Tamkang University
Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies
Master’s Thesis Proposal
Advisor: 李大中 (Da-jung Li), Ph.D.
ASEAN and Disaster Management in the
New Century: Response and
Implications of the 2004 Indian Ocean
Disaster
Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
GIIASS, II year
699330519
Republic of China
November 1, 2011
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
THESIS PROPOSAL OUTLINE
I.
Thesis Title……………………………………………………… 3
II. Thesis Background…………………………………………….
3 – 13
III. Research Objectives…………………………………………..
14
IV.
Research Scope………………………………………………...
15
V.
Theoretical Framework………………………………………..
15
VI. Hypothesis……………………………………………………...
16
VII. Methodology................................................................................
16
VIII. Literature Review……………………………………………..
17 – 21
IX.
Chapter Arrangement…………………………………………
22 – 24
X.
Bibliography…………………………………………………….
25 – 33
2
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
I. Thesis Title:
“ASEAN and Disaster Management in the New Century:
Response and implications of the 2004 Indian Ocean Disaster”.
II. Thesis Background:
What is the real capacity of reaction and response by ASEAN on
disasters during the
21st
Century? What
are
its working
mechanisms? What
great successes and criticisms have been made to its system? Is the ASEAN Disaster
Management body appropriate for a region so prone to disasters caused by nature and
mankind? This thesis will investigate all of these concerns throughout a central
objective: to analyze the response and regional cooperation in South East Asia in the
context of Disaster Management in the 21st century, having as an example the damage
caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, and its actions taken
until today in order to reduce the risk of future hazards in the region.
Disaster management at regional level in South East Asia is quite recently.
Historically, it can be traced back to the early seventies, a few years after the founding
of the organization known as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). It
is necessary to remember that ASEAN was born with the Bangkok Declaration on
August 8, 1967, having as its founding members and signatories of this statement
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. ASEAN was established
with the purposes, among many other objectives, to accelerate the economic growth in
the South East Asian area, the work on social progress, cultural development among its
members, the protection of peace and regional stability and to provide its member states
the necessary opportunities to discuss and resolve their differences peacefully1.
1
ASEAN,
The
ASEAN
Declaration
(Bangkok
Declaration),
http://www.asean.org/1212.htm, (accessed November 15, 2011).
8
August
1967,
3
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
a. South East Asian Regionalism
The definition of the concept of regionalism can be summoned up as the
expression of a general sense of identity and principles combined with the conception
and implementation of institutions that articulate a particular identity and shape
collective action within a geographical region. Moreover, Joseph Nye made a
distinction between an International region and regionalism. For the first one he refers
as “as a limited number of states linked by a geographical relationship and by a degree
of mutual interdependence” and regionalism as “the formation of interstate associations
or groupings on the basis of regions”2.
Being ASEAN the organization more representative of the South East Asia
region, is thus the regional apprehension of the concepts of stability and development
the predominant ones. Given this concern, the ASEAN member countries could not
ignore a problem that they have been experiencing for thousands of years, often at
present as well: disasters.
South East Asia is one of the most active regions in the world prone to disasters.
Recurrent and harmful activity makes the area to annually face a number of significant
disasters that primarily affects the population (threat to human lives), infrastructure,
economy, and in larger terms, regional security. The disruption or lack of real security
can negatively influence social behavior. The social factor can lead to countless acts of
violence, looting and conflicts over scarce resources.
b. Disasters and Disaster Management
Now, it is time to raise another key question in order to understand the central
topic in which this research is based on: what is a disaster? It is commonly known as
a natural or man-made hazard that has come to culmination, resulting in an event of
substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or
drastic change to the environment. The Virtual University for Small States of the
Commonwealth (VUSSC) in its “Introduction to Disaster Management” defines disaster
as “a situation in which the community is incapable of coping. It is a natural or humancaused event which causes intense negative impacts on people, goods, services and/or
the environment, exceeding the affected community’s capability to respond; therefore
Joseph Nye, “Introduction” in International Regionalism: Readings, ed. Joseph Nye (Boston: Little,
Brown and Company, 1968), vii.
2
4
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
the community seeks the assistance of government and international agencies”3. Then, it
is mandatory to distinguish two kinds of disasters: naturals (i.e., geological,
meteorological, hydrological and extraterrestrial) and man-made (i.e., technological and
terrorism).
