References – Chapter 4: - plaza

advertisement
References – Chapter 7:
Agrawal, A.K., Price, H.J., and Gurbaxani, S.H. 1980. Transient response of multiconductor transmission lines
excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 22: 119-29
Aihara, Y., Shindo, T., Miki, M., and Suzuki, T. 1992. Laser-guided discharge characteristics of long air gaps
and observation of the discharge progressing feature. Trans. IEE Japan 112-B: 668-76.
Aleksandrov, G.N., Ivanov, O.G., Ivanov, O.P., Kadzov, G.D., Okunev, R.I., Pakhomov, L.N., and Petrunkin,
V. Yu. 1989. Orientation of electrical discharge along a long laser spark. Pis’ma Zh. Tech. Fiz. 15: 1923.
Aleksandrov, G.N., Ivanov, V.L., Kadzov, G.D., Parfenov, V.A., Pakhomov, L.N., Petrunkin, V. Yu.,
Podlevskii, V.A., and Selesnev, Yu. G. 1977. Study of the effect of the highly ionized channel created
by a powerful laser on the development of a discharge in a long air gap. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 47: 2122-4
[Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 22: 1233-4].
Aleksandrov, G.N., Ivanov, V.L., Kadzov, G.D., Parfenov, V.A., Pakhomov, L.N., Petrunkin, V. Yu.,
Podlevskii, V.A., and Selesnev, Yu. G. 1980. The possibility of enhancing the efficiency of the
protective action of lightning rods by means of a laser spark. Elektrichestvo 2: 47-8.
Aleksandrov, G.N., and Kadzov, G.D. 1999. Possibility of using a laser spark to enhance the reliability of
lightning protection. J. Opt. Technol. 66(3): 183-6.
Anderson, R.B., and Eriksson, A.J. 1980. Lightning parameters for engineering application. Electra 69: 65-102.
Anisimov, E.I., Bogdanov, O.V., Gaivoronsky, A.S., Gol’tsov, V.A., and Ovsyannikov, A.G. 1988. Superlong
negative spark as the analog of natural lightning. Elektrichestvo 11: 55-7.
Antsupov, K.V., Vereshchagin, I.P., Koshelev, M.A., Lupeiko, A.V., Makalsky, L.M., Sysoev, V.S., and
Chernov, E.N. 1990. A study of spark discharges from a cloud of charged aerosol particles. Proc. of
the USSR Academy of Sciences (Izvestiya AN SSSR, Ser. Energetika i Transport) 4: 158-62.
Antsupov, K.V., Vereshchagin, I.P., Koshelev, M.A., Makalsky, L.M., and Sysoev, V.S. 1991. Discharges from
cloud of charged aerosol. In Proc. 7th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Dresden, Germany, pp.
15-17.
Asinovsky, E.I., Vasilyak, L.M., and Nesterkin, O.P. 1987. Impulse electrical discharge in the air at
atmospheric pressure, that is guided by a long laser spark. Pis´ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 13(4): 249-54.
Asinovsky, E.I., Vasilyak, L.M., and Nesterkin, O.P. 1988. On the ability of laser spark to guide electrical
discharge. Pis´ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 14(1): 41-4.
Avansky, V.R., Chernov, E.N., Lupeiko, A.V., and Petrov, N.I. 1992. Experimental investigations of lightning
phenomena in laboratory. In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, Russia,
pp. 783-787.
Ball, L.M. 1974. The laser lightning rod system: Thunderstorm domestication. Appl. Opt. 13: 2292-6.
Barker, P.P., and Short, T.A. 1996a. Lightning effects studied: The underground cable program. In
Transmission and Distribution World, pp. 24-33.
Barker, P.P., and Short, T.A. 1996b. Lightning measurements lead to an improved understanding of lightning
problems on utility power systems. In Proc. 11 CEPSI, vol. 2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 74-83.
Barker, P., and Short, T. 1996c. Findings of recent experiments involving natural and triggered lightning. Panel
Session Paper presented at 1996 Transmission and Distribution Conference, Los Angeles, California,
September 16-20, 1996.
Barker, P.P., Short, T.A., Eybert-Berard, A.R., and Berlandis, J.P. 1996. Induced voltage measurements on an
experimental distribution line during nearby rocket triggered lightning flashes. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del.
11: 980-95.
Barker, P., Short, T., Mercure, H., Cyr, S., and O’Brien, J. 1998. Surge arrester energy duty considerations
following from triggered lightning experiments. IEEE PES, 1998 Winter Meeting, Panel Session on
Transmission Line Surge Arrester Application Experience, 19 p.
Barnes, A.A., and Berthel, R.O. 1991. A survey of laser lightning rod techniques. In Proc. 1991 Int. Aerospace
and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, vol. 1, NASA Conf. Publ. 3106, Cocoa Beach,
Florida, pp. 53/1-53/6.
Barnes, A.A., and Kozma, M.A. 1995. Using lasers to trigger/guide lightning. In Proc. Int. Aerospace and
Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity. Williamsburg, Virginia, pp. 64/1-64/4.
Basov, N.G., Boiko, V.A., Krokhin, O.N., and Sklizkov, G.V. 1967. Formation of a long spark in air under the
action of weakly focused laser radiation. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 173: 538 (Sov. Phys. Dokl. 12, 248,
1967).
Baum, C.E., O’Neill, J.P., Breen, E.L., Hall, D.L., and Moore, C.B. 1987. Electromagnetic measurement of and
location of lightning. Electromagnetics 7: 395-422.
Bazelyan, E.M., Gorin, B.N., and Levitov, V.I. 1978. Physical and Engineering Foundations of Lightning
Protection. 223 p., Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.
Bazelyan, E.M., and Raizer, Yu. P. 2000a. Lightning Physics and Lightning Protection, 325 p., Bristol: IOP
Publishing.
Bazelyan, E.M., and Raizer, Yu. P. 2000b. Lightning attraction mechanism and the problem of lightning
initiation by lasers. UFN 170 (7): 753-69.
Beituganov, M.N., and Zashakuev, T.Z. 1992. The experience of initiation of lightning and spark discharges. In
Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 283-286.
Bejleri, M. 1999. Triggered-lightning testing of an airport runway lightning system. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Florida,
Gainesville, 307 p.
