Archaeological Potential of Adelaide Town Sections
321, 322 and 323
Crystal Henry
28 November 2007
George Strickland Kingston’s Adelaide residence on section 322 Grote Street circa 1923
Curtesy of the State Library of South Australia
Introduction
This is an archival research project designed by Adelaide City Council member
John Greenshields and Flinders University Professor Heather Burke to explore the
archaeological potential of Adelaide city sections 321 and 322. While researching the
sections I found that Kingston also had connections with section 323 and it was then
added to the project. This site is a three-acre strip along the Southern end of Grote Street
(Figure 1).
Figure 1:
Adelaide City
Council Map,
Section 9,
produced 3
February 2003.
Modern structures
shown in dark
shading and early
buildings sketched
in. Kingston house
can be seen on
section 322.
When this project began the first occupier of the land as well as the last were known, the
objective was to find out what happened in between.
The site is located at the south side of the Grote Street and West Terrace
intersection, an affluent area in early Adelaide as well as a busy intersection in the
present (Morgan and Gilbert 1981, 27). Since the first Land Grants to the sections were
2
contracted in 1937, the site has been occupied and continuously evolving first as a single
private residence and now as a variety of different public services.
A portion of the property is set for redevelopment and the council has requested
an archaeological assessment to establish if an archaeologist needs to be on site during
construction. Australia Post is planning to redevelop their carpark on section 323 and part
of section 322. This paper will examine the history of the site then assess the potential of
uncovering archaeological material.
Methods
The project began with some back research on George Strickland Kingston,
colonial and Victorian architecture and gardens in Adelaide rubbish disposal in Early
Adelaide and architectural views on conservation. These resources were obtained from
Flinders University Libraries, Marian Cultural Centre Library, the South Australian
National Library and Journal Storage (JSTOR) online academic journals. Background
research gave me an understanding of the changing social and economic environment
giving me an indication of where to expect changes in primary documentation.
Primary research began at the Government of South Australia’s Land Services
Group on Grenfell Street, Adelaide. Land titles provided information on land ownership,
mortgages, transfers and in some cases probate information (Primary Source 1: Titles
78/162 and 500/190). All the information for each of the sections titles is reproduced in
the appendix (Appendix 1). Once the digitized land title collection was established, the
currant landowners were approached and I requested they fill out a consent form allowing
me to access the non-digitized early titles and land deeds (Form 1).
3
Early land titles and deeds are located at the General Registry Office on
Carrington Street, Adelaide. While there, I discussed my site with an archivist and found
that there were many inconsistencies between the granted land map, secondary source
information and the land grant itself. He told me that the granted land maps were created
in the early 1900s; they are a secondary source, not a primary.
Land titles provide occupier names — the site in question includes business and
personal names. At the South Australian National Library biological index, births, deaths
and marriages registries were consulted for primary owners while companies and
occupation were found in Sands & McDougal and Boothby Directories (Primary Source
2: Bibliographic Information). The biographical information of many of the titleholders is
included in the appendix (Appendix 2).
In addition to an extensive biographical collection, the South Australian National
Library also has a large digitized database of archival material. This includes city
photographs indexed by section. These demonstrate the diverse uses of the land and are
included throughout the paper.
The Adelaide City Council Archives provided information on rates and
assessment and building permits. Rates books provide information on property value,
ownership, occupation and a description of the property (Primary Source 3: Rates and
Assessment). Since the rates and assessment books began in 1850, there are numerous
records to go through; even with the files on microfiche, it is a time consuming process.
Using the information already gathered regarding property transfers and additions I
selected the most promising dates and recorded that information. The selection accounted
4
for over half of the available rates information1. A graph of the findings organised by date
is in the appendix (Appendix 3).
Using information from building permits and blueprints, I hoped to find
information regarding subsurface construction. These records, however, were only
required to be lodged to the council after the 1920s, so any construction before this time
would not have been recorded. Unfortunately, some buildings were erected between the
sale of the property by the Kingston family in 1900 and the 1920s. Furthermore, plans
were ‘to be built’ rather than ‘as built’. The collection of relevant building information
was photographed with a digital camera and included in electronic form (Appendix 4).
Results
This section will be split into two parts. The first will examine the history and
evolution of the site — Adelaide city sections 321, 322 and 323 focusing on building
patterns and use. Once the site is understood, I will assess the archaeological potential of
the site, in particular the Kingston occupation period.