The
concept
of
disaster
can
better
simplify
in
this
friendly
formula: (VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD) / CAPACITY = DISASTER4.
This response leads to another important question: so, what is Disaster
Management? Disaster Management can be defined as a process or strategy that is
implemented when any type of catastrophic event takes place. The International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for example, defines Disaster
Management “as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for
dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters”5.
c. Disaster Management in South East Asia
Having these definitions in mind it is now possible to continue and clarify the
importance of Disaster Management in SEA. In order to prepare for and minimize the
potential
damage
from these
disasters, in
1971
for
the first time
ever
was
established the ASEAN Expert Group on Disaster Management (AEGDM), composed
mainly by disaster management experts from member countries from that time. This is
the first regional joint work for preparation as an organization and address a
problem that afflicted and will afflict the region for posterity.
A couple of years later, on June 26, 1976, during an ASEAN meeting in Manila,
the “ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance on Natural Disasters” was signed. The
declaration pointed out that in case of a natural catastrophe there might be a lack of
financial and human resources. Also, it was agreed to provide a catastrophe-stricken
country with materials and medical supplies. Also, each country was supposed to
designate a national government agency acting as an internal coordinating body. These
3
Virtual University for the Small States of the Commonwealth (VUSSC), Introduction to Disaster
Management, October 1, 2010, accessed November 27, 2011,
http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Disaster_Management_version_1.0.pdf.
4
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), What is a Disaster?, accessed
November 28, 2011, http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/what-is-adisaster/.
5
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), About Disaster Management,
accessed November 27, 2011, http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disastermanagement/).
5
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
agencies should gather and exchange data pertaining to natural disasters. These
government bodies were to implement relief cooperation plans. Yet the declaration
failed to call for a central institution that could have organized an ASEAN-wide relief
effort6.
However, it was not until 2002, through the 12th meeting of the ASEAN Expert
Group on Disaster Management (AEGDM), that was finally decided to give a more
serious and professional framework to the issue of disaster management. In September
2002,
the
experts
agreed to restructure and
upgrade
the
AEGDM to
an
ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM). The ACDM was established
following the decision of the ASEAN Standing Committee (ASC). The ACDM is
responsible for disaster management among all ASEAN states. It is indeed one of the
most important committees of ASEAN due to the recurrent and highly active natural
disaster region. Also, they decided to intensify their efforts by meeting on an annual
basis. Furthermore, the declaration stated that all decisions of the ACDM should be
endorsed by the ASEAN states. These endorsements were to be obtained by meetings or
by written papers of intent facilitated by the secretariat in Jakarta7.
The ACDM is headed by a Chair, who is supported by a Vice-Chair. The
ACDM Chair is primarily tasked to initiate and direct the execution of the Work
Programme activities through the Working Groups. The Chair should provide overall
supervision of the Working Groups to achieve efficiency in the use of resources and
successfully attain the expected outcomes. In the event that the Chair of ACDM is not
able to direct and manage the tasks and responsibilities of ACDM or is unable to chair
the meeting(s), the Chair shall direct the Vice-Chair to assume such duties. The Chair
and Vice-Chair are appointed on the basis of rotational and alphabetical order of
Member States8.
The ACDM shall meet at least once a year. Participation of ASEAN Member
States, ASEAN Secretariat and ASEAN Humanitarian Centre (AHA Centre) at the
ACDM meetings is on a self-financing basis, particularly for the full-fledged meetings,
which are normally held in the first quarter of the year. However, some meetings may
be held back to back with relevant project meetings and exercises to synergize on
ASEAN Secretariat, “ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance on Natural disaster“,
http://www.aseansec.org/10166.htm (accessed November 26, 2011).
7
ACDM,
“Mandate.
ASEAN
Committee
on
Disaster
Management”,
http://www.acdm.net/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&AGE_id=4
&MMN_position=3:3, (accessed November 26, 2011).
8
Ibid.
6
6
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
funding support and travel. The Chair may invite relevant Dialogue Partners and key
partner organizations to the open sessions of the ACDM meetings to promote
collaboration and partnerships.