Bejleri, M., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Rambo, K.J., Mata, C.T., and Fernandez, M.I. 2000. Triggered lightning
testing of an airport runway lighting system. In Proc. of the 25th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection,
Rhodes, Greece, pp. 825-830.
Ben Rhouma, A., Auriol, A.P., Eybert-Berard, A., Berlandis, J.-P., and Bador, B. 1995. Nearby lightning
electromagnetic fields. In Proc 11th Int. Zurich Symp. on Electromagn. Compat., Zurich, Switzerland,
pp. 423-428.
Berger, K., 1967a. Novel observations on lightning discharges: Results of research on Mount San Salvatore. J.
Franklin Inst. 283: 478-525.
Berger, K. 1977. The Earth Flash. In Lightning, Vol. 1, Physics of Lightning, ed. R.H. Golde, pp. 119-190.
New York: Academic Press.
Berger, K., Anderson, R.B., and Knoninger, H. 1975. Parameters of lightning flashes. Electra 41: 23-37.
Berger, K., and Garabagnati, E. 1984. Lightning current parameters. Results obtained in Switzerland and in
Italy. URSI Conf., Florence, Italy, 13 p.
Berger, K., and Vogelsanger, E. 1969. New results of lightning observations. In Planetary Electrodynamics, eds.
S.C. Coroniti and J. Hughes, pp. 489-510, New York: Gordon and Breach.
Bondiou-Clergerie, A., Lalande, P., Laroche, P., Willett, J.C., Davis, D., and Gallimberti, I. 1999. The inception
phase of positive leaders in triggered lightning: comparison of modeling with experimental data. In
Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Guntersville, Alabama, pp. 22-25.
Borisov, M.F., Gromovenko, V.M., Danilov, M.F., and Lapshin, V.A. 1999b. Interaction of a long laser spark
with an atmospheric electric field. J. Opt. Technol. 66(3): 210-4.
Borisov, M.F., Gromovenko, V.M., Lapshin, V.A., Rezunkov, Yu.A., Saveleva, V.P., and Stepanov, V.V.
1999a. Long laser spark for controlling the trajectory of an atmospheric electric discharge. J. Opt.
Technol. 66(3): 203-9.
Brook, M., Armstrong, G., Winder, R.P.H., Vonnegut, B., and Moore, C.B. 1961. Artificial initiation of
lightning discharges. J. Geophys. Res. 66: 3967-9.
Caressa, J.-P., Autric, M., Dufresne, D., and Bournot, Ph. 1979. Experimental study of CO 2-laser-induced air
breakdown over long distances. J. Appl. Phys. 50(11): 6822-5.
Carlson, A.B. 1996. Circuits. 838 pp., New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Chauzy, S., Medale, J.-C., Prieur, S., and Soula, S. 1991. Multilevel measurement of the electric field
underneath a thundercloud, 1. A new system and the associated data processing. J. Geophys. Res. 96:
22,319-26.
Chen, H., and Liu, X. 1992. Triggered lightning flashes at Beijing Lightning Trigger Laboratory. In Proc. Int.
Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Atlantic City, New Jersey, pp. 54/154/7.
Cooray, V., Fernando, M., Sörensen, T., Götschl, T., and Pedersen, Aa. 2000. Propagation of lightning
generated transient electromagnetic fields over finitely conducting ground. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys.
62: 583-600.
Crawford, D.E. 1998. Multiple-station measuredments of triggered lightning electric and magnetic fields. M.S.
Thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, 282 p.
Crawford, D.E., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Schnetzer, G.H., Rambo, K.J., and Stapleton, M.V. 1999. Multiplestation measurements of triggered-lightning electric and magnetic fields. In Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on
Atmospheric Electricity, Guntersville, Alabama, pp. 154-157.
Crawford, D.E., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Schnetzer, G.H., Rambo, K.J., Stapleton, M.V., and Fisher, R.J.
2001. The close lightning electromagnetic environment: Dart-leader electric field change versus
distance. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 14,909-17.
Danilov, O.B., and Tul’skii, S.A. 1999. An electrical discharge initiated by a long laser spark. J. Opt. Technol.
66(3): 187-9.
Davis, D.A., and Laroche, P. 1999. Positive leaders in rocket-triggered lightning: Propagation velocity from
measured current and electric field derivative at ground. In Proc. 11th Int. Conf. of Atmospheric
Electricity, Guntersville, Alabama, pp. 158-161.
Davis, D.A., Murray, W.C., Winn, W.P., Mo, Q., Buseck, P.R., and Hibbs, B.D. 1993. Fulgurites from triggered
lightning. Eos Trans. AGU 74 (43), Fall Meet. Suppl., 165.
Depasse, P. 1994a. Statistics on artificially triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 18,515-22.
Depasse, P. 1994b. Lightning acoustic signature. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 25,933-40.
Diels, J.-C., Bernstein, R., Stahlkopf, K.E., and Zhao, X.M. 1997. Lightning control with lasers. Scientific
American August, pp. 50-55.
Djebari, B., Hamelin, J., Leteinturier, C., and Fontaine, J. 1981. Comparison between experimental
measurements of the electromagnetic field emitted by lightning and different theoretical models influence of the upward velocity of the return stroke. In Proc. 4th Int. Zurich Symp. on Electromagn.
Compat., Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 511-516.
Eybert-Berard, A. 1996. Laser-triggered lightning. Science et Avenir November 1996.
Eybert-Berard, A., Barret, L., and Berlandis, J.P. 1986. Campagne foudre aux ETATS-UNIS Kennedy Space
Center (Florida), Programme RTLP 85* (in French). STT/ASP 86-01, Cent. D’Etud. Nucl. de
Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
Eybert-Berard, A., Barret, L., and Berlandis, J.P. 1988. Campagne d’experimentations foudre RTLP 87, NASA
Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA (in French). STT/LASP 88-21/AEB/JPB-pD, Cent. D’Etud.
Nucl. de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
Eybert-Berard, A., Lefort, A., and Thirion, B. 1998. On-site tests. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning
Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 425-435.
Fernandez, M.I. 1997. Responses of an unenergized test power distribution system to direct and nearby
lightning strikes. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, 249 p.
Fernandez, M.I., Rambo, K.J., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 1999. Performance of MOV arresters during very
close, direct lightning strikes to a power distribution system. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 14(2): 411-8.
Fernandez, M.I., Rambo, K.J., Stapleton, M.V., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 1998a. Review of triggered
lightning experiments performed on a power distribution system at Camp Blanding, Florida, during
1996 and 1997. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp.
