Name:_________________________________
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Biology Classes: Ecology Review of Chapters 17-22
Chapter 17: Classification of Organisms
Chapter 20: Community Ecology
Chapter 18: Introduction to Ecology
Chapter 21: Ecosystems
Chapter 19: Populations
Chapter 22: Humans & the Environment
Chapter 17 Review
1. Over time naturalists have invented several systems for categorizing biodiversity, which is the variety of
organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems. Why did naturalists have to consider all levels?
a. Naturalists have to consider all levels because then the classification system would not make sense
if they did not include ecosystems all around the world.
b. As we grow to understand more about the form and function of living things, the classification
system needs to gradually get more precise.
2. Why did naturalists decide to replace Aristotle’s classification system?
a. Aristotle’s classification system was replaced because a certain amount of years had passed since
his death so the theoretical information expired.
b. Aristotle’s classification system was replaced because it did not adequately cover all organisms and
because his use of common names was problematic.
3. The science of describing, naming, and identifying organisms is called ____.
a. Taxonomy
b. Ecology
4. Who developed a seven-level hierarchical system for classifying organisms according to their form and
structure?
a. Aristotle
b. Carolus Linnaeus
5. In what order is the collection of classification: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom?
a. Most specific to most general
b. Most general to most specific
6. True or False: An adaptation or version of the Linnaean system is used today.
a. True
b. False
7. According to the Linnaeus’s system of classification: the identifier Homo is…
a. genus
b. species
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8. According to the Linnaeus’s system of classification: the identifier sapiens is…
a. genus
b. species
9. Which information is given in a species name?
a. genus and order
b. genus and species identifier
10. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong?
a. class
b. genus
11. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete
digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom?
a. fungi
b. Plantae
12. When reading cladograms, how do you know an organism has the most recent common ancestor?
a. the same u-shaped line connects the same two organisms
b. the same u-shaped line connects different organisms, but the root is the same
13. class: order :: kingdom:
a. phylum b. species
Chapter 18 Review
For part 1 of this chapter review, use your chapter highlights notes to fill in the blanks with the missing
words/phrases.
1. Species interact with other species and their ________ environment.
2. _____________ is a theme in ecology, and states that one change can affect all species in an
ecosystem.
3. _______________ _____________ help to explain the environment.
4. Ecology is usually organized into 5 levels: organism, ____________, community, __________,
ecosystem, and biosphere.
5. Both _______, or living factors and _______, or nonliving, factors influence organisms. Examples of
nonliving things are _______, _________, and ________.
6. A _______ is a way of life, or a role in an ecosystem.
7. Some species survive unfavorable environmental conditions by becoming dormant, or by
______________.
8. Most ___________ are photosynthetic and make carbohydrates by using energy from the ____.
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9. Consumers obtain their energy by eating other organisms that could be ___________, omnivores,
___________, detrivores, and _____________.
10. _____________ feed on dead organisms and wastes, which releases the nutrients back into the
environment.
11. A single pathway of _______ _________is a food chain.
12. A _______ _______ is made up of many energy transfers or food chains.
13. ______________ contain only a few trophic levels because there is a low rate of energy transfer
between each level.
14. Key processes in the water cycle are: ________________, _____________________, and
_________________.
15. The two main steps in the carbon cycle are _________________________ and
__________________________.
16. Nitrogen-fixing ________ are important in the nitrogen cycle because they change nitrogen gas into a
usable form of nitrogen for plants.
17. _________________ moves from phosphate deposited in rock to the soil to living organisms and finally
back to the ocean.
18. What are the levels of organization in ecology?
a. Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
b. Population, habitat, ecosystem, biogeochemical system, planet
19. What makes up an ecosystem?
a. All the habitat types on Earth
b. All the living and nonliving factors in an environment
20. Which of the following are abiotic factors?
a. Plants
b. sunlight
21. How do decomposers benefit an ecosystem?
a. By returning the nutrients to the soil
b. By removing excess nutrients from the soil
22. Which organisms are most critical in the nitrogen cycle?
a. Nitrates
b. bacteria
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23. Between an eagle, snake, rat, and plant: which of these is most likely to be the producer?
a. Snake
b. plant
24. Bear : omnivore :: vulture :
a. Detrivore
b. decomposer
25. What role do krill have in their ecosystem food chain?
a. They are actually consumers because they feed on the algae in the ocean.
b. They are producers because cod fish eat them.
Chapter 19 Review
1. ___________ can be measured in terms of size, density, dispersion, growth rate, age of structure, and
survivorship.
2. A population’s ________ is the number of inviduals that the population contains.
3. _______ is a measure of how crowded the population is.
4. ___________ describes the distribution of individuals within the population and may be random,
uniform, or clumped.
5. A population’s age structure indicates the _________ of individuals at each age.
6. Populations show ______ patterns of ___________: Type __ (low mortality until late in life); Type ___
(constant mortality throughout life); Type ____ (high mortality early in life followed by low mortality for
the remaining life span.).