The functions of the ACDM are several and different. The ASEAN Committee
on Disaster Management (ACDM) shall perform the following functions, among others
listed in the ACDM Terms of Reference:
1. “Provide leadership and guidance towards fulfilling the goals and objectives of
AADMER in pursuant of the vision of disaster-resilient nations and safer communities
within ASEAN by 2015;
2. Initiate, direct and oversee the development, monitoring and implementation of the
AADMER Work Programme and other related decisions and initiatives implemented by
the respective Working Groups;
3. Strengthen coordination with relevant ASEAN bodies to complement the
implementation of disaster management activities and promote effective integration of
relevant and related programmes and activities;
4. Collaborate with ASEAN’s Dialogue Partners, international and multilateral agencies,
NGOs and the private sector to advance the objectives of AADMER;
5. Enhance sharing of resources and information on disaster management and promote
collaborative disaster research activities;
6. Plan and coordinate all activities required for convening of meetings, in coordination
with the host Member State and ASEAN Secretariat; and
7. Present reports and provide recommendations related to AADMER to the COP for
their consideration.”9
d. The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster
Having reviewed the efforts done by ASEAN on Disaster Management until
2004, it is important to see these goals in action by examining one of the most iconic
disasters in the history of human-kind, the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
that triggered not only death and destruction but also the support and critics from the
world community on how ASEAN reacted to that natural disaster.
Near Sumatra Island in Indonesia, there is a complex structure of tectonic plates
involving the Burma plate, with the India and Australia plate to the west and the Sunda
and Eurasian plates to the east. These plates are continually grinding against each other.
They move very slowly -only at about the rate, on average, that a fingernail grows.
Serious problems happen at sub-duction zones where one plate dives underneath the
“ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response”. Work programme 20102015. Adopted by the 15th Meeting of the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM), 11-12
March 2010, Singapore. EAN
9
7
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
edge of an adjoining plate10. Force builds up -sometimes over hundreds of years- until a
rupture occurs and generates a violent earthquake. On December 26th, 2004, the day
after Christmas - at 0758 local time (0058 GMT), an unusually powerful rupture
occurred which generated a magnitude 9.15 earthquake “about [100 miles] 160
kilometers...off the coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island at a depth of about [6.2 miles]
10 kilometers....”11.
The earthquake was caused by sub-duction and triggered a series of
devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.
Besides killing more than 230,000 people, the tsunami also left millions of survivors
without food or shelter. Thousands were injured or felt sick because of sanitary
conditions. The coastal regions of four ASEAN members were hit by the tidal wave:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand. Aceh, a province at Indonesia’s northwestern tip, suffered the most fatalities: more than 100,000 persons were killed and
about 500,000 were injured or left without shelter. The tsunami also struck the
northwestern coast of Malaysia, where the deaths of at least 68 people were confirmed 12.
e. ASEAN Response to the disaster
Right away after the earthquake and tsunami of 2004, ASEAN member
countries reacted openly to the calamity. Singapore sent off 700 Air Force and Civil
Defense Force personnel for military and rescue operations to assist the relief labors.
Singapore was one of the first countries to assist Indonesia in managing the disaster
relief. Singapore offered to raise its humanitarian assistance to US$ 3 million. One day
after the disaster, Malaysia dispatched its “Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and
Rescue Team” to Indonesia. It was the earliest team to arrive at the scene13.
The Malaysian government announced that it had dispatched at least 300
soldiers to Aceh. Also, the Malaysian government announced its intentions to set up a
relief center, in which at least 10,000 survivors of the catastrophe were to be sheltered.
Additionally, at the request of the Indonesian government, the Malaysians sent one of
their Royal Navy vessels including personnel to Aceh. The Malaysian government
What
on
Earth.
“Example
from
Indonesian
Islands,
Plate
Tectonics”,
http://whatonearth.olehnielsen.dk/Tectonics.asp, (accessed November 15, 2011).
11
CNN.com, “Asia quake death toll tops 13,000”, 27 December 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/ (accessed
November 16, 2011).
12
BBC website. “Malaysia issues tsunami warning“, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asiapacific/4241285.stm (accessed November 16, 2011)
13
Ibid.
10
8
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
announced its plan to implement an official tsunami warning system by the end of this
year. Brunei has offered to take part in this project, which is said to cost an estimated
US$ 5 million14.
