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The effect of clinoptilolite on haematological and biochemical indicators of
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weaned piglets fed on fodder mixture contaminated by zearalenone
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MARCELA ŠPERANDA1, BRANKO LIKER2, TOMISLAV ŠPERANDA1,
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VATROSLAV ŠERIĆ3, ZVONKO ANTUNOVIĆ1, ŽELJKO GRABAREVIĆ4,
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ĐURO SENČIĆ1, ZVONIMIR STEINER1
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Faculty of Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, 2Faculty of
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Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 3Clinical Hospital Osijek,
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J. Hutllera 4, and 4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb,
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Croatia
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Abstracts
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The effect of zeolite clinoptilolite (CLIN) on some metabolic parameters in blood
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serum and haematological values in weaned piglets fed with increased levels of
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zearalenone (ZEN) was investigated over a 14-day period. The trial was
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conducted with 3 groups of animals, each group comprising 10 female piglets (fed
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with starter mixture 20% CP; 29.95 MJ ME/kg). Group C was supplied with food
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containing 0.2 g/kg CLIN (ZEN level< 5.1 ng/g), group E1 3 mg/kg ZEN and 0.2
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g/kg CLIN, and group E2 3 mg/kg ZEN. Group C was characterized by the
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highest body weight and daily gain (P<0.01). Values of CHOL were the lowest on
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the 8th day, while values of TRI were the highest on the 14th day in E1 and the
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lowest on the 14th day in E2 (E1: E2, P=0.033). Serum Fe was the lowest on the
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8th day and on the 14th day in E2 (C:E2, P=0.0004; E1:E3, P=0.0002). The
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estrogenic metabolic effect of ZEN was determined to be in E2, with added CLIN,
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ZEN action was reduced .
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Key words: clinoptilolite, zearalenone, biochemical parameters, haematological
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parameters, weaned piglets
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Correspondence: Marcela Šperanda, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 3,
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31000 Osijek, Croatia. Fax: +31 20 70 17. E-mail: marcela.speranda@pfos.hr
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Introduction
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The presence of mycotoxins has been established all over the world (Jurjević at
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al., 1999; Wood, 1992; Placinta et al., 1999) but in varying concentrations
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depending on climatic and meteorological conditions, as well as on the conditions
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of cattle feed production. Research has shown that 25% of cereals in the world are
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contaminated with mycotoxins (Lawlor and Lynch, 2001). Zearalenon, produced
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by fungi of the species Fusarium, is a non-steroid oestrogen found on grains of
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maize, oats, barley, wheat as well as in cattle feed mixtures (Bauer et al., 1980).
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The grains are contaminated in the field at an optimum temperature of 18-24 oC,
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and at a relative humidity of over 71%. The toxin is introduced orally and its
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metabolic activity is complex. Biotransformation takes place in the liver and
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digestive system and is the result of the activity of tissue enzymes and microflora
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(Galtier, 1999; Yiannikouris and Jouany, 2002), and it shows an affinity for
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oestrogen receptors (Powell-Jones et al., 1981; Mueller et al., 2004).
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Consequently, its effect is primarily linked to reproductive organs, although its
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influence on hypothalamus and pituitary gland has also been established
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(Kitagawa et al., 1982). It is secreted through the gall bladder (65%), urine (21%),
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faeces (Gaumy et al., 2001) and milk (Hagler et al., 1980). Following the
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competitive binding to oestrogen receptors (ER) the synthesis of proteins is
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increased and proliferation of cells is induced, resulting in an increase of organ
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mass (anabolic effect). It is believed that its effect may not be restricted to
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oestrogen receptors alone (Murata et al., 2002), since it has been established that
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oestrogen, as well as phytoestrogen genestein and quercetin, are able to stimulate
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gene expression independently of classical ERs (Maggiolini et al., 2004). Acute
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toxicity was not found but at lower concentrations cause macroscopic changes in
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ovaries ( Gaumy et al., 2001; Zöllner at al., 2002; Yiannikouris and Jouany,
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2002); swelling of pudenda in young gilts, changes in the external parts of sex
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organs of new-born and suckling pigs (Dacasto at al., 1995; Alexopoulos, 2001)
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and is the primary cause of rectum prolapse in pigs (Perfumo at al., 2002), and
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results in unfavourable effects on maturing of oocytes and the culture of embryos
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in pigs (Alm et al., 2001). The development of early mastopathy in children is
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linked to the effect of zearalenone present in cereals (Szuets et al., 1997).