7. The _________________ ___________ describes perpetual growth at a steady rate in a population.
The model assumes constant birth and death rates and no immigration or emigration.
8. In the logistic model, birth rates _____ and death rates _______ as the population grows. When the
_______ __________ is reached, the population becomes more stable.
9. Population-limiting factors are ___________________ if the effect on each individual depends on the
number of other individuals present in the same area.
10. Small populations have ______ genetic diversity and are subject to __________, so they are less likely
to adapt to environmental changes.
11. About 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, the development of agriculture __________ the growth rate of the
human population.
12. Around ______ , improvements in hygiene, diet, and economic conditions further accelerated
population growth.
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13. After ______ ______ _____, the human population grew at the fastest rate in history, largely because
of better sanitation and medical care in poorer countries.
14. Today, developing countries have faster human population growth and lower standards of living than
developed countries do.
A. true
B. false
15. Why did natural selection favor a high reproduction rate in organisms with Type III survivorship
curves?
a. A large fraction of the individuals die while young so each surviving individual must have many
offspring to overcome this catastrophic mortality.
b. A small fraction of the individuals die while young so each surviving individual must have many
offspring to overcome this catastrophic mortality.
16. What are 2 difficulties an ecologist might have in counting a population of migratory birds in order to
estimate the size of such a population?
a. Some populations of migratory birds are easy to count because they are not mobile so counting
their population size would be an exact count.
b. Some populations of migratory birds are difficult to count because the flocks are too numerous, too
widespread, or too mobile so the population count will most likely be an estimation.
17. Which pattern of dispersion does the global human population have?
a. The global human population is dispersed because the population is evenly distributed.
b. The global human population is clumped, as people tend to live where resources are available.
18. Why is it that interbreeding can threaten the survival of a small population?
a. Inbreeding can result in offspring that have little genetic variability. The population size may not be able to
adapt to environmental changes.
b. Inbreeding results in offspring with a great amount of genetic variability that allows the population size to
be able to adapt to environmental changes.
19. What type of limiting factor is a disease that is transmitted by parasites?
a. A disease transmitted by parasites is most likely a density-dependent limiting factor because parasites can
be spread from one individual organism to another.
b. Diseases cannot be transmitted by parasite so this is not possible.
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20. What unknown factors might make it hard to predict the future size of the human population of a country?
a. floods, famines, food shortages
b. predicting birth and death rates
c. immigration and emigration rates
d. ALL ARE CORRECT
21. Which general model of population growth most closely resembles that seen in a logistics model?
a. population size decreases and then levels off
b. populations size increases and then levels off
22. How is it possible for some countries with a low birth rate to have high population growth?
a. They could have started with a large population size and then have low death rates
b. They could have started with a large population size and then have high death rates
23. Which of the following is a population?
a. all the birds in New York City
b. all the fish of the same species in a lake
24. Which of the following is true in the exponential model of population growth?
a. Population growth continues indefinitely.
b. The immigration rate falls with increasing population size.
25. Which of the following refers to the population size that can be sustained by an environment over time?
a. allele frequency
b. carrying capacity
26. Which of the following is a density-dependent factor for a population of deer in a forest?
a. the number of cougars in the forest
b. a period of freezing weather
Chapter 20 Review
1. Ecologists recognize 5 major kinds of species interactions in communites: ______________,
____________, ______________, ________________, and ____________________.
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2. __________ is an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats another
organism (the prey).
3. Predators have ___________ to efficiently capture prey, whereas prey species have _________ to
avoid capture.
4. ____________ is an adaptation in which a species gains an advantage by resembling another species
or object.
5. _____________ may cause competitive exclusion, the elimination of one species in a community.
6. In _____________, one species (the parasite) feeds on, but does not always kill, another species (the
host).
7. In ____________, both interacting species benefit.
8. In ____________, one species benefits, and the other is not affected.
9. Species _________ is the number of species in a community that is relative to the abundance of each
species.
10. Disturbances can alter a community by eliminating or removing organisms or altering resource
_______________.
11. Species richness may improve a community’s _________ .
12. ______________ ______________ is a change in the species composition of a community over time.
13. _____________ succession occurs in areas that have been recently exposed to the elements and lack
soil. This process proceeds from lichens and mosses to a climax community.
14. ___________ succession occurs in areas where the original ecosystem has been cleared by a
disturbance. This process typically proceeds from weeds to a climax community.