Determining a site history is important to understanding the site’s archaeological
potential. It creates a timeline, giving an indication of the type and age of artefacts that
can be found. Areas of higher potential can also be established through site history.
During excavation, this type of back research is needed to provide a better understanding
of site formation.
1
Some of the microfiche files were missing from the cabinet — primarily post-1900.
5
The site
Despite the fact that most of the research was made using primary resources, there
were numerous inconsistencies in data from each source. When primary sources of data
contradict, it is difficult to know which, if any, of them are the correct information.
The data will be organized by section number and chronologically before it is
interpreted as a whole. When interpreting the site secondary background research will be
utilized.
Section 321
This section is located at the Southern corner of West Terrace and Grote Street. A
shell service station with Coles Express and Hungry Jacks service facilities currently
occupies the location. The section is near the West Terrace Cemetery.
The Land Grant Index at the General Registry Office indicate the this section was
chosen by John Langley; however, John Abbot Esquire of Halifax in County of York was
granted the first land deed for this section on 13 December 1839. According to an expert
at the General Registry, the transfer of land between selection and granting was common.
Likewise, many early Adelaide landowners never left England, instead giving full
ownership to an Adelaide residence while retaining the land title. This was done for many
reasons, but primarily tax evasion.
According to the early land titles, packet number 24758, John Abbot leased the
land to George Strickland Kingston. The lease agreement begins when the land is granted
and is set to expire in 1882. G.S. Kingston purchased the property from John Abbot for
6
£500 on 28 September 1861 (Appendix 1). The rates and assessment books give no
indication of this agreement; his name is listed under owner and occupier from 1850 until
1882 – two years after his death.
While Kingston occupied the property is was described individually as a 1-acre
garden lot enclosed by a fence. When individually priced this section was usually given
the lowest value of the tree sections. At Kingston’s death on 26 November 1880 the
section was valued at £1000 for the executers of his will.
The South Australian National Library photo database yielded an image of the
section dating to the period when Kingston occupied the property. It is a sketch of
Reverend Dr. Murphy’s residence (figure 2).
Figure 2: Sketch
made 20 November
1852 of Reverend Dr.
Murphy’s, Catholic
Bishop of Adelaide,
residence on section
321
There is no mention of the Reverend in any other primary source and no mention in the
rates nooks of a building being on that section. However, in 1852 offices are added to the
description of the house, though they are not associated with any specific section and the
buildings appear large indicating that the land would have had a substantial rate increase,
which it did not. An explanation could be that the section that the sketch is made from
was misidentified. A Reverend Murphy’s Catholic Church is located on the section
7
directly opposite section 321 on Grote Street; the church is said to be designed by George
Strickland Kingston Langmead 1994, 143)
Section 321, as well as the two other sections, had changed hands between three
of his children from 1883 and 19012. At George Strickland’s death Hester Holland and
Ludovina Cameron Kingston, his two unwed daughters, became the executers of the
estate. This was a tumultuous period for ownership. According to the rates books, Charles
Cameron owned and occupied the property from 1893 to 1899, but there is no title
transfer into his name at the Land Services Group. Using Supreme Court documents
Donald Langmead discovered that Charles Cameron offered to buy out his sisters’ share
in the property to make it his family home, but never made any payments after moving in.
His sister evicted him from the property on July 1899 (Langmead 1988 1827-829).
On 1 March 1904 the entire property, including the house, was sold to A Walton
& Co Limited of Twin Street, Adelaide. There is no evidence that A Walton & Company
altered the land. A portion of section 321 was transferred on 21 May 1909 to The British
Imperial Oil Company registered in England with offices on King William Street
Adelaide (Title 101/131). The company changed the name to the Shell Company of
Australia Limited in 20 February 1928. This name change occurred Australia-wide
(Murray 2001, 19).
Cecil Augustus Motteram, a biscuit manufacturer from Millswood, purchased the
Eastern portion of section 321 on 6 July 1909 (Title 808/132). Motteram also purchases
the Western half of section 322 and the two portions will then create its own section with
modified land titles and rates.
2
The sibling house war may have lasted longer but there is a 4 year gap from 1901 and 1904 in the
Councils assessment book records.
