Landscape Archaeology
Anth. 453
Course Syllabus
Prof. Christopher Fennell
Department of Anthropology
296 Davenport Hall
Office phone 244-7309
email cfennell@uiuc.edu
Spring 2006
Location: TBD
Meeting times: TBD
3 credits
Office hours: TBD
Course Description and Objectives
Landscape archeology addresses the complex issues of the ways that people have
consciously and unconsciously shaped the land around them. Human populations have
engaged in a variety of processes in organizing space or altering the landscape around
them for a diversity of purposes, including subsistence, economic, social, political, and
religious undertakings. People often perceive, protect, and shape the land in the course of
symbolic processes engaging with their sense of place, memory, history, legends, and the
boundaries of realms sacred and profane. Archaeology provides invaluable tools for
examining such processes, and we can provide morphological and environmental data on
past landscapes that are available from no other sources.
Landscape archaeology thus involves the use of archaeological, documentary, and oral
history evidence to study and interpret the ways past peoples shaped their landscapes
through the deployment of cultural and social practices, and the ways, in turn, that such
people were influenced, motivated, or constrained by their natural surroundings. The
archaeological evidence utilized in landscape archaeology ranges across a continuum of
methods including the uses of satellite and aerial imagery, ground surface surveys,
topographic modeling, stratigraphic excavations, geomorphology assessments,
paleoethnobotany analysis, macrofloral and microfloral studies, and ground penetrating
prospection technologies. Such techniques have been utilized to study and interpret
subjects as diverse as prehistoric roadways in Chaco Canyon, formal gardens of elite
Anglo-American houses, spatial configurations of antebellum plantation structures and
the domestic sites of enslaved laborers, and the field systems of Mesoamerican
civilizations.
This course covers a range of topics within landscape archaeology that relate to core
principles of the field of archaeology: methods of investigation, interpretation and
modeling of results; archaeological ethics and cooperative project designs working with
local and descendant communities concerned with the heritage of the landscapes under
study; and strategies for protecting the cultural resources manifest in those landscapes.
The course will also provides students with opportunities to learn fundamental
archaeological skills such as surveying, sampling strategies, remote sensing, applications
of GIS to archaeology, and the creation of interpretive frameworks for a public audience.
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By the conclusion of this course, each student should have acquired skills in the
following areas: understanding the theoretical and methodological principles utilized in
conducting landscape archaeology studies and the interpretations of data produced in
such projects; critical reading and assessment of particular of landscape archaeology
studies and the basic assumptions, theories, and methods utilized in those studies; an
enhanced ability to communicate in written and oral form a research design and
interpretive framework for an archaeological site; enhanced skills in locating and
utilizing sources for landscape archaeology, including those available through libraries,
the internet, research groups, and professional organizations.
The course is organized around reading, class presentations, and critical discussions.
Responsibilities for class presentations and leading discussion of the readings will be
rotated among pairs of class participants. There will be occasional lectures to offer
background on theoretical issues and particular methodological topics. The quality of
your course experience will depend in large part on your willingness read thoughtfully
and participate actively in class discussions. This course will provide you with the
opportunity to hone your skills in articulating significant arguments presented within a
particular range of archaeological studies. The course also provides a supportive
environment in which to practice your skills at written exposition, classroom debate, and
public presentations. This is, for the most part, a reading and discussion course intended
for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with backgrounds in anthropology and
archaeology. Previous course work in archaeology is assumed, along with familiarity
with basic archaeological and anthropological concepts.
Graduate students, who receive the equivalent of four credits or one graduate unit, will be
expected to produce seminar papers of greater length and depth of analysis than
undergraduate participants in this course. In addition, graduate students will be expected
to meet with the instructor for an additional one to two hours of course discussion each
week. For undergraduate students to enroll in this course, they should have already taken
an introductory archaeology course, such as Anth. 220, or an introductory landscape
architecture course, such as LA 215, and a 300 level course in socio-cultural
anthropology or archaeology, or an equivalent of experiences in prior course work may
be accepted as sufficient with the instructor’s permission.
