Ushakov, such cups existed and were produced in Chersonesos in III – IV
cc. AD /Zolotarev, Korobkov, Ushakov 1997, p. 18, fig. 8, 31,37; Ushakov 1998, p. 290,
fig. 1, 3,5,7; Ushakov 2005, p. 64, fig. 1, 4,5/. Another time rejected products were found
in Chersonesos vicinity at the farmstead of “Bliznetsy” [Twins] in the complex of the
round room of II – first half of III cc. AD /Klenina, Soznik 2004, p. 52, fig. 18; Soznik
Kerch 2005, p. 224, fig. 4,4, 9/. Also in the complex of the end of II – first half of III cc.
AD there was found a cup of similar form at the farmstead 340 (341) /Kovalevskaya 1998,
p. 95, fig. 3. 11/.
Bowls
4.3. (Catalogue № 36) Similis: Zhuravlev – form 17. This form of Chersonesos
sigillata imitates bowls of the form 17 of Pontic sigillata. Deep bowls with conical
frustum body, walls slightly rounded, the edge is slightly curved inwardly. Edge diameter
is 18-21 cm.
D.V. Zhuravlev dates all variants of bowls of the form 17 of Pontic sigillata to the end
of I – first half of III cc. AD /Zhuravlev 2007, p. 376-378, fig. 5, 6/.
In Chersonesos and its vicinity finds of bowls of similar form are rather numerous. The
bowl dated to III c. AD of local? production was found in cistern of the quarter VI
/Sedikova 1996, p. 179, fig. 2, 21/, fragments of bowls were found in the infill of water
reservoir in the quarter 96 of north-eastern area. S.V. Ushakov believes that such bowls
existed and were produced in Chersonesos in III – IV cc. AD /Zolotarev, Korobkov,
Ushakov 1997, p. 18, fig. 8, 31,37; Ushakov 1998, p. 290, fig. 1, 3,5,7; Ushakov 2005, p.
63, fig. 1, 1/. In the round room of the farmstead of “Bliznetsy” [Twins] the bowls were
found in the complex of II – first half of III cc. AD /Soznik 2005, p. 244, fig. 4, 8/. Bowls
of Chersonesos origin were found among materials of the cemetery of Chernorechje
/Aibabin 1996, fig. 9, 4/ and of necropolis of “Sovkhoz №10” /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya,
Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 83-84, table XIV-XV/.
4.4. (Catalogue № 37-41) Similis: Knipovich – type 14 (M) and Zhuravlev – form
14. This form of Chersonesos sigillata imitates bowls of the form 14 of Pontic sigillata.
Deep bowls of hemispherical form, walls are convex, rounded. The edge is heavily curved
inwardly. On a low footring. Edge diameter is 10-15 cm.
T.N. Knipovich dates the bowls of the type 14(M) to I – III cc. AD /Knipovich 1952, p.
303, fig. 3, 6/. D.V. Zhuravlev dates them to the last quarter of I – first half of III cc. AD
/Zhuravlev 2007, p. 374-376, fig. 4/.
In Chersonesos V.I. Kadeev singles out similar bowls of local production into the type
1 /Kadeev 1970, p. 91-92, fig. 10, 1/. Considerable number of fragments of similar form of
bowls was found in the infill of water reservoir in the quarter 96 of north-eastern area of
the city-site. On the basis of discovered rejects S.V. Ushakov believes that such cups were
produced in Chersonesos in III-IV cc. AD /Ushakov 1998, p. 290, fig. 1, 1/. Great number
of bowls of this type was found at necropolis of Chersonesos /Zubar, Sorochan 1986, p.
109-111, fig. 5, 3,4/, and also at the territory of its vicinity: at necropolis of “Sovkhoz
№10” /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaja, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 83-84, table XIV-XV/,
in complex of II – first half of III cc. AD of the farm of “Bliznetsy” [Twins] /Soznik 2005,
16
p. 244, fig. 4, 2,4,6/, in Roman building (Building 1) in Balaklava which was ruined in
about 223 /Kovalevskaya 2000, p. 183, fig. 37, 2-5/.