8
The Shell Oil Company of Australia Limited retains the Western
portion of the section. The rates books indicate that they continuously modify the site,
perhaps to keep up with the rapid changes in automobiles and company ownership. The
photographs below show the orientation of the station, it has changes little over the years
as the pumps need to stay near the underground petrol tanks (Figures 3 and 4).
Figure 3: The Shell Oil
Company pumps and
garage taken towards the
North. The Catholic
Church can be seen
directly opposite. Taken
12 October 1973.
Figure 4: Shell Oil
Company taken towards
the south from the corner
of Grote Street and West
Terrace. The Australia
Post building can be seen
in the background Taken
12 October 1973.
Since a conglomerate, currently Coles/Meyer, owns Shell the company title in the
Assessment books changes regularly after the 1940’s. In the present day the petrol station
is equipped with a Coles Express convince store and a Hungry Jacks restaurant, in
addition to the petrol pumps.
9
Section 322
This is the central section here George Strickland Kingston built his house. The
house will be discussed later in the text under its own subheading.
In 1836, Adelaide residence drew lots to decide the order in which the city’s 1acre lots would be chosen. George Strickland drew lot 307 and chose section 322 as his
property. However, General Registry packet number 4878 states that on March 1837 the
land was granted to John Larkins Garden a Clerk from Saint Peter’s College Cambridge.
There is no evidence to suggest that Garden’s was ever associated with the property
beyond being named in the title and he is not located in any of the Biographical resources
available at the South Australian National Library. Gardens transferred the land to
George Strickland Kingston on 28 December 1855 at the value of £3000. There is no
evidence of this transfer in the rates and assessment books.
Between 28 December 1855 and 1 March 1904, section 322 has the same history
as section 321. The rates and assessment books lump the properties together during most
of this period.
On the 1 March 1904, the property was sold to A Walton and Company Limited
of Turn Street, Adelaide (Title 500/190). The rates and assessment book from 1905 states
that the house on this section was unfurnished when the purchase was made. It is likely
that A Walton & Co. Limited utilized the house until it became structurally unsound and
was demolished in 19303 (Figure 5) (Langmead 2988, 656). Between 1922 and 1928, the
house was no longer mentioned in the rates books.
3
There is no documentation recording the demolition of the house as only building, not demolition, records
were required to be logged with the council. Since there is no documentation recording demolition, I do not
know exactly when it was torn down.
10
Figure 5: 14 February 1923
The only catalogued
photograph of the Kingston
family home. Taken
towards the West with the
portico facing Grote Street.
Note the large Morton Bay
Fig at the front of the house.
There were three land transfers to Cecil Augustus Motteram, 6 July 1909 (Title
722/107), 13 May 1910 (Title 812/103) and 2 February 1917 (Title 834/161). These land
purchases add to Motteram’s half of section 321.
On 8 February 1924 A Walton and Co. Limited changed its name to Walton’s
Limited; a change that was not indicated in the rates books until 1931 (Title 1070/30).
The changed name can be seen on the building shown below (Figure 6).
Figure 6: 8 January 1932
Walton’s Limited factory
taken from across Grote
Street and the front face of
the building.
This title also indicates that the land was leased to a Williamson Limited from 1
October 1929 go 31 December 1949. The lease did not go full term and was surrendered
on 11 June 1931. There is no mention of a lease or a Williamson relating to this property
in the rates books.
11
Commonwealth of Australia was transferred the land on 15 April 1954. Australia
Post was established on this section 1 October 1991 (Title: 4389/126). That same month
Australia Post transferred a portion of the section to Hairdressers Co-Operative Society
(SA), a business already established on a portion section 324 in the 1950s (Appendix 3).
The South Australian National Library photograph archive had a photograph of
the section dating to this period. The site is described as the P.M.G. garage — I interpret
this to be the Post Master General’s mail currier van garage (Figure 8).
Figure 7: 17 October 1958
P.M.G. garage and
workshop.
Judging from the multi-peaked rooftop belonging to Motteram’s biscuit factory in the
foreground the shot is taken at a similar angle to figure 8, which is of Walton’s Limited. I
loos as though the Walton’s Limited building was removed by 1958 creating space for
the carpark and garage.