Course Assignments and Grading Policy
Your grade in this course will be based on your performance in completing the following
assignments:
1. Class Presentations (10 percent of course grade). Each week, assigned pairs
of seminar participants will be responsible for preparing a joint presentation on the
week’s reading and leading class discussion. Presentations should not simply summarize
reading assignments one by one, but rather highlight significant theoretical and
methodological themes that emerge in the articles, the manner in which they relate to one
another and to previous topics discussed in the course, and their implications for
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archaeological practice. For example, one should address questions such as: Do the
authors’ positions agree? Do you find their arguments persuasive? How do they fit (or
fail to fit) with other anthropological and archaeological ideas you find helpful or
attractive? A key focus of your presentation should be the manner in which abstract
theoretical models can actually be implemented in studying the archaeological record. If
particular patterns in the archaeological record are discussed and explained in an assigned
reading, can you think of other ways to account for them? Your presentations should also
include a series of questions for discussion by other participants in the class.
2. Class Discussion (10 percent of course grade). Non-presenting participants
should come to class prepared to discuss critically the week’s readings, along the same
lines as if they were responsible for the week’s presentation. I also reserve the right to
lower the course grade (by one letter grade) of any student who fails to regularly attend
class during the semester.
3. Short Essay (20 percent of course grade). In the sixth week of the course,
participants will complete a 5-6 page introductory essay entitled “What is Landscape
Archaeology?” and present a short oral synopsis (5-10 minutes) in class. In writing the
essay, you should draw on the assigned reading, class presentations, discussion, and your
own insights. This is a first opportunity for you to outline your vision of just how
landscape archaeology is a distinctive enterprise in the theoretical, methodological, and
empirical realms. The short essay and the oral presentation based on it are due in class at
the beginning of Week 6. After revision, this short paper will become the introductory
section of a longer seminar paper (see below). The grade for any writing assignment will
be reduced if a student submits the completed assignment late (by one letter grade for
each day it is late).
4. Seminar Paper (50 percent of course grade). During the last three weeks of
the course, participants will complete drafts of their seminar paper, which should be 1520 pages in length for undergraduates or 20-25 pages in length for graduate students. In
the seminar paper, you will explore a particular aspect of landscape archaeology that
interests you. Your paper can have a theoretical (e.g., landscape and the “new ecology”),
methodological (e.g., landscape and GIS), or substantive focus (e.g., colonial gardens or
symbolic landscapes). This is your opportunity to explore in greater detail a subset of the
theoretical and methodological ideas encompassed by landscape archaeology. A revised
version of your short essay (“What is Landscape Archaeology?”) should serve as the
conceptual foundation for this effort and as the introductory section of your seminar
paper. The focus of the rest of the paper is up to you, but it needs to be cleared in
advance with the instructor. An abstract or preliminary statement, with key bibliographic
references, is due in class at the beginning of Week 9. The final seminar paper is due by
5:00pm on the first day of the final exam period as scheduled by the University.
5. Seminar Paper Presentation and Discussion (10 percent of course grade).
During the last two weeks of the course, each participant will present in class a 15-minute
synopsis of the seminar paper. This will be followed by 10-minute evaluation and
comment by a designated discussant. Following a response by the author, the floor will
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be opened to general discussion. Drafts of the seminar paper will be distributed one week
before this presentation to all class members, including the designated discussant.
When preparing these assignments, be careful that you do not plagiarize the
works of another; that is, do not present the work or words of another author in a
verbatim manner as your own. Consult the UIUC regulations for more information on the
hazards of plagiarism, at http://www.uiuc.edu/admin_manual/code/. Assignments handed
in late will lose 10% of the possible credit after the class in which they are due, and 10%
more for each subsequent day late. No make-ups are provided for missed assignments in
the absence of documented and legitimate medical or family emergencies.
Required Readings
Texts
Appleton, Jay (1996 rev. ed.). The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley).
Rapp, George (Rip), Jr., and Christopher L. Hill (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth
Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation, (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press).
Readings on Reserve
The other readings listed below under each week’s discussion topic, consisting of articles
and excerpts from other texts, will be available on electronic reserve or a photocopy
reading packet.
Additional Resources
I have provided below, following the “Class Schedule” section of the syllabus, a
bibliography of additional print sources and a list of internet resources related to the
subjects of landscape archaeology. These source lists should be helpful for students in
choosing topics for their seminar papers and conducting research related to the course.