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Mycotoxins reduce the activities of T and B lymphocytes, indicating a
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carcinogenic effect (Guerre et al., 2000; Berek et al., 2001; Gaumy et al., 2001),
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which prompts some researchers to stress that the requirement should be for a
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zero level of contamination (Guerre et al., 2000).
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In an effort to reduce mycotoxic contamination, pigs are increasingly being fed
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with mixtures containing a variety of adsorbents (Huwig et al., 2001). Attempts
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are being made to utilize the observed ability of zeolite to bind mycotoxins and
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heavy metals (Pond and Yen, 1983; Pond, 1985; Lindemann et al., 1993). Other
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properties it possesses, i.e. not to bind amino acids, vitamins and minerals, as well
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as having no detrimental effect on the composition of the serum (Papaioannou et
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al., 2002), combined with a possible anti-carcinogenic effect (Martin-Kleiner et
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al., 2000; Pavelić et al., 2002) make it suitable for administration in the diet of
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domestic animals.
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A positive effect of the addition of organozeolite to the feed of piglets has
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been established (Stojić et al., 1998), sows and gilts (Kyriakis et al., 2002;
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Papaioannou et al., 2002), as well as an additive to the ZEN-contaminated feed of
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feeder pigs (Zöllner et al., 2002), dairy cows (Ennemark et al., 2003), lambs
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(Stojšić, 2004), broiler chickens (Dwyer et al. 1997; Oguz et al., 2000), and fish,
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where increased levels of lead are present in water (Tepe et al., 2004). It is also
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determined good adsorption abilities of aluminosilicate for ZEN in vitro (Döll et
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al, 2004).
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The overall effect of zearalenone, which is regarded as a strong
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phytoestrogen and the effect of which is the result of chemical composition,
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which ranks it among selective oestrogen modulators, has not been explained. The
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aim was to assess its influence on the general condition of organs and the
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organism as a whole, as well as on the metabolic status of pigs as the species most
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susceptible to the effects of zearalenone. Interest also focused on the possible
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reduction of its detrimental effect through the application of clinoptilolite, based
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on certain biochemical and haematological values and histological results.
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Due to contradictory results regarding the effectiveness of clinoptilolite,
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the neutralizing effect that ZEN has on organs and the general condition of the
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organism, as well as on the metabolic processes of the pig as the most sensitive
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species, was investigated on the basis of certain biochemical and haematological
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tests and histological results.
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Materials and methods
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Animals and feeding
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The research involved three groups of weaned piglets aged 40 to 54 days. All
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groups were fed on fodder mixture for growing pigs containing 20% crude protein
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and 29.95% MJ ME/kg. Each group comprised 10 female piglets bred from four
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sows and two boars. The quantity of feed consumed per group was monitored
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throughout the period of rearing. The first group (C) was fed on fodder mixture
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containing 0.2% of modified clinoptilolite (Min-a-Zel Plus®; levels of zearalenone
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>5.1 ng/g). This group was used as control: the natural zeolite clinoptilolite used
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as a dietary supplement neither did not relevantly affect blood count parameters
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(Ivković et al., 2004) nor impare pig growing performances (Sardi et al, 2002).
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Likewise, with regard to serum chemistry, Pond and Yen (1983) found no effect
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of zeolite on plasma potassium, sodium and magnesium levels in swine. Piglets in
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the second group (E1) were fed on fodder mixture containing and addition of 3
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mg/kg concentration of zearalenone (Sigma-Aldrich Co) and 0.2% of Min-a-Zel
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Plus® preparation. The third group (E2) was fed on fodder mixture to which 3
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mg/kg of zearalenone was added, but with no addition of Min-a-Zel Plus®.
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Composition of Min-a-Zel Plus® is shown in Table I; cation exchange capacity
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was 160 +/- 10 meq/100g (Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral
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Raw Materials, Belgrade).
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(Insert Table I about here)
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Taking blood samples, biochemical indicators and blood count
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Blood samples were taken from the animals on the 8th and 14th days in order to
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determine haematological values and biochemical indicators. Five millilitre
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samples were obtained from the v. Cavae cranialis using a Venoject (R)
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vacutainer into a test tube containing an anticoagulant (EDTA), and 5 ml for
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biochemical tests. The levels of metabolites (glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol,
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bilirubin, total proteins, albumins, triglycerides), enzyme activities (AST, ALT,
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ALP, GGT, CHE, CK, LDH and amylase), and mineral levels (Fe, P, Na, CA, K,
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C1) were established using automatic analyzer Olimpus AU 640.