29-35.
Fernandez, M.I., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 1998b. Transient currents and voltages in a power distribution
system due to natural lightning. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United
Kingdom, pp. 622-629.
Fernandez, M.I., Mata, C.T., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Rambo, K.J., Stapleton, M.V., and Bejleri, M. 1998c.
Improved lightning arrester protection results, final results. Technical Report, TR-109670-R1,
(Addendum AD-109670-R1), EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304.
Fieux, R., Gary, C., and Hubert, P. 1975. Artificially triggered lightning above land. Nature 257: 212-4.
Fieux, R.P., Gary, C.H., Hutzler, B.P., Eybert-Berard, A.R., Hubert, P.L., Meesters, A.C., Perroud, P.H.,
Hamelin, J.H., and Person, J.M. 1978. Research on artificially triggered lightning in France. IEEE
Trans. Pow. Appar. Syst. PAS-97: 725-33.
Fieux, R., and Hubert, P. 1976. Triggered lightning hazards. Nature 260: 188.
Fisher, R.J., Schnetzer, G.H., and Morris, M.E. 1994. Measured fields and earth potentials at 10 and 20 meters
from the base of triggered-lightning channels. In Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection,
Budapest, Hungary, Paper R 1c-10, 6 p.
Fisher, R.J., Schnetzer, G.H., Thottappillil, R., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., and Goldberg, J.D. 1993. Parameters
of triggered-lightning flashes in Florida and Alabama. J. Geophys. Res. 98: 22,887-902.
Fujiwara, E., Izawa, Y., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsuura, K., and Yamanaka, C. 1991. Laser triggered lightning.
Laser Res. 19: 528-37.
Gardner, R.L., Baum, C.E., and Rison, W. 1987. Resistive leaders for triggered lightning. Kiva Memos, Memo
7, Nov. 1987, 10 p.
Gary, C., Cimador, A., and Fieux, R. 1975. La foudre: Étude du phénomène. Applications à la protection des
lignes de transport. Revue Générale de l’Électricité 84: 24-62.
Georgiadis, N., Rubinstein, M., Uman, M.A., Medelius, P.J., and Thomson, E.M. 1992. Lightning-induced
voltages at both ends of a 450-m distribution line. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 34: 451-60.
Gorin, B.N., Levitov, V.I., and Shkilev, A.V. 1977. Lightning strikes to the Ostankino tower. Elektrichestvo 8:
19-23.
Gorin, B.N., and Shkilev, A.V. 1984. Measurements of lightning currents at the Ostankino tower.
Elektrichestvo 8: 64-5.
Greig, J.R., Koopman, D.W., Fernsler, R.F., Pechacek, R.E., Vitovitsky, I.M., and Ali, A.W. 1978. Electrical
discharges guided by pulsed CO2-laser radiation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41: 174-7.
Gromovenko, V.M., and Danilov, M.F. 1999. Local enhancement of atmospheric electrical field by long laser
spark. In Proc. 11th Int. Symp. on High-Voltage Engineering, London, United Kingdom, IEE Conf.
Publ. No. 467, vol. 2, pp. 419-422.
Gromovenko, V.M., Rezunkov, Yu. A., Saveljeva, V.P., and Kadzov, G.D. 1998. Study of long laser spark
generation for protection systems against a lightning. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection,
Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 463-467.
Hagenguth, J.H., and Anderson, J.G. 1952. Lightning to the Empire State Building - Part III. AIEE Trans. 71
(Part III): 641-9.
Hamelin, J. 1993. Sources of natural noise. In Electromagnetic Compatibility, eds. P. Deguauque and J.
Hamelin, 652 p., New York: Oxford.
Hamelin, J., Karczewsky, J.F., and Sene, F.X. 1978. Sonde de mesure du champ magnétique dû a une décharge
orageuse. Ann. des Télécommun. 33: 198-205.
Hamelin, J., Leteinturier, C., Weidman, C., Eybert-Berard, A., and Barret, L. 1986. Current and currentderivative in triggered lightning flashes-Florida 1985. In Proc. Int. Conf. on Lightning and Static
Electricity, NASA, Dayton, Ohio, 10 p..
Hierl, A. 1981. Strommessungen der Blitztriggerstation Steingaden. In Proc. 16th Int. Conf. on Lightning
Protection, Szeged, Hungary, Paper R-1.04, 10 p.
Honda, C., Takuma, T., Muraoka, K., Akasaki, M., Kinoskita, F., and Katakira, O. 1993. Characteristic of
discharge induced by laser-generated plasmas in atmospheric air. Trans. IEE Japan 113-B: 994-1002.
Horii, K. 1982. Experiment of artificial lightning triggered with rocket. Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering,
Nagoya Univ. Japan 34: 77-112.
Horii, K., and Ikeda, G. 1985. A consideration on success conditions of triggered lightning. In Proc. 18th Int.
Conf. on Lightning Protection, Munich, Germany, paper 1-3, 6 p.
Horii, K., and Nakano, M. 1995. Artificially triggered lightning. In Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics,
vol. 1. ed. H. Volland, pp. 151-166. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Horii, K., and Sakurano, H. 1985. Observation on final jump of the discharge in the experiment of artificially
triggered lightning. IEEE Trans. Pow. Appar. Syst. PAS-104: 2910-7.
Horii, K., Wada, A., Nakamura, K., Yoda, M., Kawasaki, Z., Sirait, K.T., Soekarto, J., Sunoto, A.M. 1990.
Experiment of rocket-triggered lightning in Indonesia. Trans. IEE Japan 110-B: 1068-9.
Hubert, P. 1981. Triggered lightning at Langmuir Laboratory during TRIP-8l. Service d’Electronique Physique,
DPH/EP/81/66.
Hubert, P. 1984. Triggered lightning in France and New Mexico. Endeavour 8: 85-9.
Hubert, P. 1985. A new model of lightning subsequent stroke - confrontation with triggered lightning
observations. In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Paris, France, Paper 4B4.
Hubert, P., Laroche, P., Eybert-Berard, A., and Barret, L. 1984. Triggered lightning in New Mexico. J.
Geophys. Res. 89: 2511-21.
Hubert, P., and Mouget, G. 1981. Return stroke velocity measurements in two triggered lightning flashes. J.
Geophys. Res. 86: 5253-61.