Class Schedule
Week 1. Course Introduction // Sites, Non-Sites and Landscapes.
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Bender, Barbara (1998). Stonehenge, Making Space (Oxford: Berg).
Introduction: time, place and people.
Thinking about landscapes, pp. 1-35.
(b) Dunnell, Robert C. (1992). The Notion Site, in Space, Time, and Archaeological
Landscapes, ed. by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn Wandsnider, pp. 21-41 (New York:
Plenum Press).
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(c) Dewar, Robert E., and Kevin A. McBride (1992). Remnant Settlement Patterns, in
Space, Time, and Archaeological Landscapes, ed. by Jacqueline Rossignol and LuAnn
Wandsnider, pp. 227-256 (New York: Plenum Press).
(d) Deetz, James (1990). Landscapes as Cultural Statements, in Earth Patterns: Essays
in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most, pp. 1-4
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).
(e) Crumley, Carole, and William H. Marquardt (1990). Landscape: A Unifying Concept
in Regional Analysis, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen
Allen, Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 73-79 (London: Taylor and Francis).
Week 2. Landscape and Historical Ecology
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Balle, William (1998). Historical Ecology: Premises and Postulates, in Advances in
Historical Ecology, ed. by William Balle, pp. 13-29 (New York: Columbia University
Press).
(b) Whitehead, N. (1998). Ecological History and Historical Ecology: Diachronic
Modeling vs. Historical Explanation, in Advances in Historical Ecology, ed. by William
Balle, pp. 43-66 (New York: Columbia University Press).
(c) Ingerson, Alice E. (1994). Tracking and Testing the Nature-Culture Dichotomy, in
Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, ed. by Carole
Crumley, pp. 30-41 (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research).
(d) Bettinger, Robert L. (1998). Cultural, Human and Historical Ecology in the Great
Basin: Fifty Years of Ideas about Ten Thousand Years of Prehistory, in Advances in
Historical Ecology, ed. by William Balle, pp. 169-89 (New York: Columbia University
Press).
(e) Crumley, Carole L. (1994). The Ecology of Conquest: Contrasting Agropastoral and
Agricultural Societies’ Adaptation to Climatic Change, in Historical Ecology: Cultural
Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, ed. by Carole Crumley, pp. 183-202 (Santa Fe,
NM: School of American Research).
Week 3. Landscape, the New Ecology, and Environmental History
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Zimmerer, Karl S. (1994). Human Geography and the “New Ecology”: The Prospect
and Promise of Integration, Annals of the Association of American Geographers
84(1):108-125.
(b) McEvoy, Arthur F. (1988). Toward an Interactive Theory of Nature and Culture:
Ecology, Production and Cognition in the California Fishing Industry, in The Ends of the
Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History, ed. by Donald Worster, pp. 21129 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
(c) Lansing, J. Stephen, and James N. Kremer (1993). Emergent Properties of Balinese
Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape, American
Anthropologist 95:97-114.
(d) Erickson, Clark L. (1993). The Social Organization of Prehispanic Raised Field
Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement
7: 369-426.
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(e) Erickson, Clark L. (1999). Neo-environmental Determinism and Agrarian
“Collapse,” Antiquity 73:634-42.
Week 4. Experiences of Landscape
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Tilley, Christopher (1994). A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and
Monuments (Oxford: Berg).
Space, place, landscape, and perception: phenomenological perspectives, pp. 7-34.
The social construction of landscapes in small-scale societies: structures of meaning,
structures of power, pp. 35-69.
(b) Bender, Barbara (1998). Stonehenge: Making Space (Oxford: Berg).
Prehistoric Stonehenge Landscapes, pp. 39-68.
Dialogues 1: Prehistoric Stonehenge Landscapes, pp. 69-95.
(c) Bradley, Richard (1995). Symbols and Signposts: Understanding the Prehistoric
Petroglyphs of the British Isles, in The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive
Archaeology, ed. by Colin Renfrew and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 95-106 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
(d) Llobera, Marcos (1996). Exploring the Topography of Mind: GIS, Social Space, and
Archaeology, Antiquity 70:612-22.
(e) Orians, Gordan H., and Judith H. Heerwagen (1992). Evolved Responses to
Landscapes, in The Adapted Mind, ed. by Jerome, H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John
Tooby, pp. 555-80 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
(f) Aveni, Anthony F., and Helaine Silverman (1991). Between the Lines: Reading the
Nazca Markings as Rituals Writ Large, The Sciences July/August.