Section 321 and 322
This section was created when portions of section 321 (Title 808/132) and 322
(Title 722/107) were combined to create a new title on 5 August 1909 for Cecil Augustus
Motteram (Title 812/102). The new section is not listed in the 1909 assessment book, but
12
is present in the next available year — 1914. Motteram built his biscuit factory, Motteram
and Son’s Limited, on this site; the title was transferred to the business on 27 September
1917 (Title 1070/46). On that same title, the name of the company was changed to Arnott
Motteram Limited, 27 October 1953.
There is no Arnott in the Motteram family. This leads me to believe the name
change was a marketing strategy to compete with the contemporary Arnott’s Biscuits
(Appendix 2). Around this period, the factory was taking out a number of mortgages none
of which was paid off until the transfer of property on 16 December 1965 to Email
Limited of Joyntonare Waterloo, NSW (270/46).
Since then various institutions, none of which actually reside on the property, to
the present, have owned the site. The current occupiers of the land, Freedom Furniture
Pty. Ltd. have been leasing the property since 1 December 1988.
Section 323
This section was not a part of the original project design. I was not aware that
G.S. Kingston occupied this section until examining the council rate books. The land
titles confirm that he owned and occupied this section (Title 78/162). In 1850 the rates
books describe the section as 1 acre enclosed by a fence progressing to a garden in 1852.
Between 1850 and 1905, the assessment books establish a similar history for this section
as the two previous sections. The Kingston family owned the section until A Walton &
Co Limited purchased the properties 1 March 1904.
A Walton & Co built its first factory on this section before 1909 — as attested by
both the assessment books and a photograph found on the South Australian National
13
Library Photograph Database (Figure 9). Besides showing the building the photograph
also has a large pine tree, one that would have been a part of Kingston’s garden as well as
what could be some of the Kingston house in the background.
Figure 8: A Walton &
Company Limited
confectionery factory
with horse drawn
delivery trucks. The
building in the
background might be
Kingston House.
Photograph taken in
1909.
The land title of this section has some interesting differences to the previous two.
A mortgage taken out by A Walton& Co. Limited on 23 February 1905 was transferred to
a different broker after the death of the first, William Milne, on 14 December 1905 (Title:
722/108). The same title also declares A Walton & Co Limited’s name change to
Walton’s Limited on 11 February 1930 — 6 years later than section 322.
Section 323 was transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia between 1949 and
1954, according to the assessment books. This land transfer united the whole of section
323 and 391 as well as portions of 322, 389 and 390 by the mid-1960s (Titles: 2524/131
and 3566/16). On the 1 October 1991, a portion of section 323 was transferred to the
Hairdresser’s Co-Operative Society (SA). At present, a large portion of section 323 is
being used as a carpark.
14
The Archaeological Potential
This site has changed dramatically through the years. Many buildings with
various uses were built, altered, reused and demolished on this site since the 1840’s. Each
of these changes has altered the cultural landscape and left physical archaeological
evidence. However, each change also destroyed physical evidence from the pervious
landscape.
Archaeological division is by owner/occupier rather than section. It is divided in
this way because building plans and photographs will be used as the main primary data
sources. These forms of data are not bounded by section and many of the building groups
belong to more than once section.
Kingston Family
The first individual known to build on this site is George Strickland Kingston. He
arrived to Adelaide as the Survey General, a position of prominence, in debt and
borrowing money from his wife’s future inheritance (Langmead 1994, 32). The
Kingston’s lived on all three sections building a house on the central lot, 322 and flanking
it with land. This was not their only home, but it was the primary one.
This section is divided into two parts, House and Garden. House examines the
central lot, 322, where the family home was located. The works of Dr. Donald Langmead
are used extensively in this section. Primary resources on the house are sparing – one
photograph and some calls to tender with no building plans or contracts. Langmead is a
Historical Architect who has researched the house for his doctorate thesis, located at the
Flinders University Library, as well as a section publication on Kingston.
15
Garden investigates the two flanking sections, 321 and 323, which are described
as enclosed land or garden in the assessment books. Unfortunately, there is no direct
evidence that the property included gardens, no pictures or documentation; however,
gardens were an important part of gentry society throughout the Western world, Australia
was no exception. Kingston lived on a very prominent and visible section, the corner of
two major roadways, West Terrace and Grote Street, near an important Victorian public
attraction, the West Terrace Cemetery.