Bowls of this type of Chersonesos production are found mainly at ancient sites of
Central and South-Western Crimea: in the vault of the end of I – first half of III cc. AD of
Late Scythian cemetery near the village of Brianskoe /Trufanov 1998, p. 144, fig. 2, 15/,
in the cemetery of III c. AD near the village of Suvorovo /Zaitsev 1997, p. 108-109, fig.
61, 24/, at the necropolis of Ust-Alma /Vysotskaya 1994, p. 75-76, table 41, 38/, and also
at Sakskaja peresyp /Lantsov 2003, fig. 13/.
Small pot
4.5. (Catalogue № 42) Similis: Kadeev – type 1. Small pot with heavily out-turned
rim, short neck and rounded body, on a low ring stand. Height is 7,5 cm, body diameter is
8,0 cm.
This type of small pots without handles is found rather rarely /Kadeev 1970, p. 96, fig.
12, 1/. In Chersonesos such finds are found among materials of II – early V cc. AD of
Western necropolis /Zubar, Ivlev, Chepak 1990, p. 10, fig. 7,6/.
5. Unknown (Malaysian) centers
Jugs
5.1. (Catalogue № 43) The rim most likely relates to the jugs with globe-shaped body,
on a low footring. Straight, cylindrical neck ends with rim in the form of projection.
Jugs of such form were brought to Chersonesos from Asia Minor in the second half of
I – II cc. AD /Kadeev, Sorochan 1989, p. 34, fig. 8, 1/. Jug rim of such type, but with
wider neck, was found in sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus of the late II – early III cc. AD
/Nessel 2000, p. 153, fig. 33, 31/.
In Olvia the jug with such rim has a neck narrowing downwards, and it is dated to the
second half of I – early III cc. AD /Krapivina 1993, p. 118, fig. 62/. At necropolis of
Nymphaeum such type of vessels are found among materials of I – II cc. AD /Grach
1999, p. 81, table 112, 7; p. 163-170, table 176, 5/.
Several such jugs were found at Ust-Alma city-site and at necropolis among the
materials of the middle-third quarter of I – II cc. AD /Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 166; 167, 2,3;
Puzdrovskii, Zaitsev, Loboda 2007, p. 116, fig. 1; Vysotskaya T.N. Kiev 1994, table 24,
31/.
Cups
5.2. (Catalogue № 44) The fragment, most likely, belongs to the cup (pot) with eggshaped or rounded body, on a low footring. The edge is vertical, slightly sharpened at the
top. Edge diameter is 15 cm, height is 15 cm.
According to V.I. Kadeev and S.B. Sorochan, such cups belong to Pergamum
production, and they were brought to Chersonesos from first half of I c. AD /Kadeev,
Sorochan 1989, p. 20, 22, fig. 8, 3/. Two cups were found near Chersonesos – in the burial
17
of the burial mound near Sevastopol and at Ust-Alma cemetery. They are dated to I c. BC
/Vysotskaya 1972, p. 122, fig. 38, 1, 6; Dashevskaya 1991, p. 32, 53, fig. 57, 1, 19/.
Finds of cups (pots) at the territory of the Black Sea region are rare. The cup from
Nymphaeum is related to Pontic sigillata /Domzhal’skii, Chistov 1998, fig. 20, 14-15/, the
pot from Kozyrka city-site is dated to the late I c. BC – early I c. AD /Burakov 1976, p.
110, table X, 1/.
6. Common tableware
Cups
6.1. (Catalogue № 45) Thin-walled egg-shaped cups have relief applications of similar
type.
One of such vessels dated to the second half of I c. AD was found among materials of
the sanctuary at the settlement of “Polyanka”. /Maslennikov 2006, p. 53, fig. 64, ж/.
Similar decoration on cups of Priene/Ionia was named “Kommadekor” and relates to
Late Hellenism – Early Roman period /Fenn 2008, p. 252, fig.5/. Among materials of
Agora such cups are found in the layers of I c. BC /Robinson 1959, pl. I, f. 23, p. 13/.