However, despite the efforts made by countries members of ASEAN to offer
relief for the affected populations, ASEAN as the regional institution in the tsunami-hit
area was hardly mentioned in the media. Instead, the US, the UN and the Asian powers
(China and Japan) were recognized as the major players in the relief efforts. The reports
mainly focused on ASEAN’s contribution in hosting the tsunami aftermath conference.
The fact that ASEAN failed to cooperate on disaster relief, mainly contributed to its
minor role in public attention.
On January 6th 2005, during the tsunami aftermath meeting, the ASEAN leaders
issued a “declaration on action to strengthen emergency relief, rehabilitation,
reconstruction and prevention on the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami disaster of
December 26, 2004” 15. They expressed their condolences and solidarity. They stated
that the tsunami disaster calls for global response and appreciated the vast international
help received. Furthermore, they confirmed the leading role of the UN in the disaster
relief. ASEAN indirectly admitted their deficit in facing the tsunami disaster and
proclaimed their plans for improving disaster relief.
Further, ASEAN leaders stated that they will support the affected countries in
rehabilitating and reconstructing. They welcomed the offer of several creditor countries,
which were willing to take the financial pressures off affected countries by a
“moratorium of payments”. Also, ASEAN leaders wanted to persuade the private sector
to participate in the rehabilitation and reconstruction.
In this declaration, ASEAN announced steps which should be implemented
urgently in order to minimize the post-calamity damage. This declaration was similar to
other papers of intent, which had been put forward after previous states of emergency,
such as the haze catastrophe of 1997. The declaration concerning the tsunami makes it
clear that ASEAN seems to acknowledge its deficits in coping with disaster relief,
especially when ASEAN speaks of having to “strengthen coordination and cooperation”.
The declaration showed some powerlessness on behalf of ASEAN, as it has many
institutions but no real central organization, which would have been important for
14
Ibid.
ASEAN Secretariat, “Special ASEAN’s meeting on aftermath on earthquake and tsunami. Jakarta, 6th
of January 2005”, http://www.aseansec.org/17066.htm (accessed November 20, 2011).
15
9
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
organizing the cooperation of the relief efforts. Thus the principle problems of
cooperation on the ASEAN level became evident through the tsunami situation.
Captivatingly sufficient, the declaration does not state, whether ASEAN should
assume a leading role in immediate disaster relief or reconstruction efforts. Further,
ASEAN emphasized the need for international aid and the important role of the UN.
This chain of reasoning on part of ASEAN showed its inability to cope with a scenario
such as after the tsunami. The declaration thus reveals that ASEAN, even after 30 years
of existence, has not managed to build up a structure enough to provide a pivoting point
for decision-making and immediate response efforts among the member countries. This
adherence to sovereignty leads ASEAN into a system of checks and balances, which in
turn lessens the effectiveness of any cooperative project16. Another problem of ASEAN
is the inability to discuss problems on a public platform. Hence, structural faults are not
recognized as such. Rather than admitting weaknesses within the system, ASEAN states
are committed to the principle of a strong state, which does not allow for trying
different solutions.
e. The European Union Response
The EU reacted quickly, providing emergency humanitarian assistance within
hours after the tsunami struck “… by approving a €3 million grant to the Red Cross
(ECHO 2005)... In the next few days, another €20 million was approved, which went
mostly to the World Food Programme, the World Health Organization and UNICEF
(ECHO 2005), and experts were sent to do humanitarian needs assessments”17. The EU
was represented at the highest level in the Summit meeting held in Jakarta on 7 January
on the tsunami aftermath. An emergency meeting of EU Foreign, Development and
Health Ministers was held in Brussels on 7 January. The Council adopted an Action
Plan on 31 January 2005 in response to the disaster. This was updated by the UK
Presidency and reviewed by the Council and Commission at the General Affairs and
External Relations Council on 21-22 November. Progress will be reviewed again under
the Austrian Presidency.
Louise Fawcett, “Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism”, in:
International Affairs 80, No 3. (2004): 444.
17
Marlies Glasius, “The EU response to the Asian tsunami and the need for a human security approach”
in The European Union and Human Security - External Interventions and Missions, ed. Mary Martin et.al.
(USA:Routledge, 2009), 35-36.