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The number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, trombocytes, levels of
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haemoglobin and haematocrit were established using the Symex SF-3000
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automatic counter. Blood smears were prepared and stained according to
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Pappenheim and investigated under a microscope in order to arrive at the
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differential blood count. The relative ratio of individual cells of leukocytes is
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given in percentages in relation to their total number.
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Pathohistological tests
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Upon the completion of the experiment the animals were euthanized by an
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intracardial injection of 0.3 ml/kg of T61(R) (Hoechst, Munich, Germany)
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preparation, and organ samples were taken (ovaries, kidneys, liver, spleen) for
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pathohistological investigations. Samples were fixed in a 4% solution of
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paraformaldehyde in a phosphate puffer at room temperature for 48 hours prior to
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processing. They were dehydrated by immersion into 70%, 96% and 100%
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alcohol (twice for a period of one hour) and stored overnight in chloroform at 56
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o
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for one hour at 56 oC, and then embedded in paraplast I and paraplast II (for one
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hour at the same temperature). A microtome was used to cut 6 μm-thick sections,
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which were then fixed onto slides with 2% APES (3-aminopropil-trietoxilene:
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Sigma, St. Louis, U.S.A.) in acetone. The sections were then cleaned of paraffin
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by immersion into xilol (2x 10min.), a succession of alcohol concentrations (5
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minutes each in 100%, 96%, 80% and 70% concentration), and into distilled water
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(2 x 5minutes). The next phase was staining with hemalaun-eosin and embedding
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into Canadian balsam. Thus prepared histological slides were studied using a light
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microscope.
C. The tissues were then placed into a mixture of chloroform and paraplast (1:1)
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Statistical processing
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The values obtained from studied indicators were processed using the general
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linear model procedure of the SAS system (version 8.02 for Windows)
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Differences between the control and trial groups were statistically tested using
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repeated measurement model with PROC MIXED.
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Results
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Production indicators and clinical picture
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In view of the production results (Table II), weaned piglets of control group (C)
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had a better body mass as early as the 8th day of the experiment in comparison to
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the groups of piglets which were administered zearalenone (E1 and E2) At the end
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of the experiment control group (C) had a significantly (P<0.01) higher body mass
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than the other two groups which were fed on food contaminated with ZEN (E1
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and E2). Total daily increase during the observed period was also higher in group
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C, which also had the best food conversion ratio. The worst food conversion ratio
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was found in the group fed on feed contaminated with ZEN (E2).
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(Insert Table II about here)
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Biochemical parameters
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According to data presented in Table III, glucose values in all groups during the
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observed period were within the parameters of physiological values (Kaneko,
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1997). However, a higher value was established in the control group on the 8th
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day, while on the 14th the value was higher in the group which had been given the
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toxin and clinoptilolite (E1). Comparing the values between groups it was found
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that on the 14th day piglets in the control group had lower levels of urea,
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creatinine and bilirubin. The values of triglicerydes were significantly lower
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(P=0.033) in test group E2 on day 14 in relation to group E1. The level of iron in
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serum was significantly lower (P<0,001) in the group of piglets given feed
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mixture with an increased level of ZEN as early as day 8, and this trend continued
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to the end of experiment.
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(Insert Table III about here)
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Peripheral blood count
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Results of blood count monitored in the middle and at the end of the experiment
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show that there was no deviation from physiological values (Table IV).
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Nevertheless, on the 8th day the animals in control group C showed an increased
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level of leucocytes. On the same day the values of hemoglobin and hematocrit
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were highest in control group C. MCV was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in
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the control group (C) in relation to the second test group E2. The value of MCV
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was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the test group which was given ZEN
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contaminated food in comparison with the group fed on feed containing Min-a-
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Zel Plus® and ZEN (E1). Of the total number of leucocytes on the 8th day of the
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experiment the participation of segmented leukocytes was lowest in group E2, as
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was the level of non-segmented leukocytes. On day 8 the participation of
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lymphocytes and monocytes was higher in group E2, but no significant
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differences were established.
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(Insert Table IV about here)
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Enzymatic activities
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On day 8 AST activity was significantly higher (P=0.002) in group E1 in relation
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to the control group, and on the 14th day it was significantly higher (P=0.014) in
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relation to groups C and E2. ALT activity was significantly lower (P=0.037) in
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the group fed on feed with a higher ZEN content, but only for the 8 days of the
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experiment; on the 14th day there was no difference observed between groups.