6.2. (Catalogue № 46) Kadeev – type 4. Cups on a low footring with rounded body to
which a loop-shaped handle is attached. The rim is slightly out-turned, at the bending
point there is a band. Edge diameter is 6-7 cm, vessel height is 8-9 cm. Surface of vessels
can be coated either with red slip, or with angobe.
At the territory of Chersonesos and its Western necropolis there are numerous finds of
such pottery which are dated mainly to II – III cc. AD /Zubar, Ryzhov, Shevchenko 1988,
p. 151, fig. 2, 1,2; Zubar, Sorochan 1986, p. 104-106, fig. 3, 1-2; 4, 1; Zubar, Ivlev,
Chepak 1990, p. 7, fig. 7, 1/. Kadeev V.I. calls this type of pottery “pots” and relates them
to Chersonesos production /Kadeev 1970, p. 96-97, fig. 12, 4/. Chersonesos had it is own
production on the imported samples up to the first half of V c. AD /Zubar 1982, p. 75-77,
fig. 48,1; 49, 1-74; Ushakov 1998, p. 291, fig. 2, 6,7/.
The pottery of this type was also found at Chersonesos chora: at pottery assemblages
of I – first half of III cc. AD at farmsteads 340 and 32 /Kovalevskaya 1998, p. 95, fig. 3,
12-14; 4, 5; Nessel 2003, p. 5, fig. 2, 8,9/, in the sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus of the
late II – early III cc. AD /Nessel 2000, p. 151, fig. 33, 1-8/.
Cups of the type under study were widespread at Northern and Western Black Sea
region, in basins of Aegean and Adriatic sea from the late I c. and up to V cc. AD /Zubar
1982, p. 75-77; Krapivina 1993. P. 115. Fig. 65, 13; Sekerskaya, p. 133, fig. 4,5; Opaiţ
1996, plan. 51, 9-10; Gerhard, Hemans, Hayes 1998, p. 453, fig. 17, 43,47,48; Jurišić
2000 = BAR Intern. Series 828, s. 34-35, fig. 21, 1-3/. J. Hayes places the centers of
production of such vessels to Aegean area, probably to Thrace, from where they were
exported to the Adriatic (even up to Rome) /Hayes 1997, p. 69-70, fig. 28, 2/.
Cups represent a large group of pottery at the Crimean sites. In Sevastopol vicinity
they are found among materials of I c. AD of Sevastopol burial mound (near the Common
grave) /Dashevskaya 1991, p. 53, table 57, 27/, in secondary grave of the burial mound of
Mamai-Oba dated to the second half of I – early II cc. AD (village of Ljubimovka)
18
/Zubar, Savelja 1989, p. 78, fig. 4, 2/, at necropolis of “Sovkhoz №10”, and they are dated
to II – III cc. AD /Strzheletskii, Vysotskaya, Ryzhova, Zhestkova 2003-2004, p. 94, table
XIX, 4-13/. In Central and south-Western Crimea they are known among materials of the
cemetery of Scythian Naples (and also in the grave № 47 – of the end of II c. AD)
/Babenchikov 1957, p. 131, table VII, 2,4; Chernenko, Puzdrovskii 2004, p. 112, fig. 6,
13/, among materials of Ust-Alma city-site and necropolis, most frequently in complexes
of the second half of II – early III cc. AD /Vysotskaya 1994, p. 71, table 7, fig. 29; 11, 33;
20, 15; Trufanov 1999, p. 228-229, fig. 3, 24; Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 181, 6-9, fig. 177, 4/,
at necropolis of Alma-Kermen /Kyunelt 2007, p. 144; Zaitsev, Voloshinov, Kiunelt,
Masyakin, Mordvintseva, Firsov, Fless 2007, p. 250-251, fig. 5,1/, at the cemetery of
Belbek IV /Guschina, Zhuravlev 1999, p. 157, fig. 1, 5; Zhuravlev, Firsov 2007, p. 234,
fig. 3, 1/, and also in the following cemeteries: near the village of Perevalnoye (complexes
of the second third quarter of III c. AD) /Puzdrovskii 2007, p. 209, fig. 183, 7,9/, near the
village of Brjanskoye (grave 2 – late II – first half of III cc. AD) /Puzdrovskii, Trufanov,
Yurochkin 2007, p. 125, fig. 11, 10/, near the village of Suvorovo I /Puzdrovskii, Zaitsev,
Nenevolia I.I. 2001, p. 33, fig. 8, 10/, near the village of Skalistoe (cemetery of II – III cc.