16
10
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
The European Commission and Member States pledged more than €2 billion in
assistance for tsunami-affected countries of which €566 million is for humanitarian
assistance and the remainder for rehabilitation and reconstruction. €452 million (80%)
of humanitarian aid has been spent. €902 million (60%) of rehabilitation and
reconstruction aid has been committed and €367 million disbursed. The European
Investment Bank18 signed loans for a total of €170 million in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and
the Maldives. Additional loans of €396 million were pledged by Member States.
f. Critics to ASEAN Disaster Management system and new implementations
Following the tsunami, an early warning system for the whole Indian Ocean
region was the subject of several international conferences. The UN was asked to work
out an interim decentralized network. Cooperation and coordination are important for an
effective warning system. Nevertheless, there have been disputes among ASEAN
members about the location of the warning system. Indonesia, India and Thailand all
insisted on being the best country to host the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
(ADPC)19.
In its declaration of January 6th 2005, ASEAN recognized the importance of the
UN in the disaster relief effort and called for international assistance for the affected
countries. The tsunami-hit countries also welcomed the global disaster relief assistance.
The difference between the regional institution of ASEAN and the global institution of
the UN exists due to the interests of their member countries. UN members have no
interest in engaging in disputes over disaster relief efforts. The tsunami disaster made
evident the insufficient structure of ASEAN and its inability to deal with disaster relief.
This calamity might enhance the pressure for reform. Other crises also lead to a call for
reforms.
The big disaster experienced in South East Asia opened the door to focus more
attention into develop better measures and policies concerning disaster management.
18
The European Investment Bank is the European Union's long-term lending institution established in
1958 under the Treaty of Rome. A policy-driven bank, the EIB supports the EU’s priority objectives,
especially European integration and the development of economically weak regions. Recently, the Bank
has also been actively supporting European R&D projects as part of EU's objective of building the world's
leading knowledge-based economy. The EIB is an international financial institution, a publicly owned
bank. Its owners are the Member States of the European Union, who subscribe to the Bank's capital EUR 232 billion (end of 2009). For more information, please visit the European Investment Bank’s
website at: http://www.eib.org/
19
BBC website “Malaysia issues tsunami warning“, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asiapacific/4241285.stm (accessed November 16, 2011).
11
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
Often these disasters transcend national borders and overwhelm the capacities of
individual countries to manage them. Most countries in the region have limited financial
resources and physical resilience. Furthermore, the level of preparedness and prevention
varies from country to country and regional cooperation does not exist to the extent
necessary. Because of this high vulnerability and the relatively small size of most of the
ASEAN countries, it will be more efficient and economically prudent for the countries
to cooperate in the areas of civil protection, and disaster preparedness and prevention.
ASEAN is often cited in papers as the most notable example of regional group in
Asia. Yet, after the tsunami disaster, ASEAN was hardly ever mentioned in media
reports on immediate relief efforts. Coordination of mutual interests among the diverse
states is still difficult. One reason is that the ASEAN member countries are still trying
to different degrees to establish their political legitimacy. In addition, they are
committed to the ideal of sovereignty even though this may often be impossible to attain.
Thus the importance of legitimacy and sovereignty to the ASEAN member countries
remains an obstacle for effective coordination. It is therefore important for ASEAN to
strengthen its cooperation and overcome the ASEAN dilemma whether or not ASEAN
is willing to change its structure and its policy in order to manage future challenges.
The Indian Ocean tsunami disaster highlighted both the need for effective early
warning systems and also the political and technological complexity of providing them.
The UN -including UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),
the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the UN
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) - has an important coordinating
role to play in addressing these challenges. Regional inter-governmental organizations
have the potential to be key implementing bodies.
With the aim of reducing ASEAN’s vulnerability to the risk of disasters, the
World Bank, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)20,
through the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR), and in collaboration
with other international partners have started support for implementing the ASEAN
Agreement for Disaster Management Emergency Response (AADMER) to promote
20
Created in December 1999, UNISDR is the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (ISDR). It is the successor to the secretariat of the International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction with the purpose of ensuring the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (General Assembly (GA) resolution 54/219). The mandate of UNISDR expanded in 2001 to
serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to
ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional
organizations and activities in socio-economic and humanitarian fields (GA resolution 56/195).