Idone, V.P. 1992. The luminous development of Florida triggered lightning. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 23-8.
Idone, V.P. 1995. Microscale tortuosity and its variation as observed in triggered lightning channels. J.
Geophys. Res. 100: 22,943-56.
Idone, V.P., and Orville, R.E. 1984. Three unusual strokes in a triggered lightning flash. J. Geophys. Res. 89:
7311-6.
Idone, V.P., and Orville, R.E. 1985. Correlated peak relative light intensity and peak current in triggered
lightning subsequent return strokes. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 6159-64.
Idone, V.P., and Orville, R.E. 1988. Channel tortuosity variation in Florida triggered lightning. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 15: 645-8.
Idone, V.P., Orville, R.E. Hubert, P. Barret, L., and Eybert-Berard, A. 1984. Correlated observations of three
triggered lightning flashes. J. Geophys. Res. 89: 1385-94.
Jafferis, W. 1995. Rocket triggered lightning - Kennedy Space Center and beyond. In Proc. 1995 Int. Conf. on
Lightning and Static Electricity, Williamsburg, Virginia, pp. 57/1-57/20.
Jordan, D.M., Idone, V.P., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Beasley, W.H., and Jurenka, H. 1992. Observed dart
leader speed in natural and triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 9951-7.
Kadzov, G.D., and Rezunkov, Yu. A. 1998. Promising techniques of increase reliability in a lightning
protection system. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp.
468-472.
Kawasaki, Z. 1999. UHF radiation and laser triggered lightning experiment in the field (in Japanese). Trans.
IEE Japan 119-B (10): 1115-20.
Kawasaki, Z.-I., Kanao, T., Matsuura, K., Nakano, M., Horii, K., and Nakamura, K.-I. 1991. The electric field
changes and UHF radiations caused by the triggered lightning in Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18: 17114.
Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsuura, K., Fujiwara, E., Izawa, Y., Nakamura, K., and Yamanaka, C. 1992. Long laserinduced discharge in atmospheric air. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 139-42.
Kawasaki, Z.-I., and Mazur, V. 1992. Common physical processes in natural and triggered lightning in winter
storms in Japan. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 61-70.
Kawasaki, Z.-I., and Mazur, V. 1992. Common physical processes in natural and triggered lightning in winter
storms in Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 12,935-45.
Kikuchi, H. 1985. Overview of triggered lightning EMP. In Nonlinear and Environmental Electromagnetics. ed.
H. Kikuchi, pp. 347-350, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kito, Y., Horii, K., Higasbiyama, Y., and Nakamura, K. 1985. Optical aspects of winter lightning discharges
triggered by the rocket-wire technique in Hokuriku district of Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 6147-57.
Kobayashi, M., Sasaki, H., and Nakamura, K. 1997. Rocket-triggered lightning experiment and consideration
for metal oxide surge arresters. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, 4 p.
Koopman, D.W., and Saum, K.A. 1973. Formation and guiding of high-velocity electrical streamers by laserinduced ionization. J. Appl. Phys. 44: 5328-36.
Koopman, D.W., and Wilkerson, T.D. 1971. Channeling of an ionizing electrical streamer by a laser beam. J.
Appl. Phys. 42: 1883-6.
Krider, E.P., Noogle, R.C., Uman, M.A., and Orville, R.E. 1974. Lightning and the Apollo/Saturn V exhaust
plume. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 11: 72-5.
Kumazaki, K., Nakamura, K., Naito, K., and Horii, K. 1993a. Production of artificial fulgurite by utilizing
rocket triggered lightning. In Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Yokohama, Japan, pp.
269-272.
La Fontaine, B., Vidal, F., Comtois, D., Chien, C.-Y., Desparois, A., Jonston, T., Kieffer, J.-C., Mercure, H.P.,
Pepin, H., and Rizk, F.A.M. 1999a. The influence of electron density on the formation of streamers in
electrical discharges triggered with ultrashort laser pulses. IEEE Trans. Plasma Science 27(3): 688700.
La Fontaine, B., Vidal, F., Jiang, Z., Chien, C.-Y., Comtois, D., Desparois, A., Johnston, T.W., Kieffer, J.-C.,
Pepin, H., and Mercure, H.P. 1999b. Filamentation of ultrashort pulse laser beams resulting from their
propagation over long distances in air. Phys. Plasma 6(5): 1615-21.
Lalande, P., Bondiou-Clergerie, A., Laroche, P., Eybert-Berard, A., Berlandis, J.P., Bador, B., Bonamy, A.,
Uman, M.A., and Rakov, V.A. 1996. Connection to ground of an artificially triggered negative
downward stepped leader. In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, 1996, Osaka, Japan, pp.
668-671.
Lalande, P., Bondiou-Clergerie, A., Laroche, P., Eybert-Berard, A., Berlandis, J.-P., Bador, B., Bonamy, A.,
Uman, M.A., and Rakov, V.A. 1998. Leader properties determined with triggered lightning techniques.
J. Geophys. Res. 103: 14,109-15.
Lapshin, V.A., Rublev, A.V., Sakyan, A.S., Sidorovskii, and Starchenko, A.N. 1999. Complex for diagnosing
the photometric characteristics of a lightning leader. J. Opt. Technol. 66(3): 219-22.
Laroche, P., Eybert-Berard, A., and Barret, L. 1985. Triggered lightning flash characteristics. In Proc. 10th Int.
Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Paris, France, pp. 231-239.
Laroche, P., Eybert-Berard, A., Barret, L., and Berlandis, J.P. 1988. Observations of preliminary discharges
initiating flashes triggered by the rocket and wire technique. In Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric
Electricity, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 327-333.
Laroche, P., Idone, V., Eybert-Berard, A., and Barret, L. 1991. Observations of bi-directional leader
development in a triggered lightning flash. In Proc. 1991 Int. Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity,
Cocoa Beach, Florida, pp. 57/1- 57/10.
Leteinturier, C., and Hamelin, J. 1990. Rayonnement électromagnétique des décharges orageuses. Analyse
submicroseconde. Revue Phys. Appl. 25: 139-46.
Leteinturier, C., Hamelin, J.H., and Eybert-Berard, A. 1991. Submicrosecond characteristics of lightning returnstroke currents. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 33: 351-7.
Leteinturier, C., Weidman, C., Hamelin, J. 1990. Current and electric field derivatives in triggered lightning
return strokes. J. Geophys. Res. 95: 811-28.