AD) /Bogdanova, Guschina 1967, p. 132-139, fig. 46, 8/.
Jugs
6.3. (Catalogue № 47) Such form of the rim could belong to the following jugs: jugs
from Ust-Alma necropolis, in complexes of the last quarter of I – early II cc. AD
/Vtsotskaya 1994, table 41, 40; Puzdrovskii 2007, fig. 173, 2), from Alma-Kermen
necropolis (grave 324, I – III cc. AD) /Zaitsev, Voloshinov, Kiunelt, Masiakin,
Mordvintseva, Firsov, Fless 2007, p. 260, fig. 29, 7/, from necropolis of Krasnozorinskoe
(grave № 32, first half of III cc. AD) /Voloshinov, Masiakin, Nenevolia 2007, p. 307-309,
fig. 7, 5/.
Place of production: Chersonesos.
6.3. (Catalogue № 48) such types of jugs were widespread in the Black Sea region in
first centuries AD.
Place of production: Aegean basin.
7. Kitchenware
Pots
7.1. (Catalogue №51) A pot with slightly diverging walls and sharply out-turned rim.
It has a slight groove for a lid.
Kitchenware of such form was found in Chersonesos vicinity among materials of first
centuries AD at farmstead 32 /Nessel 2003, p. 6, fig. 4, 5/, in sanctuary of Jupiter
Dolichenos (Balaklava) in layers of the late II – early III cc. AD /Klenina 2000, p. 137,
fig. 27, 1/. There is an example among materials of II – III cc. AD in Gorgippia /Alekseeva
19
1997, p. 255, table 154, 27; 169, 1/. Pots of similar form were made in centers of Aegean
basin /Jurišić 2000, p. 65, fig. 31/.
7.2. (Catalogue № 52) Vessels with swollen body, their everted rim has groove for lid.
Fragment of rim of a very rare form of vessel whose functional purpose is still unclear.
Maybe it was used as kitchenware, for example for warming-up milk, like in case with a
find from Bosra /Joly, Blanc 1995, pag. 114-115, fig. 10, 110/.
7.3. (Catalogue № 53) Small low pot with walls sharply narrowing downwards. The
inverted rim has a groove for lid. It is also a rather rare form of vessels, the analogies can
be found among material of II-III cc. AD in Gorgippia /Alekseeva 1997, p. 255, table 145,
17/.
8. Lamps
8.1. (Catalogue № 56) The fragment most likely relates to the following lamps:
Loeschcke Type VIII; Heimerl Gruppe 9g; Broneer XXV; Ivanyi Type X; Deneauve
Type VIIb; Bussière Type IX. Vessels of round shape with loop-shaped handle and
nozzle for wick. Central part is occupied with plate in the form of flattened or slightly
concave circle with a hole for oil. Surface of the plate and shoulders often has a rich
decoration.
Round lamps were imported to Chersonesos from Western Black Sea region, Asia
Minor, Egypt mainly in II-III cc. AD /Kadeev, Sorochan 1989, p. 47, 51, fig. 22, 5-7, 23,
3, 4; Zubar, Sorochan 1986, p. 111, fig. 6, 1; Chrzanovski, Zhuravlev 1998, с. 112/.
This form of lamp is one of the most widespread in the ancient world from the
middle of I c. AD, it is found most frequently in II-III cc. AD /Loeschcke 1919, p. 49;
Broneer 1930; Ivanyi 1935, p. 13-14, taf. XXXV; Bovon 1966, pag. 58, pl. 8, 318;
Deneauve 1969, pag. 185, pl. LXXVIII, 848; Szubert 1982. s. 148-149, 151, tabl. II, V,
VIII; Bussière 2000, pag. 360, pl. 96; Heimerl 2001, p. 135, taf. 11, 453; Lychnus et
Lampas. Catalogue. Isac, Roman (eds).2006, s. 69-70, nr kat. 182/.