12
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
sustainable development in the ASEAN region. The AADMER is a regional legally
binding agreement that binds ASEAN Member States together to promote regional
cooperation and collaboration in reducing disaster losses and intensifying joint
emergency response to disasters in the ASEAN region. AADMER is also ASEAN’s
affirmation of its commitment to the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 (HFA)21.
The HFA, endorsed by 168 countries, is coordinated by UNISDR to provide nations and
communities the roadmap to disaster proof the significant development gains.
21
The HFA is the first plan to explain, describe and detail the work that is required from all different
sectors and actors to reduce disaster losses. It was developed and agreed on with the many partners
needed to reduce disaster risk - governments, international agencies, disaster experts and many others bringing them into a common system of coordination. The HFA outlines five priorities for action, and
offers guiding principles and practical means for achieving disaster resilience. Its goal is to substantially
reduce disaster losses by 2015 by building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. This
means reducing loss of lives and social, economic, and environmental assets when hazards strike. More
information available at http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa
13
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
III. Research Objectives:
a. Main Objective:
Analyze the response and regional cooperation in South East Asia in the context
of Disaster Management in the 21st century, having as an example the damage caused
by the earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, and its actions taken until
today in order to reduce the risk of future hazards in the region.
b. Specific Objectives:
1. Define the concept of disaster through its classifications (natural or man-made) and
phases of recognition.
2. Describe the concept of Disaster Management through its definition, overview,
phases that integrates it and principles.
3. Illustrate the concept of regional cooperation in Disaster Management in South East
Asia by the agencies, institutions and mechanisms that comprises it, having ASEAN as
a major and real exponent.
4. Examine ASEAN’s participation in its response to the 2004 disaster, its actions and
implications.
5. Compare and contrast ASEAN’s response in the disaster with other international
actors that provided aid and relief, such as the European Union and the United Nations
(through their specialized agencies) and cooperation among them.
6. Evaluate by post-2004 disaster actions and conclusions the regional preparedness
and response of South East Asian disaster management mechanisms during the 21st
century.
14
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
IV. Research Scope:
1.
This research focuses on disaster management measures implemented in South
East Asia, particularly by the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in
order to mitigate, prepare, response and recover from potential hazards in the region.
However, due to the broad field of disaster management, this thesis will mostly centers
on natural disasters but some background and relevant information on man-made
disasters are to be presented as well. The exemplary case of the 2004 Indian Ocean
disaster will lead this research to analyze the reaction by ASEAN disaster management
mechanisms, it implications and critics of its actions. This event helped to fix some of
the deficiencies and have a more holistic view in constructing a professional platform
for disaster management in ASEAN.
2.
The timeframe of this investigation is the first decade of the 21st century, from
2000 to 2010, commensurate period of analysis. Real intentions of having a working
disaster management in the region are recently, the period of 2000 – 2010 is the most
fruitful for South East Asia. Nevertheless, a brief historical background will be
presented in this thesis, especially since the first motivations by ASEAN members of
having a regional framework in disaster management is traced back to the 1970’s.
V. Theoretical Framework:
At this stage was very difficult to find a theory of International Relations that
best adapt to this research. This is one of the first limitations found for the thesis. With
further reading and deep understanding of the overall topic, there might be some options
to shed a light for the theoretical framework.
Some possible theories that can fit (not in perfection) now are the ones related to
Regionalism, such as neo-liberalism or neo-liberal institutionalism; Decision-Making;
and possible theories engaged with Disaster Management (which could not be linked to
International Relations theories. Suggestions will be more than welcomed.
15
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
VI. Hypothesis:
Disaster Management in South East Asia is recent. ASEAN, through its
specialized agencies, is the precursor for regional cooperation in this area having the
2004 Indian Ocean Disaster its most difficult test. From the response for that particular
event, ASEAN decided to conduct a series of reforms and the rethinking of the old
mechanisms in order to mitigate potential hazards and respond properly to disasters in
the future.
Natural hazards and disasters are inevitable because we live in a planet that is
alive but a safe environment for human life starts with prevention and preparedness.
ASEAN will be capable of coping disasters with strong implementations and the
sophistication of its disaster management mechanisms.