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CK activity was at its lowest in the control group, and on day 14 the difference
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was statistically significant (P=0.003) in comparison control group with E2 group.
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At the end of the experiment the CK value was significantly higher (P=0.009) in
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group E2 in relation to group E1 (Table V).
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(Insert Table V about here)
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Histological findings
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Table VI shows that histological changes in group E2 affected sex organs (ovaries
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and uterus), lymphocyte depletion in lymph glands and interstitial inflammation
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of liver were established. In group E1 changes were confined to sex organs, while
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the control group manifested no pathological changes in observed organs.
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(Insert Table VI about here)
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Discussion
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In our experiment the increased levels of ZEN in food had a negative influence on
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daily growth and food conversion in piglets, which resulted in a statistically
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significant difference (P<0.01) in body mass and daily growth between groups C
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and E2 at the end of the experiment (Table II), nor was that negative influence
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significantly reduced by the addition of clinoptilolite (group E1). The negative
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effect that ZEN has on the growth and conversion of food was established by
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Horugel and Vergara (2003), and Kalliamurthy et al., (1997), while other authors
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regard it as a strong anabolic (Pfaffl et al., 2001). The obtained results on the
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effect of clinoptiolite in pigs vary – according to some authors the effect was
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positive (Papaiounnou et al., 2002), while for other authors it had no effect
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(Poulsen and Oksbjerg, 1995). Improved food conversion and better daily growth
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was established in lambs (Pond, 1984), broiler chickens (Dwyer et al., 1997), and
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laying hens (Olver, 1997).
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The observed changes on external sex organs and results of histological
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tests (Table VI) point to the already known agonistic oestrogenic effect of ZEN.
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The administration of clinoptiolite has not substantially reduced the ZEN effect
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but it was slightly weaker, which was manifested in the absence of secondary
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follicles of ovaries in group E1 animals.
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Research involving lambs has found that the compound had a positive
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effect on the absorption of mycotoxins, greater when the level was 0.5% than
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when it was 0.2% (Stojšić et al., 2004). Papaiouannou et al., (2002) have
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established that clinoptiolite had a positive effect on sows and their piglets. The
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low levels of triacylglycerols in group E2 on day 8, and a significant level on day
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14 (P<0.05) would be a typical consequence of the agonistic oestrogenic effect of
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zearalenone. Notably, the main site of triacyglycerol synthesis in pig is fatty issue
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and, and for this site specificity for a new fatty acid synthesis lipoprotein lipase
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activity plays a major role in the eventual storage of triacyglycerols from both diet
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and liver in adipose tissue. Hormones increase the influx of blood triacyglycerols
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into adipose tissue (Beitz, 2004). Oestrogens also increase synthesis of
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triacylglycerols and fat depositions (Goldfein and Monroe, 1997). Consequently,
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larger dosages of zearalenone (group E2) would have a significant influence on
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depositions of triacylglycerols in fatty tissue, thereby stimulating the activity of
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lipoprotein lipase outside a fatty cell or, like insulin, the activity of the
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esterification enzyme in cells. At the same time, such activity would mask the
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results of its activity in liver cells, causing a summary decrease of triacylglycerols
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in blood. That this activity is indeed so is supported by data on food conversion
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which was poorer in group E2 in relation to groups C and E1 (the ratio being 0.55
11
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and 0.62, respectively), with a significant difference in body weight at the end of
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the experiment and the daily gain (P<0.01). The effect with the added adsorbens,
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i.e., in low concentration, led to a fall in the cholesterol level in group E1 on day 8
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and to an insignificant increase in triacyglycerols on day 14. This was a
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characteristic response of liver to the effect of oestrogen the activity (model such
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as raloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, Heringa, 2003).