Le Vine, D.M., Willett, J.C., and Bailey, J.C. 1989. Comparison of fast electric field changes from subsequent
return strokes of natural and triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,259-65.
Lhermitte, R. 1982. Doppler radar observations of triggered lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9: 712-5.
Liaw, Y.P., Cook, D.R., and Sisterson, D.L. 1996. Estimation of lightning stroke peak current as a function of
peak electric field and the normalized amplitude of signal strength: Corrections and improvements. J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 13: 769-73.
Lippert, J.R. 1978. Laser-induced lightning concept experiment. Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab., Tech. Rep.
AFFDL-TR-78-191, AD A065 897.
Liu, X.-S., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Q., Wang, D., Zhou, Z., and Guo, C. 1994. Experiment of artificially
triggering lightning in China. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 10,727-31.
Liu, X., and Zhang, Y. 1998. Review of artificially triggered lightning study in China. Trans. IEE Japan 118-B
(2): 170-5.
Mach, D.M., and Rust, W.D. 1997. Two-dimensional speed and optical risetime estimates for natural and
triggered dart leaders. J. Geophys. Res. 102: 13,673-84.
Mach, D.M., and Rust, W.D. 1989. Photoelectric return-stroke velocity and peak current estimates in natural
and triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,237-47.
Master, M.J., and Uman, M.A. 1984. Lightning induced voltages on power lines: Theory. IEEE Trans. Pow.
App. Syst. 103: 2505-17.
Mata, C.T. 2000. Interation of lightning with power distribution lines. Ph.D. Disertation, Univ. Florida,
Gainesville, 388 p.
Mata, C.T., Fernandez, M.I., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Bejleri, M., Rambo, K.J., and Stapleton, M.V. 1998.
Overvoltages in underground systems, phase 2 results. Technical Report, TR-109669-R1, (Addendum
AD-109669-R1), EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304.
Mata, C.T., Fernandez, M.I., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 2000. EMTP modeling of a triggered-lightning
strike to the phase conductor of an overhead distribution line. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 15(4): 1175-81.
Matsumoto, Y., Sakuma, O., Shinjo, K., Saiki, M., Wakai, T., Sakai, T., Nagasaka, H., Motoyama, H., and Ishii,
M. 1996. Measurement of lightning surges on test transmission line equipped with arresters struck by
natural and triggered lightning. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 11: 996-1002.
Mazur, V., and Ruhnke, L. 1993. Common physical processes in natural and artificially triggered lightning. J.
Geophys. Res. 98: 12,913-30.
McEachron, K.B. 1939. Lightning to the Empire State Building. J. Franklin Inst. 227: 149-217.
Miki, M., Aihara, Y., and Shindo, T. 1993. Development of long gap discharges guided by a pulsed CO2 laser.
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26: 1244-52.
Miki, M., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Rambo, K.J., and Schnetzer, G.H. 2000. Measuring electric fields near the
lightning channel using Pockels sensors. (Abstract), Eos Trans. Suppl., AGU 81(48): p. F49.
Miki, M., Shindo, T., and Aihara, Y. 1996. Mechanisms of guiding ability of CO 2 laser-produced plasmas on
pulsed discharges. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29: 1984-96.
Miki, M., and Wada, A. 1996. Guiding of electrical discharges under atmospheric air by ultraviolet laserproduced plasma channel. J. Appl. Phys. 80(6): 3208-14.
Miki, M., Wada, A., and Shindo, T. 1999. Characteristics of laser-guided discharges in long air gaps. J. Opt.
Technol. 66(3): 190-3.
Miki, M., Wada, A., and Shindo, T. 2000. Model experiments of the laser-triggered lightning using an intense
CO2 laser pulse. In Proc. of Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol. 3886, pp. 680690.
Miyachi, I., Horii, K., Muto, S. Ikeda, G., and Aiba, S. 1979. Experiment of long gap discharge by artificially
triggered lightning with rocket. In Proc. of the 3rd Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Milan,
Italy, paper 51.10, 4 p.
Miyake, K., Suzuki, T., Takashima, M., Takuma, M., and Tada, T. 1990. Winter lightning on Japan Sea coast lightning striking frequency to tall structures. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 5: 1370-6.
Morris, M.E., Fisher, R.J., Schnetzer, G.H., Merewether, K.O., and Jorgenson, R.E. 1994. Rocket-triggered
lightning studies for the protection of critical assets. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 30: 791-804.
Mortensen, P. 1993. Laser plasma channel safely handcuffs lightning bolts. Laser Focus World, p. 50.
Motoyama, H., Shinjo, K., Matsumoto, Y., and Itamoto, N. 1998. Observation and analysis of multiphase back
flashover on the Okushishiku test transmission line caused by winter lightning. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del.
13: 1391-8.
Mrazek, J. 1998. The thermalization of the positive and negative lightning channel. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on
Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 5-10.
Nakamura, K., Horii, K., Kito, Y., Wada, A., Ikeda, G., Sumi, S., Yoda, M., Aiba, S., Sakurano, H., and
Wakamatsu, K. 1991. Artificially triggered lightning experiments to an EHV transmission line. IEEE
Trans. Pow. Del. 6: 1311-8.
Nakamura, K., Horii, K., Nakano, M., and Sumi, S. 1992. Experiments on rocket triggered lightning. Res. Lett.
Atmos. Electr. 12: 29-35.
Nakamura, K., Suzuki, T., Yamabe, C., and Horii, K. 1993. Fundamental research for lightning trigger
experiment by using UV lasers. Trans. IEE Japan 113-B: 1265-73.
Nakano, M., Takagi, N., Kawasaki, Z., and Takeuti, T. 1983. Return strokes of triggered lightning flashes. Res.
Lett. Atmos. Electr. 3: 73-8.
Newman, M.M. 1958. Lightning discharge channel characteristics and related atmospherics. In Recent
Advances in Atmospheric Electricity, ed. L.G. Smith, pp. 475-484, New York: Pergamon Press.
Newman, M.M. 1965. Use of triggered lightning to study the discharge channel. In Problems of Atmospheric
and Space Electricity, pp. 482-490, New York: Elsevier.
Newman, M.M., and Robb, J.D. 1977. Protection of aircraft. In Lightning, vol. 2: Lightning Protection, ed. R.