House
The first structure on the property was a Manning house — a portable
prefabricated wooden structure used in Australia, and other British colonies, since the
1820s (Herbert 1972, 261). They were light, easy to assemble, much safer than tents and
common (Herbert, 1972, 265). Kinston would have freighted the house with him when he
arrived to South Australia in 1836. The 10.3m x 3.6m structure cost £200 including
freight and is labelled with a 2 on Langmead’s recreation of Kingston’s house found
below (Figure 9)
Figure 9: Map illustrating the
arrangement of Kingston’s
house within section 322 and
the probable expansion of the
house.
Langmead 1988, 656
16
The first addition came around 1842, around the time of his marriage with second
wife Ludovina (Langmead, 1988, 136). This was a masonry section, the dimensions and
orientation are illustrated on the above map with a 1 (Figure 9). According to Langmead
the house was complete, after numerous warren-like additions, by 1865 to the
measurement of 550 sq feet with a 150 ft veranda (1988, 169). I couldn’t find any
mention of subterranean rooms — basement or cellar. Room divisions within the
structure are also unknown.
Since the house had numerous additions, the footprint is very irregular and the
building materials and styles would probably evolve as it was built. Kingston was not an
architect, but a civil engineer. His taste in architecture is a variation of large and gothic
with thick stucco covered walls and small windows to keep out the heat. Besides the
Manning house, the, the structure would be of limestone and clay masonry (Langmead
1988, 113-114). Roofing materials for the time vary from thatch to slate, but the
photograph of the house suggests that the roofing material at the time of demolition was
iron (Langmead 1988, 656 and Figure 5).
Archaeologist should expect to find a number of different building materials on
the site due to the numerous additions over the decades. This is true even if the house was
completely demolished. The materials would include wood, mortar, limestone, iron, slate
or thatch, and chimney bricks. Since the house was left unfurnished by the family in 1904
and A Walton & Co Limited scheduled the demolition in 1930, it is unlikely that any
household goods would be found within the house structure. The extensive occupation,
however, would indicate that there would be quite a bit of refuse on the property.
17
Gardens
Parks and green space were an important aspect in the design of Adelaide city. It
is likely that this mind set was also reflected on the grounds of affluent citizens. By the
1850’s professional landscape gardening was available to affluent citizens with adequate
space and stability (Sim 2001, 125). Gardening patterns would have followed typical
English style of informality with masonry embellishments such as arches and monuments
(Taylor 1983, 62).
George Strickland Kingston was a prominent individual who although for most of
his career had limited funds portrayed himself as wealthy in his public life. He would
have had a garden to support this image. In 1939, Kingston was elected to be a Botanical
Gardens subscriber and in thee 1940s, he worked with Agricultural and Historical Society
importing vines (Langmead 1994, 121 and 138). These activities would have introduced
him to gardening and brought him into contact with a number of professional landscapers
as well as a different plant species.
Gardens have archaeological importance beyond plot design and species
recognition. Features like footpaths can provide information on use by denoting how
space was used. In addition, household rubbish is often buried in gardens where it can
become fertilizer. They also create another layer to the site broadening the interested
audience.
A Walton and Co. Limited/Walton’s Limited
A Walton’s & Co Limited was a confection manufacturer and exporter (Primary
Resources: Biographical Information xii). They were an established company before
18
moving to the Grote Street location; owning a shop located at 136 Pultney Street
(Boothby’s 1880, 327).
It occupied at least a portion a section from 1904-1954 (Title: 1070/30). The
company constructed at least two substantial buildings between sections 322 and 323
(Figure 6 and 8). A plan illustrating where Walton’s Limited (Figure 6) was built — the
building having been demolished by the Commonwealth before the plan was made, is
shown below (Figure 10). It indicates that the building was built to the back of the
property away from Grote Street, which means that its construction did not disturb the
area where Kingston’s house was.
Figure 10: A site plan for
reconstruction showing
where the ‘Former’
Walton’s Limited was
located; produced in 1957.
Found in Packet Number
2180 City Engineer and
Surveyor’s Department.
Adelaide City Archives.
A large portion of the property utilized by this company is now under the same
carpark as the Eastern portion of Kingston’s House and gardens. Excavation would turn
up artefacts relating to the confectionary in addition to the private residence.