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Oestrogens lower the circulating levels of cholesterol and increase the level of
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very low-density lipoproteins, which results in an increase of the circulating levels
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of triacylglycerols (Ojeda, 2000). Such agonistic oestrogen effect would be
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characteristic for humans, whose liver is the main site of tgriacylglycerol
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synthesis, but this is questionable with regard to pigs. Bearing in mind that on day
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14 group E1 had the highest urea level, and the lowest level of total proteins
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(E1:E2, P=0.049), it can be assumed that increased triacylglycerol levels in group
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E1 were accompanied by intensified lipogenesis from carbohydrates. On day 8
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group E1 had the highest urea level, with a concurrent increased activity of AST
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and ALT which, in combination with the highest glucose value on day 14, would
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indicate increased glucogenesis and increased synthesis of fats in liver. This kind
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of effect would be similar to the effect of the coumestrol phytoestrogen
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(Nogowski, 1999; Nogowski et al., 2002) and could not be attributed to the
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oestrogen activity pattern of zearalenone. It was found that zearalenone was a
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potent estrogen and activated the preferentially oestrogen receptor alpha and was
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antagonistic on both oestrogen receptor alpha and beta at high doses (Mueller et
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al., 2004). The opposite effect of zearalenone is also visible in the increase of total
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proteins in E2 in relation to E1, caused by a direct increase of the globulin fraction
12
288
on day 14 of the experiment (E1:E2, P=0.049). The powerful influence that ZEN
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has on the lowering of serum iron, which was found to be significantly lower
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(P<0.001) in group E2 as early as day 8, can be explained through the inhibition
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of transferrin synthesis, the major Fe-transport protein in the plasma that is
292
synthesized in hepatocytes. Oestrogens increase the plasma proteins that bind iron
293
(Ojeda, 2000). The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 secretes a factor which is
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immunologically identical to transferrin, and its secretion is enhanced by 17-β-
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oestradiol and reduced by the anti-oestrogen 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (Van der Walle
296
et al., 1989). The ZEN influence on Fe metabolism is also manifested in the fall of
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the ferritine protein observed on day 14. In the group administered the adsorbens,
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the said parameters related to transfer of iron did not differ from those found in
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group C. However, the MCV and MCH values established in group E1, where the
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MCV value was lower on day 8, but also on day 14, in group E1 which in group C
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(P=0.012 and P=0.0003, respectively), indicate that ZEN does in some way
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interfere with transfer of iron. Large quantities of absorbed ZEN, such as those in
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E2, are regarded, have reduced the MCV values in relation to group C after 14
304
days (P=0.005). On day 8 the MCH value in group E1 was the lowest (E1:C,
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P=0.087). Although Parentmassin and Parchment (1998) do not regard ZEN as a
306
haematoxic toxin, certain other authors point out that ZEN has an influence on
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haematocrit, MCV, WBC and the number of platelets (Maaroufi et al., 1996). And
308
it is the values of MCV, MCH and MCHC that are used for the early detection of
309
the anaemia-causing process (Tyler and Cowel, 1996).
310
ZEN has affected CK activity, causing its increase. Its significant increase
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in relation to both group C and group E2 manifested itself on day 8 in group E1,
13
312
and on day 14 the same occurred in group E2. Based on the distribution of
313
oestrogen receptors a high ERa expression could be observed in the uterus, udder
314
and liver, but also in muscles (Pfaffl et al., 2001). Analyses of muscle tissue
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revealed relatively high amounts of nonglucoronidated zeranol and α-zearalenol,
316
together with traces of taleranol and zearalenone, indicating that the metabolism
317
of zearalenone and its metabolites is not restricted to hepatic and gastrointestinal
318
metabolic pathways (Zöllner et al., 2002). Early uterotrophic uterine responses
319
also include the oestrogen-induced expression of creatine kinase (Pentecost et al.,
320
1990). Brain (BB) isoenzymes of CK represented 73% of total activity of skinned
321
guinea-pig uterus (Clark et al., 1993). The rapid stimulation of the specific
322
activity of the brain-type isozyme of creatine kinase is an almost universal marker
323
of cell stimulation. The increase in its activity is closely correlated with the
324
biochemical and morphological parameters, and the increase in CK activity has
325
been used to demonstrate specific stimulation by oestrogens in the skeletal-
326
derived cells (Kaye et al., 1997), uterus adipose tissue (Somjen et al., 1996),
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vascular smooth muscle cells (Somjen et al., 2002; Somjen et al., 2004).
328
Phytoestrogens have oestrogen-mimetic effects on cell growth and CK in the
329
cultural human vascular cells and on the CK in rat vascular tissues in vivo, and the
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effects on replication are highly dependent on CK concentration (Somjen et al.,
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2001). The metabolic antioestrogen effect of ZEN was established in group E2,
332
while group E1 manifested the agonistic effect due to the ZEN reduction by way
333
of clinoptiolite. Amylase activity was reduced proportionally to the assessed
334
quantity of zearalenone absorbed. Severe liver damage may cause the low level of
335
serum pancreatic isoamylase (Maruyama et al., 2003). The activity of enzymes
14
336
determined in our experiment indicate the opposite, although a histological test in
337
E2 did establish changes.
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Acknowledgements
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This Study forms part of a research project financed by the Ministry of Science
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and Technology of the Republic of Croatia.
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