15. A certain typical tree has a fruit that is eaten by only one species of bats. As the bats digest the fruit,
the seeds are made ready to sprout. When the bat excretes the wastes of the fruit, it drops seeds in
new locations. Which of the following is the correct term for the relationship between the bat and the
tree?
a. Predation
b. mutualism
16. Which of the following is a parasite?
a. A lion hunting a zebra
b. A tick sucking bloods from a dog
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17. Three species of birds forage for insects in the same tree. However, each species tends to forage in
different parts of the tree. This pattern of foraging is best explained as an adaptation to which of the
following relationships?
a. Commensalism
b. Competition
18. Predator: Prey :: Herbivore :
a. Carnivore
b. Plant
Chapter 21 Review
1. The 8 major types of terrestrial ecosystems known as biomes are: ________, ________, __________,
______________, ________________, ______________, _______________, and ______________.
2. ________ is a cold biome characterized by permafrost under the surface of the ground.
3. __________ ___________ receive abundant rainfalls and have stable temperatures. Also, they have a
greater species richness than any other biome.
4. __________ ___________ have 4 annual seasons, trees that grow there shed all of their leaves in fall.
5. _______ is cold but is warmer than tundra, receives more precipitation, and dominated by coniferous
forests.
6. ________ __________ occur in areas with cold winters, hot summers, dominated by grasses, and
herds of grazing animals.
7. __________ are tropical grasslands with alternating wet and dry seasons that are dominated by herds
of grazing animals.
8. ___________ is found in coastal regions with warm, dry summers, and mild winters. They are also
dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.
9. ________ receive less than 25cm of precipitation per year and their inhabitants have adaptations for
conserving water.
10. The ________ ________ in the ocean receives light, but the _______ ________ does not.
11. In the _________ _______, organisms must be able to tolerate drying and pounding of waves.
12. In the ________ _______, receives nutrients from the bottom of the ocean and from land. It is
ocean’s richest zone in terms of the number of species and individuals.
13. _________ in the ocean zone is limited by shortage of nutrients.
14. _________ are very productive areas, where rivers and streams flow into the sea.
15. __________ lakes are clear and lacking in nutrients while eutrophic lakes are rich in nutrients and are
often murky.
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16. Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow down an elevation _________ within a watershed.
17. _______ ________ are areas of land, such as marshes and swamps, that are covered with fresh water
for at least part of each year.
18. Why are estuaries more productive than most other biomes?
a. Estuaries contain vast coniferous forests
b. Estuaries have shallow, nutrient-laden water.
19. Which of the following characterizes the neritic zone of the ocean?
a. It is exposed to the air by the low tide
b. It receives nutrients washed from land
20. Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous forests?
a. They have the lowest rainfall of any biome
b. They undergo seasonal changes in temperature.
21. Which of the following best describes the water of all eutrophic lakes?
a. Salty
b. Murky
Chapter 22 Review
1. Earth’s _________, _________, and _________ are interconnected in many ways. Life exists in parts
of each sphere. Together, these parts make up the biosphere.
2. Important parts of the atmosphere are: ___________, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer,
which shields Earth from UV radiation.
3. A very small portion of the _________ is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily unable.
4. _________ refers to the variety of life found in an area and can be measured in different ways,
including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.
5. Over a short period of time period, human activities have affected global systems in ways that harm
humans and other species. Human impacts range from ______ _______ to global change in
ecosystems.
6. Industrial chemicals called ____________ act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down
oxygen molecules in the ozone layer. Most countries have banned these and the ozone layer appears
to be recovering.
7. Certain air pollutants cause _____ ________, which harms or kills many organisms.
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8. Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of ________.
9. _____________ biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while
restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing bodily damaged ecosystems.
10. Populations of __________ birds, such as the ________ _________, are in decline because of human
activities. However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding
programs, habitat restoration, and internal partnerships.
11. International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying
________, __________, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting _________.
12. The ______________ _____________ _____________ is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide
restoration project attempted in the United States.
13. Which of the following is the term for the parts of Earth where water is located?
a. Biosphere
b. Geosphere
c. Atmosphere
d. Hydrosphere
14. What is the term for the natural ability of Earth’s atmosphere to trap energy from the Sun?
a. Global warming
b. Ozone depletion
c. Greenhouse effect
d. Biological magnification
15. What does Earth’s ozone layer shield its inhabitants from?
a. Solar heating
b. Meteor impacts
c. Ozone depletion
d. Ultraviolet radiation
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16. Which of the following groups of organisms contains the largest estimated number of species?
a. Birds
b. Plants
c. Insects
d. Mammals
17. What term describes a measure of the number of species in an area?
a. Species richness
b. Species evenness
c. Bioindicator species
d. Biological magnification
18. Thinning of the ozone layer: CFC :: biological magnification :
a. Pesticides
b. Wastewater
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Greenhouse gases
19. At an altitude of 18,000 feet, oxygen density is half of its density at sea level. What would be its
relative density at 36,000 feet be?
a. ¼ the density at sea level
b. ¾ the density at sea level
20. The amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere by human activities has increased over
recent years. Predict a possible result of this trend.
a. A decrease in oxygen levels may increase the temperature on the surface of Earth
b. An increase in carbon dioxide may increase the temperature on the surface of Earth
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