H. Golde, pp. 659-696, London: Academic Press.
Newman, M.M., Stahmann, J.R., Robb, J.D., Lewis, E.A., Martin, S.G., and Zinn, S.V. 1967. Triggered
lightning strokes at very close range. J. Geophys. Res. 72: 4761-4.
Okano, D. 1999. Guided discharge path by weakly ionized region between two plasmas produced by YAG laser
in an atmospheric air gap with nonuniform dc electric field. IEEE Trans. Plasma Science 27(1): 124-5.
Orville, R.E. 1991. Calibration of a magnetic direction finding network using measured triggered lightning
return stroke peak currents. J. Geophys. Res. 96: 17,135-42.
Orville, R.E., and Idone, V.P. 1982. Lightning leader characteristics in the Thunderstorm Research International
Program (TRIP). J. Geophys. Res. 87: 11,177-92.
Parfenov, V.A., Pakhomov, L.N., Petrunkin, V. Yu., and Podlevskii, V.A. 1976. A study of the possiblility to
produce a very long optical breakdown in atmosphere. Pis´ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 2: 731-4 (Sov. Tech.
Phys. Lett. 2, 286, 1976).
Pierce, E.T. 1971. Triggered lightning and some unsuspected lightning hazards. Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California, 20 p.
Pierce, E.T. 1972. Triggered lightning and some unsuspected lightning hazards. Naval Research Reviews, pp.
14-28.
Pierce, E.T. 1974. Atmospheric electricity - some themes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 55: 1186-94.
Rachidi, F., Rubinstein, M., Guerrieri, S., and Nucci, C.A. 1997. Voltages induced on overhead lines by dart
leaders and subsequent return strokes in natural and rocket-triggered lightning. IEEE Trans.
Electromagn. Compat. 39(2): 160-6.
Rakov, V.A. 1999a. Rocket-triggered lightning experiments at Camp Blanding, Florida. In Proc. 1999 Int.
Conf. on Lightning and Stataic Electricity, Toulouse, France, pp. 469-481.
Rakov, V.A. 1999b. Lightning makes glass. 1999 Journal of the Glass Art Society, pp. 45-50.
Rakov, V.A. 1999c. Lightning discharges triggered using rocket-and-wire techniques. In Recent Res. Devel.
Geophysics, vol. 2, Research Signpost, India, pp. 141-171.
Rakov, V.A. 200la. Characterization of lightning electromagnetic fields and their modeling. In Proc. of the 14th
Int. Zurich Symp. on Electromagn. Compat., Suppl., Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 3-16.
Rakov, V.A. 2001b. Positive Blitzentladungen. ETZ Elektrotech. Autom. 122(5): 26-9.
Rakov, V.A., Thottappillil, R., Uman, M.A., and Barker, P.P. 1995a. Mechanism of the lightning M component.
J. Geophys. Res. 100: 25,701-10.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Fernandez, M.I., Thottappillil, R., Eybert-Berard, A., Berlandis, J.P., Rachidi, F.,
Rubinstein, M., Guerrieri, S., and Nucci, C.A. 1996b. Observed electromagnetic environment close to
the lightning channel. In Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Florence, Italy, pp. 30-35.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Fernandez, M.I., Mata, C.T., Rambo, K.T., Stapleton, M.V., and Sutil, R.R. 2001b.
Direct lightning strikes to the lightning protective system of a residential building: triggered-lightning
experiments. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del., accepted.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Rambo, K.J., Fernandez, M.I., Eybert-Berard, A., Berlandis, J.P., Barker, P.P.,
Fisher, R.J., and Schnetzer, G.H. 1996c. Initial processes in triggered lightning. Eos Trans. AGU, 77,
Fall Meet. Suppl., F86.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Rambo, K.J., Fernandez, M.I., Fisher, R.J., Schnetzer, G.H., Thottappillil, R.,
Eybert-Berard, A., Berlandis, J.P., Lalande, P., Bonamy, A., Laroche, P., and Bondiou-Clergerie, A.
1998. New insights into lightning processes gained from triggered-lightning experiments in Florida
and Alabama. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 14,117-30.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Rambo, K.J., Schnetzer, G.H., and Miki, M. 2000b. Triggered-lightning
experiments conducted in 2000 at Camp Blanding, Florida. (Abstract), Eos Trans. Suppl., AGU
81(48): p. F90.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., and R. Thottappillil 1995b. Review of recent lightning research at the University of
Florida. Electrotechnik und Informationstechnik 112: 262-5.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Wang, D., Rambo, K.J., Crawford, D.E., Schnetzer, G.H., and Fisher R.J. 1999b.
Some results from recent experiments at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at
Camp Blanding, Florida. (Abstract), Eos Trans. Suppl., AGU 80(46): p. F203.
Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Wang, D., Rambo, K.J., Crawford, D.E., and Schnetzer, G.H. 2000a. Lightning
properties from triggered-lightning experiments at Camp Blanding, Florida (1997-1999). In Proc. of
the 25th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 54-59.
Rambo, P., Biegert, J., Kubecek, V., Schwartz, J., Bernstein, A., and Diels, J.-C. 1998. Laboratory tests of laser
induced lightning discharge, Laboratory and field experiments. In Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on
Lightning Protection by Lasers, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Region, Russia, pp. 23-24.
Rambo, P., Biegert, J., Kubecek, V., Schwartz, J., Bernstein, A., and Diels, J.-C. 1999. Laboratory tests of laserinduced lightning discharge. J. Opt. Technol. 66(3): 194-8.
Rubinstein, M., Rachidi, F., Uman, M.A., Thottappillil, R., Rakov, V.A., and Nucci, C.A. 1995.
Characterization of vertical electric fields 500 m and 30 m from triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res.
100: 8863-72.
Rubinstein, M., Tzeng, A.Y., Uman, M.A., Medelius, P.J., and Thomson, E.M. 1989. An experimental test of a
theory of lightning-induced voltages on an overhead wire. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 31: 37683.
Rubinstein, M., Uman, M.A., Medelius, P.J., and Thomson, E.M. 1994. Measurements of the voltage induced
on an overhead power line 20 m from triggered lightning. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 36(2):
134-40.
Rubinstein, M., Uman, M.A., Thomson, E.M., Medelius, P., and Rachidi, F. 1992. Measurements and
characterization of ground level vertical electric fields 500 m and 30 m from triggered-lightning. In
Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 276-278.