Week 5. Doing Landscape Archaeology: Geoarchaeology and Site Formation
Processes
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Rapp, George, Jr., and Christopher L. Hill (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth
Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press).
Sediments and soils and creation of the archaeological record, pp. 18-49.
Contexts of archaeological record formation, pp. 50-85.
(b) Stein, Julie K. (1992). Organic Matter in Archaeological Contexts, in Soils in
Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation, ed. by Vance T. Holliday,
pp. 193-216 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press).
Week 6. Doing Landscape Archaeology: Geoarchaeology, Remote Sensing, and GIS
Methods
Deadline: Introductory essay due.
Classroom presentations on subjects of introductory essay.
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Rapp, George, Jr., and Christopher L. Hill (1998). Geoarchaeology: The Earth
Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press).
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Paleoenvironmental reconstructions: humans, climates and ancient landscapes, pp. 86111.
Estimating age in the archaeological record, pp. 153-74.
Geologic mapping, remote sensing and surveying, pp. 175-97.
(b) Conyers, Lawrence B. (1997). Introduction, in Ground Penetrating Radar: An
Introduction for Archaeologists, pp. 11-21 (Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press).
(c) Riley, D. N. (1987). How Sites Show, in Aerial Photography in Archaeology, pp. 1740 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).
(d) Kantner, John (1997). Ancient Roads, Modern Mapping: Evaluating Chaco Anasazi
Roadways using GIS Technology, Expedition 39(3):49-62.
(e) Madry, Scott, and Carole L. Crumley (1990). An Application of Remote Sensing and
GIS in a Regional Archaeological Settlement Pattern Analysis: The Arroux River Valley,
Burgundy, France, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen Allen,
Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 364-80 (London: Taylor and Francis).
Week 7. Doing Landscape Archaeology: A Case Study of Chesapeake Agricultural
Landscapes
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Earle, Carville (1975). The Evolution of a Tidewater Settlement System: All Hallowes
Parish, Maryland, 1650-1783. University of Chicago, Department of Geography
Research Paper No. 170.
Introduction, pp. 1-4.
Settlement systems, area, and agenda, pp. 5-13.
Parameters of the settlement system, pp. 15-37.
(b) Carr, Lois G., and Lorena S. Walsh (1988). Economic Diversification and Labor
Organization in the Chesapeake: 1650-1800, in Work and Labor in Early America, ed. by
Stephen Innes, pp. 144-88 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
(c) Earle, Carville (1988). The Myth of the Southern Soil Miner: Macro-history,
Agricultural Innovation, and Environmental Change, in The Ends of the Earth:
Perspectives on Modern Environmental History, ed. by Donald Worster, pp. 175-210
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
(d) Brush, Grace (1986). Geology and Paleoecology of Chesapeake Bay: A Long-term
Monitoring Tool for Management, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
76:146-60.
(e) Upton, Dell (1985). White and Black Landscapes in Eighteenth-century Virginia,
Places 2(2):59-72.
[Note: the subject of this case study lesson will varying from year to year, and will likely
include alternative case studies in other semesters that focus on subjects such as Cahokia
in the American Bottom region, the ideographic landscapes of Peru, town landscapes of
the late Medieval period in Southern India, and historic period landscapes of western
Illinois.]
Week 8. Landscape Aesthetics
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Appleton, Jay (1996 rev. ed.). The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley).
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Chapters 1-5: surveying and applying theoretical approaches to landscape aesthetics,
including “habitat theory” and “prospect-refuge theory”; chapters on defining the
problem, the quest, behavior and environment, framework of symbolism, and balance.
Week 9. Landscape Aesthetics (cont’d)
Deadline: Seminar paper abstract with key bibliographic references due.
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Appleton, Jay (1996 rev. ed.). The Experience of Landscape (New York: Wiley).
Chapters 6-11: applying theoretical approaches to landscape aesthetics; chapters on
involvement, landscape in several arts, fashion, taste, and idiom, aesthetic potential of
places, stocktaking, and a postscript of methodological developments.
Week 10. Spring Break! Classes do not meet.