In Northern Black Sea region this type of lamps was very popular. Their production was
organized in many centers on the models of imported samples. At the territory of the Black
Sea region it acts as Northern Black Sea variant of Roman type (South Russian). These
lamps were most widespread in II – III cc. AD /Valdgauer 1914, p. 9).
But it is worth of note that in our case the surface of the fragment does not have slip
coating, and this allows suggesting its later date – III-IV cc. AD and relating it to Late
Greek variant of Roman type. The lamps are imitation of Roman type in Hellenistic spirit,
they were widespread in the east of the Mediterranean Sea, and earlier in Italy and North
Africa /Valdgauer 1914, p. 16, № 465, 472, 475/.
8.2. (Catalogue № 57-58) Arsenieva type 6; Iconomu Тип XXI, XXX; Кадеев тип
5; «рубчатые»; Chrzanovski, Zhuravlev - Sunburst lamps. Lamps of slightly elongate
form with loop-hand and small horn. Central part is occupied with plate in the form of
flattened or slightly concave circle with hole for oil. On the surface of shoulders there is
usually a relief decoration in the form of ribs, that is why they are called “ribbed”.
Lamps of this type make up 30 % of finds in Chersonesos. S.B. Sorochan singles out
two types: 1 type includes lamps bearing signature ΧΡΥСΟΥ dated to second half of III c.
AD, and second type includes lamps without signature which were widespread from the
early III till the early V cc. AD. “Ribbed lamps were produced in Chersonesos (catalogue
20
№ 57) and also got as a result of trade from Asia Minor. /Sorochan 1982, 38, p. 43, 44, 49;
Chrzanovski, Zhuravlev 1998, p. 139-140/. V.I. Kadeev singles out these lamps into type
5, dates them to III-IV cc., and believes that lamps with stamps are imported, not local
/Kadeev 1970, p. 108, fig. 16, 5/. Basic mass of finds of “ribbed” lamps comes from
Western necropolis of Chersonesos /Zubar, Sorochan 1986, p. 11; Zubar, Ryzhov,
Shevchenko 1988, p. 153, fig. 4, 2-5; Zubar, Ivlev, Chepak 1990, p. 11, fig. 8, 2; Magda,
Dmitriev 1997, p. 159, fig. 2-5/. In Chersonesos vicinity these lamps are found in
complexes of the second quarter-middle of II-III cc. AD: in sanctuary of Jupiter
Dolichenus (Balaklava), at Roman military post at Kazatskaya hill, in round tower of the
farmstead “Bliznetsy” [Twins] /Nessel 2000, p. 123, fig. 22, 6; Nessel 2004, p. 96; Soznik
2005, p. 249, fig. 8, 3/.
Vessels of this type are well known in northern Black Sea region, they are also found at
the territory of Western Pontus /Bernhard 1955. S. 329-330. Tabl. XCIII, 331-334;
Iconomu 1967, p. 144-145; Sorochan 1982, 38, p. 43, 44; Tolstikov, Zhuravlev, Lomtadze
2004, p. 365, fig. 3,3; Alekseeva 1997, p. 440, table 158, 2, p. 414, table 132, 4; Arsenjeva,
Naumenko 1992, p. 46, fig.76, 1; Krapivina 1993, p. 122, fig. 70, 5,10,13,18; 71, 1-3,5-7;
72, 3,10-12; Son, Sorochan 1988, p. 127, fig. 5, 5,6; Lantsov 2003, с. 17, fig.15,7/. T.M.
Arsenjeva joins the majority of researchers dating “ribbed” lamps to III c. AD, and in
Chersonesos they continue to be found up to the first quarter of V c. AD, and laps with
stamps were found till the middle-second half of IV c. (Arsenjeva 1988, p. 43-49, table
XIX-XXII/.
8.3. (Catalogue № 59) Direct analogies were not found. It may be suggested that the
lamp relates to the type XVIII (Iconomu 1967, p. 135) which are dated to V c. AD.
21