Rühling, F. 1974. Gezielte Blitzentladung mittels Raketen. Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik 74: 520-1.
Rühling, F. 1974. Raketengetriggerte Blitze im Dienste des Freileitungsschutzes vor Gewitterüberspannungen.
Bull. SEV 65: 1893-8.
Saba, M.M.F., Pinto, O., Pinto, I.R.C.A., Pissolato, F.J., Eybert-Berard, A., Lefort, A., Potvin, C., Heine, L.F.,
and Chauzy, S. 2000. An international center for triggered and natural lightning research in Brazil. In
Proc. 2000 Int. Lightning Detection Conf., GAI, 2705 East Medina Road, Tucson, Arizona 857067155, paper 40, 7 p.
Sadiku, M.N.O. 1994. Elements of Electromagnetics, 821 p. Orlando, Florida: Sounders College.
Savel’eva, V.P. 1999. Optical shaping systems for generating a long laser spark. J. Opt. Technol. 66(3): 215-8.
Schnetzer, G.H., and Fisher, R.J. 1998. Earth potential distributions within 20 m of triggered lightning strike
points. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 501-505.
Schnetzer, G.H., Fisher, R.J., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 1998. The magnetic field environment of nearby
lightning. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 346349.
Schonland, B.F.J., Malan, D.J., and Collens, H. 1935. Progressive Lightning II. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)
A152: 595-625.
Schubert, C.N. 1997. The laser lightning rod system: A feasibility study. Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab., Tech.
Rep. AFFDL-TR-78-60, AD A063 847.
Schubert, C.N., and Lippert, J.R. 1979. Investigation into triggering lightning with a pulsed laser. In Proc. 2nd
IEEE Int. Pulse Power Conf., Lubbock, Texas, pp. 132-135.
Shiho, M., Watanabe, A., Kawasaki, S., Ishizuka, H., Takayama, K., Kishiro, J., Shindo, T., and Fujioka. 1996.
Lightning control system using high power microwave FEL. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Phys. Res. A 375: 396-400.
Shimada, Y., Uchida, S., Yasuda, H., Motokoshi, S., Ishikubo, Y., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Yamanaka, T., Adachi, M.,
and Yamanaka, C. 1999. Research on field experiments of laser triggered lightning (in Japanese).
Trans. IEE Japan 119-A (7): 990-5.
Shindo, T., Aihara, Y., and Miki, M. 1992. Model experiments of laser-triggered lightning. Res. Lett. Atmos.
Electr. 12: 135-8.
Shindo, T., Aihara, Y., Miki, M., and Suzuki, T. 1993a. Model experiments of laser-triggered lightning. IEEE
Trans. Pow. Del. 8: 311-7.
Shindo, T., and Ishii, M. 1995. Japanese research on triggering lightning. Elektrotechnik und
Informationstechnik 112(6): 265-8.
Shindo, T., Miki, M., Aihara, Y., and Wada, A. 1993b. Laser-guided discharges in long gaps. IEEE Trans. Pow.
Del. 8: 2016-22.
Soula, S., and Chauzy, S. 1991. Multilevel measurement of the electric field underneath a thundercloud 2.
Dynamical evolution of a ground space charge layer. J. Geophys. Res. 96: 22,327-36.
SPARG (1982): Saint-Privat-d’Allier Research Group (SPARG), 1982. Eight years of lightning experiments at
Saint-Privat-d’Allier. Extrait de la Revue Générale de l’Electricité Septembre, Paris.
Teramoto, M., Yamada, T., Nakamura, K., Matsuoka, R., Sumi, S., and Horii, K. 1996. Triggered lightning to a
new type lightning rod with high resistance. In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity,
Osaka, Japan, pp. 341-344.
Thottappillil, R., Goldberg, J.D., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 1995. Properties of M components from
currents measured at triggered lightning channel base. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 25,711-20.
Uchida, S., Shimada, Y., Yasuda, H., Motokoshi, S., Yamanaka, C., Yamanaka, T., Kawasaki, Z,-I., and
Tsubakimoto, K. 1999. Laser-triggered lightning in field experiments. J. Opt. Technol. 66(3): 199-202.
Uchida, S., Shimada, Y., Yasuda, H., Tsubakimoto, K., Motokoshi, S., Yamanaka, C., Kawasaki, Z.-I.,
Yamanaka, T., Matsu-ura, K., Ushio, T., Adachi, M., and Ishikubo, Y. 1996. Laser triggered lightning
experiments in the field. In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 680663.
Uchiyama, T., Hirohashi, M., Miyata, H., and Sakai, H. 1988. Study of triggering lightning by using TEA CO 2
laser. Rev. Laser Eng. 16: 267.
Uman, M.A. 1987. The Lightning Discharge. 377 p., San Diego, California: Academic Press.
Uman, M.A. 2001. The Lightning Discharge, 377 p., Mineola, New York: Dover.
Uman, M.A., Cordier, D.J., Chandler, R.M., Rakov, V.A., Bernstein, R., and Barker, P.P. 1994b. Fulgurites
produced by triggered lightning. Eos Trans. AGU 75 (44), Fall Meet. Suppl., 99.
Uman, M.A., Rakov, V.A., Rambo, K.J., Vaught, T.W., Fernandez, M.I., Bach, J.A., Su, Y., Eybert-Berard, A.,
Berlandis, J.-P., Bador, B., Lalande, P., Bonamy, A., Audran, F., Morillon, F., Laroche, P., BondiouClergerie, A., Chauzy, S., Soula, S., Weidman, C.D., Rachidi, F., Rubinstein, M., Nucci, C.A.,
Guerrieri, S., Hoidalen, H.K., and Cooray, V. 1996a. 1995 triggered lightning experiment in Florida. In
Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 644-647.
Uman, M.A., Rakov, V.A., Rambo, K.J., Vaught, T.W., Fernandez, M.I., Cordier, D.J., Chandler, R.M.,
Bernstein, R., and Golden, C. 1997. Triggered-lightning experiments at Camp Blanding, Florida
(1993-1995). Trans. IEE Japan 117-B: 446-52.
Uman, M.A., Rakov, V.A., Schnetzer, G.H., Rambo, K.J., Crawford, D.E., and Fisher, R.J. 2000. Time
derivative of the electric field 10, 14, and 30 m from triggered lightning strokes. J. Geophys. Res. 105:
15,577-95.