Week 11. Gardens and Ornamental Landscapes
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Martin, Peter (1991). The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to
Jefferson (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
The plantations, pp. 100-33.
Landscape gardening at Mount Vernon and Monticello, pp. 134-64.
(b) Leone, Mark P. (1984). Interpreting Ideology in Historical Archaeology: Using the
Rules of Perspective in the William Paca Garden in Annapolis, Maryland, in Ideology,
Representation and Power in Prehistory, ed. by Christopher Tilley and Daniel Miller, pp.
25-35 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
(c) Luccketti, Nicholas (1990). Archaeological Excavations at Bacon’s Castle, Virginia,
in Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by William M. Kelso and
Rachel Most, pp. 23-42 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).
(d) Pogue, Dennis (1996). Giant in the Earth: George Washington, Landscape Designer,
in Landscape Archaeology, ed. by Rebecca Yamin and Karen B. Metheny, pp. 52-69.
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press).
(e) Kryder-Reid, Elizabeth (1994). The Archaeology of Vision in Eighteenth-Century
Chesapeake Gardens, Journal of Garden History 1:42-53.
(f) Williamson, Tom (1999). Gardens, Legitimation, and Resistance, International
Journal of Historical Archaeology 3(1): 37-52.
(g) Gundaker, Grey (1993). Tradition and Innovation in African-American Yards,
African Art (April 1993) 26(2):58-71, 94-96.
Week 12. Cultural Landscapes: Heritage and Preservation Issues
Deadline: Draft versions of seminar papers scheduled for discussion in Week 13 are due
in class at the beginning of Week 12.
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Archibald, Robert R. (1999). Facing the Past, in A Place to Remember: Using History
to Build Community, pp. 9-25 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).
(b) Birnbaum, Charles, and Christine C. Peters (1996), The Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of
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Cultural Landscapes (Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service).
(c) Davis, Karen Lee (1997). Sites without Sights: Interpreting Closed Excavations, in
Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, ed. by John Jameson, Jr., pp.
84-98 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).
(d) Derry, Linda (2000). Southern Town Plans, Story Telling, and Historical
Archaeology, in Archaeology of Southern Urban Landscapes, ed. by Amy L. Young, pp.
14-29 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).
(e) King, Thomas (2003). Places that Count: Traditional Cultural Properties, pp. 1-20,
99-128 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).
Week 13. Cultural Heritages and Multivalent Spaces //
Beginning of Seminar Paper Presentations and Workshop
Deadline: Draft versions of seminar papers scheduled for discussion in Week 14 are due
in class at the beginning of Week 13.
Readings will include selections from the following:
(a) Lavine, Steven D. (1992). Audience, Ownership, and Authority: Designing Relations
between Museums and Communities, in Museums and Communities: The Politics of
Public Culture, ed. by Ivan Karp, Christine Mullen Kreamer, and Steven D. Lavine, 13757 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press).
(b) Mullins, Paul R. (2004). African-American Heritage in a Multicultural Community:
An Archaeology of Race, Culture and Consumption, in Places in Mind: Public
Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, ed. by Paul A Shackel and Erve J. Chambers, pp.
57-70 (London: Routledge).
(c) Lucas, Michael T. (2004). Applied Archaeology and the Construction of Place at
Mount Calvert, Prince George’s County, Maryland, in Places in Mind: Public
Archaeology as Applied Anthropology, ed. by Paul A Shackel and Erve J. Chambers, pp.
119-34 (London: Routledge).
(d) Horning, Audrey (2001). Of Saints and Sinners: Mythic Landscapes of the Old and
New South, in Myth, Memory, and the Making of the American Landscape, ed. by Paul
A. Shackel, pp. 21-46. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida).
Week 14. Seminar Paper Presentations and Workshop
Deadline: Draft versions of seminar papers scheduled for discussion in Week 15 are due
in class at the beginning of Week 14.
Week 15. Seminar Paper Presentations and Workshop
Deadline: Final seminar papers due by 5:00pm on the first day of the final exam period as
scheduled by the University.
******
Bibliography of Additional Sources related to Landscape Archaeology
Aberg, A., and C. Lewis, eds. (2000). The Rising Tide: Archaeology and Coastal
Landscapes (Oxford: Oxbow).