Motteram and Sons Limited
Motteram and Son’s was a biscuit factory located at Murray St. N. Adelaide
before relocating to Grote St (Boothby’s 1880, 248). They are well advertised including
numerous pages of the 1910 Sands and McDougall’s South Australian Directory
19
(Primary Resources: Biographical Information xi) as well as The Adelaide Chronicle
dating 16 December 1922 (Primary Resources: Biographical Information xiii). The
factory has many additions from its 1910-1965 occupation on the site. The additions
logged with the council are included in Appendix 3 as Building Plans.
One of the plans is illustrated below (Figure 11). The plan dates from 1936 and is
for a creamery. It is located at the far eastern side of section 321/322. It was built over the
Western half of Kingston House. This building can be seen in figures 6 and 7 —
identifiable by the unique peaked roofline.
Figure 11: A site plan for
an addition to Motteram
and Son’s factory, 30
December 1936. From
Building Plans packet
number 4807.
Adelaide City Archives
This building has a unique history, but should it be torn down it is likely there
would be little damage to the Kingston stratigraphy. The building does not appear to have
a subterranean component and the foundation penetrates only about half a meter into the
ground if the plans are at a correct scale. The disturbance would be minimal.
20
Petrol Station
The orientation of the petrol station has changed little over the years; although,
the technologies and services have. The Petrol Station is an important because of its
location, strategically placed on the most visible area of the busy intersection, section 100
on the image below — just ass it would have been when Kingston was on the site (Figure
12). However, the use of the site as a petrol station creates a hazard for archaeologists so
that the risk of excavation would be higher than the gains.
Figure 12: The modern
site plan for the city block
where sections 321, 322
and 323 are located.
Created November 2007
by the Land Services
Group, Adelaide.
Australia Post
Australia Post, section 1 on the map above, currently owns a large portion of
section 232 and 233 as well as other sections not discussed in this project (Figure 12). In
addition to having a portion of Kingston’s house this section also held the A Walton &
Co Limited (Walton’s Limited) confectionary. Both of these buildings would provide
important information for Archaeologists as seen under the sections above with their
respective names.
21
The A large majority of the Grote Street half of section 1 is carpark. Since the
area was not built over destruction is minimal and accessibility high. This area has a very
high archaeological potential for both the Kingston and A Walton occupations.
Hairdresser’s Co-Operation Society (SA)
The Hairdresser’s Co-Operation Society (SA) was constructed on section 324 in
1954 (Appendix 3; section 2 in Figure 12). According to the proprietor of the shop, it was
built over Walton’s Limited, but I don’t understand how it could have been as they were
built on different sections. On October 1 1991, the company bought a portion of section
323 to usee as a carpark. The construction of this building would have disturbed the
archaeological stratigraphy, but the extent of the disturbance cannot be guessed.
Conclusions
This site has a known historic connection to South Australia; however, the area
has changed dramatically and its importance is no longer apparent on the surface. The
objective of this research was to go beyond what is seen on the surface and show the
potential of archaeological material below.
The research used on primary resources, photographs, land titles, assessment
books, building plans and biographical information, to determine the potential for
archaeological material on each section from the various occupations. Each section was
looked at individually then the information provided was refined and looked at by
occupation to determine archaeological potential. This enabled a layered examination of
the sections in a historical and modern layout.
22
Using this method I have determined that the section under the Australia Post
carpark has remained relatively stable and would have a high probability of yielding
archaeological materia – more so then other areas.
The site would include material from a number of different sources. A portion of
Kingston’s house and property occupied the space from 1837-1904. A Walton & Co
Limited then built on the land; not over the area where Kingston’s house was but further
back on the garden grounds. When Australia Post obtained the property in 19054 A
Walton & Co. Limited was demolished and the area whole area was covered with
cement. The site has remained a carpark since then.
Any alterations regarding the carpark should include an on-site Archaeologist.
The potential of discovering historical artefacts is high and once the site is uncovered the
site is no longer protected and the information will disappear.
23
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11 V-Z. South Australian Genealogy and Heraldry Society Inc., Adelaide.
Herbert, Gilbert. 1972. The Portable Colonial Cottage. The Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians 31:4. 261-275.
Langmead, Donald. 1988. George Strickland Kingston: Pioneer and Architect Vol. 2.
Doctorate Thesis – Architecture. Flinders University.
Langmead, Donald. 1994. The Accidental Architect: The Life and Times of George
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Morgan, E.H and Gilbert, S.H. 1981. Sir George Strickland Kingston 1807-1880 24-30.
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