Uman, M.A., Rakov, V.A., Versaggi, J.A., Thottappillil, R., Eybert-Berard, A., Barret, L., Berlandis, J.-P.,
Bador, B., Barker, P.P., Hnat, S.P., Oravsky, J.P., Short, T.A., Warren, C.A., and Bernstein, R. 1994a.
Electric fields close to triggered lightning. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Electromagn. Compat. (EMC’94
ROMA), Rome, Italy, pp. 33-37.
Uman, M.A., Seacord, D.F., Price, G.H., and Pierce, E.T. 1972. Lightning induced by thermonuclear
detonations. J. Geophys. Res. 77: 1591-6.
Vasilyak, L.M., Vetchinin, S.P., and Polyakov, D.N. 1991. Laser initiation of electrical breakdown in a long
gap. Elektrichestvo 1: 59-61.
Vereshchagin, I.P., Koshelev, M.A., Makalsky, L.M., and Sysoev, V.S. 1989. Electrical discharge in charged
aerosol. Proc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Izvestiya AN SSSR, Ser. Energetika i Transport) 4:
100-6.
Vereshchagin, I.P., Orlov, A.V., Temnikov, A.G., Antsupov, K.V., Koshelev, M.A., and Makalsky, L.M. 1996.
Discharge development inside the charged aerosol formations. In Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. on Lightning
Protection, Florence, Italy, pp. 42-46.
Wada, A. 1994. Discussion on lightning protection by artificial triggered lightning. In Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on
Lightning Protection, Budapest, Hungary, paper R2-06, 5 p.
Waldteufel, P., Metzger, P., Boulay, J.L., Laroche, P., and Hubert, P. 1980. Triggered lightning strokes
originating in clear air. J. Geophys. Res. 85: 2861-8.
Wang, C., Yan, M., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Dong, W., and Zhang, C. 1999d. Bidirectional propagation of lightning
leader. Chinese Sci. Bull. 44(2): 163-6.
Wang, D., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsuura, K., Shimada, Y., Uchida, S., Yamanaka, C., Fujiwara, E., Izawa, Y.,
Simokura, N., and Sonoi, Y. 1994b. A preliminary study on laser-triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res.
99: 16,907-12.
Wang, D., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Fernandez, M.I., Rambo, K.J., Schnetzer, G.H., and Fisher, R.J. 1999b.
Characterization of the initial stage of negative rocket-triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 421322.
Wang, D., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Takagi, N., Watanabe, T., Crawford, D.E., Rambo, K.J., Schnetzer, G.H.,
Fisher, R.J., and Kawasaki, Z.-I. 1999a. Attachment process in rocket-triggered lightning strokes. J.
Geophys. Res. 104: 2141-50.
Wang, D., Takagi, N., Watanabe, T., Rakov, V.A., and Uman, M.A. 1999c. Observed leader and return-stroke
propagation characteristics in the bottom 400 m of the rocket triggered lightning channel. J. Geophys.
Res. 104: 14,369-76.
Wang, D., Takagi, N., Watanabe, T., Ushio, T., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsuura, K., Shimada, Y., Uchida, S., and
Yamanaka, C. 1994a. The study of the possibility of lightning triggered by means of a laser. J. Atmos.
Electr. 14: 49-55.
Wang, D., Takagi, N., Watanabe, T., Ushio, T., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsuura, K., Shimada, Y., Uchida, S., and
Yamanaka, C. 1995a. Progression of leader system in long gap laser triggered discharges. J. Atmos.
Electr. 15: 67-74.
Wang, D., Ushio, T., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsuura, K., Shimada, Y., Uchida, S., Yamanaka, C., Izawa, Y., Sonoi,
Y., and Simokura, N. 1995b. A possible way to trigger lightning using a laser. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.
57: 459-66.
Wang, D., Ushio, T., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Uchida, S., Shimada, Y., Yasuda, H., Yamanaka, T., Yamanaka, C.,
Matuura, K., Ishikubo, Y., and Adachi, M. 1995c. Field experiments on laser triggered lightning. In
Proc. Int. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Williamsburg, Virginia, pp.
78/1-78/10.
Watanabe, T., Takagi, T., Wang, D., Takeda, A., Yasue, N., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Serizawa, C., Kato, M., Suda, M.,
and Katuragi, Y. 1996. Feasibility study on triggering lightning with a transient flame. In Proc. 10th
Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 248-251.
Willett, J.C. 1992. Rocket-triggered-lightning experiments in Florida. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 37-45.
Willett, J.C., Davis, D.A., and Laroche, P. 1999a. Positive leaders in rocket-triggered lightning: propagation
velocity from measured current and ambient-field profile. In Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric
Electricity, Guntersville, Alabama, pp. 58-61.
Willett, J.C., Davis, D.A., and Laroche, P. 1999b. An experimental study of positive leaders initiating rockettriggered lightning. Atmos. Res. 51: 189-219.
Yamabe, C., Nakamura, K., Susuki, T., Horii, K., Takagi, S., Sato, S., Goto, T., and Matsuoka, R. 1992.
Laboratory experiments on laser-triggered lightning by using ultraviolet lasers. Res. Lett. Atmos.
Electr. 12: 127-33.
Yasuda, H., Uchida, S., Shimada, Y., Motokoshi, S., Yamanaka, C., Onuki, J., Ushio, T., Kawasaki, Z.I.,
Tsubakimoto, K., Yamanaka, T., Ishikubo, Y., and Adachi, M. 1997. In Proc. Pacific Rim Conf. on
Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/Pacific Rim’97), Chiba, Japan, paper PD1.14.
Yoda, M., Miyachi, I., Kawashima, T., and Katsuragi, Y. 1992. Lightning current protection of equipments in
winter. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 117-21.
Young, G.A. 1962. A lightning strike of an underwater explosion plume. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory,
NOLTR 61-43.
Zhao, X.M. 1993. Femtosecond ultraviolet pulses triggering of ground to cloud lightning. Ph.D. Dissertation,
Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque.
Zhao, X.M., and Diels, J.-C. 1993. How lasers might control lightning strikes. Laser Focus World November,
pp. 113-123.
Zhao, X.M., Diels, J.-C., Wang, C.Y., and Elizondo, J.M. 1995. Femtosecond ultraviolet laser pulse induced
lightning discharges in gases. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31: 599-612.
Download