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Adams, Robert McC. (1981). Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement Systems
and Land Use of the Central Floodplains of the Euphrates (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press).
Analen, Arnold N., and Robert Melnick, eds. (2000). Preserving Cultural Landscapes in
America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Archibald, Robert R. (1999). Facing the Past, in A Place to Remember: Using History to
Build Community, pp. 9-25 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).
Ashmore, Wendy, and A. Bernard Knapp, eds. (1999). Archaeologies of Landscape:
Contemporary Perspectives (Malden, MA: Blackwell).
Aston, Michael (1985). Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology and Local
Studies (London: B.T. Batsford).
Aston, Michael and Trevor Rowley (1974). Landscape Archaeology: an Introduction to
Fieldwork Techniques on Post-Roman Landscapes (Newton Abbot, England: David &
Charles).
Aveni, Anthony F., and Helaine Silverman (1991). Between the Lines: Reading the
Nazca Markings as Rituals Writ Large, The Sciences July/August.
Baldwin, A. Dwight, Jr., et al., eds. (1993). Beyond Preservation: Restoring and
Inventing Landscapes (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
Balée, W., ed. (1998). Advances in Historical Ecology (New York: Columbia University
Press).
Banning, E. B. (2002). Archaeological Survey (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum).
Basso, Keith (1996). Wisdom Sits in Paces: Notes on a Western Apache Landscape, in
Senses of Place, ed. by Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso, pp.53-90 (Santa Fe, NM: School
of American Research Press).
Baugher, Sherene (2001). Visible Charity: The Archaeology, Material Culture, and
Landscape Design of New York City’s Municipal Almshouse Complex, 1736-1797,
International Journal of Historical Archaeology 5(2): 175-202.
Beaudry, Mary C. (1986). The Archaeology of Historical Land Use in Massachusetts,
Historical Archaeology 20(2):38-46.
Beaudry, Mary C. (1999). The Archaeology of Domestic Life in Early America, in Old
and New Worlds, ed. by Geoff Egan and Ronald L. Michael, pp.117-26 (Oxford:
Oxbow).
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Bender, Barbara (1992). Theorizing Landscape and the Prehistoric Landscapes of
Stonehenge, Man 27: 735-55.
Bender, Barbara (1998). Stonehenge: Making Space (Oxford: Berg).
Bender, Barbara, ed. (1993). Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (London: Berg).
Birnbaum, Charles, and Christine C. Peters (1996), The Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of
Cultural Landscapes (Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park
Service).
Blaikie, P. M., and H. C. Brookfield, eds. (1987). Land Degradation and Society
(London: Methuen).
Borchert, James (1986). Alley Landscapes of Washington, in Common Places: Readings
in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. by Dell Upton and John M. Vlach, pp. 281-91
(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press).
Bowden, M., ed. (1999). Unraveling the Landscape: An Inquisitive Approach to
Archaeology (Stroud: Tempus).
Bradley, R. (1998a). The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human
Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe (London: Routledge).
Bradley, R. (1998b). Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe: Signing the Land
(London: Routledge).
Chappell, Sally A. (2002). Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press).
Conyers, Lawrence B. (1997). Introduction, in Ground Penetrating Radar: An
Introduction for Archaeologists, pp.11-21 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).
Coones, P. (1985). One Landscape or Many? A Geographical Perspective, Landscape
History 25: 512.
Cosgrove, D. E. (1984). Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (Madison, WI:
University of Wisconsin Press).
Cronin, William, ed. (1996). Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature
(New York: Norton).
Crumley, Carole L. (1994). Historical Ecology: A Multidimensional Ecological
Orientation, in Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, ed.
by Carole L. Crumley, pp. 1-16 (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research).
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Crumley, Carole L., and William H. Marquardt (1990). Landscape: A Unifying Concept
in Regional Analysis, in Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeology, ed. by Kathleen
Allen, Stanton Green, and Ezra Zubrow, pp. 73-79 (London: Taylor and Francis).
Crumley, Carole L., and William H. Marquardt, eds. (1987). Regional Dynamics:
Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective (San Diego: Academic Press).
Davis, Karen Lee (1997). Sites without Sights: Interpreting Closed Excavations, in
Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, ed. by John Jameson, Jr.,
pp.84-98 (Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press).
Deetz, James (1990). Landscapes as Cultural Statements, in Earth Patterns: Essays in
Landscape Archaeology, ed. by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most, pp. 1-4
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia).
Delle, James A. (1999). “A Good and Easy Speculation”: Spatial Conflict, Collusion, and
Resistance in Late 16th-Century Munster, Ireland, International Journal of Historical
Archaeology 3(1): 11-35.
Denevan, William M. (1992). The Pristine Myth: The Landscapes of the Americas in
1492, Association of American Geographers 82(3):369-385.
Derry, Linda (2000). Southern Town Plans, Story Telling, and Historical Archaeology, in
Archaeology of Southern Urban Landscapes, ed. by Amy L. Young, pp.14-29
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press).
Dincauze, Dena F. (2000). Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), on library reserve.
Dunnell, Robert C (1992). The Notion Site, in Space, Time, and Archaeological
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******
Internet Resources related to Landscape Archaeology Subjects
Aerial Archaeology:
http://www.univie.ac.at/Luftbildarchiv/intro/aa_aaint.htm
19
Aerial Archaeology in Baden-Württemberg, Germany:
http://home.bawue.de/~wmwerner/english/braasch.html
Aerial Archaeology Research Group:
http://aarg.univie.ac.at/
American Memory Project, Map Collections:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/collections/finder.html
Archaeological and Geophysical Image Library (U. Arkansas):
http://www.cast.uark.edu/~kkvamme/geop/geop.htm
Archaeology and Geophysical Survey (Notre Dame):
http://www.nd.edu/~mschurr
Association for Environmental Archaeology:
http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/aea/index2.htm
Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (U. Arkansas):
http://www.cast.uark.edu/index_alt.htm
Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis (Rutgers U.):
http://deathstar.rutgers.edu/
Geoarchaeology: An Introduction (Ass’n Environ. Arch’y):
http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/aea/aea5-theory-methods-and-practise-of-ea/geoarchaeologyintroduction.htm
Geoarchaeology and GIS (U. Calgary):
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~amwhit/home.htm
Geophysics in Illinois (CERL):
http://virtual.parkland.edu/ias/publications/geophysics/geophysics.html
Geophysics at New Philadelphia, Illinois (CERL):
http://www.anthro.uiuc.edu/faculty/cfennell/NP/geophysics.html
Ground Penetrating Radar in Archaeology (U. Denver):
http://www.du.edu/~lconyer/
Historic Landscapes of New Philadelphia (U. Illinois):
http://www.anthro.uiuc.edu/faculty/cfennell/NP/
History of Territory and State Boundaries in U.S.:
http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/HIUS323/maps.htm
20
Index of Historical Map Web Sites (U. Texas):
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/map_sites/hist_sites.html
Institute for Computational Earth System Science (U. California):
http://www.crseo.ucsb.edu/
Landscape History reading list by Dr. Graham Jones (U. Leicester):
http://www.le.ac.uk/elh/grj1/booklist.html
Old Compass & Bearing Equivalents:
http://www.rootsweb.com/~vavfar/compass.html
NASA's Remote Sensing Imagery:
http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/archeology/
NASA’s Space Radar Images of Earth:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/radar/sircxsar/
NASA's Visible Earth:
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/
National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Initiatives:
http://www.cr.nps.gov/landscapes.htm
National Park Service’s Historic Landscapes Initiatives:
http://www2.cr.nps.gov/hli/index.htm
National Preservation Institute:
http://www.npi.org/
National Register of Historic Places:
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/
National Trust for Historic Preservation:
http://www.nationaltrust.org/
North America Database of Archaeological Geophysics (U. Arkansas):
http://www.cast.uark.edu/nadag
Nova's Remote Sensing Imagery:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ubar/tools/
NRCS Soil Surveys:
http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/branch/ssb/products/ssurgo/index.html
21
Rumsey Cartography Collections:
http://www.davidrumsey.com/collections/cartography.html
Satellite Remote Sensing and Archaeology (M. Fowler):
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mjff/
Technology in Archaeology:
http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/archtechnology/index.shtml
UNESCO Cultural Heritage Preservation:
http://portal.unesco.org/culture/
U.S. Geological Survey:
http://www.usgs.gov/
U.S. Historical Declinations:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/declination.shtml
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