VII. Methodology:
A qualitative approach will be used on this research. Most of the analysis will be
carried out through documents and books on the specific topics. It will rely on primary
sources from ASEAN statements, working documents, declarations, treaties, etc, as well
from additional institutions such as individual ASEAN states, European Union and
United Nations (by their specialized agencies on disaster management and humanitarian
assistance), among others. Secondary sources, textbooks, specialized books, journals,
magazines, newspapers and website analysis are essential for further understanding of
the issue of disaster management in South East Asia, as well ASEAN’s effort and
reactions on the main topic.
If possible, this research will be complemented with interviews from experts on
the field of disaster and ASEAN, through telephonic conversations and email messages,
as well by the assistance to seminars or direct visits to the centers of disaster
management in South East Asia.
The early use of the Chicago Manual Style will structure the citation format of
the recurrent sources and footnotes along the pages of this thesis. Finally, for the
elaboration of the main objective and secondary objectives it was used the Bloom’s
Taxonomy of Measurable Verbs22.
B. S. Bloom et. al., “Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of First educational goals”,
Handbook I: Cognitive Domain (New York: Longmans, Green, 1956).
22
16
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
VIII. Literature Review:
This research will use a considerable amount of primary and secondary sources
dealing basically with three recognizable subjects: 1. Regionalism in South East Asia; 2.
Security issues in South East Asia; and, 3. Disaster Management. Let’s review the most
significant secondary sources now.
1. Regionalism in South East Asia.
The seminal work by Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, Regionalism in World
Politics: Regional Organization and International Order 23 gives a comprehensive
general background for the understanding of the term “regionalism”, substantial for this
research because it touches one of the central points of it. This monograph will be used
in order to reveal the different institutions and primary ideas around the concept of
regionalism. It addresses the question of how regionalism has impacted on the
international order, being extensively covered by the authors, as well the significance of
the concept. This book also looks to the theories of regionalism; a very important part is
dedicated to regional organizations and the United Nations, the natural balance between
regionalization and globalization, etc. The section that covers the revival of regionalism
and some questions regarding identity and nationalism comprehends an essential
overview for the understanding of members of ASEAN in their response to disaster
management.
The edition made by Andrew Gamble and Anthony Payne titled Regionalism
and World Order 24 follows the same pattern as the book mentioned above giving a
considerable amount of information concerning the broad picture of what is regionalism,
by its origins, significance and its evolution, being possible of linking it with the world
order. Emerging blocs and their behavior when dealing with the influence of the U.S. is
well discussed too. The author fortunately delivers some case studies of the most
advanced regions of the world, being naturally Asia the one of interest to this
investigation.
23
Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and
International Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
24
Andrew Gamble and Anthony Payne, eds., Regionalism and World Order (New York: Macmillan Press,
1996).
17
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
Regionalism in Asia. Critical Issues in Modern Politics25, edited by See Seng
Tan gives an amazing quantity of excellent information related to regionalism in Asia
and it constitutes a substantial piece for narrowing down the central issue of this thesis,
regional cooperation in South East Asia through ASEAN issues. Even though it doesn’t
cover our topic specifically (disaster management in ASEAN) it is good enough
because it gives more details that the other books in this section don’t. It is logically
divided in four volumes. The first one explores ASEAN and international relations
theory. Volume II focuses on the Association’s history and evolution from its origins to
today. Special emphasis will be given to Volume III for the reason that examines panAsian intergovernmental regionalisms by collecting the most important thinking on the
‘new regionalism’. For example, Asian intergovernmental institutions; the overall lack
of strategic coherence; the overlap of some agendas in the region; conflict or
complement; and the implications for the region as a whole. Finally, Volume IV
highlights the interesting fact on how non-governmental organizations look at the
regionalization processes in Asia and how they can influence politics and security issues
in the region.
Kripa Sridharan and T.C.A. Srinivasa-Raghavan in their Regional Cooperation
in South Asia and Southeast Asia26 offer a comparative draft of regionalism in South
and Southeast Asia in the light of recent regional developments. The authors analyze the
highs and lows of regional experience in South Asia but also the one in Southeast Asia
through ASEAN, pointing out that economic integration requires certain prior
conditions to be satisfied and does not happen simply because governments wish it to
occur.
Lastly, in a much deeper context, Estrella D Solidum presents in her The politics
of ASEAN: an Introduction to Southeast Asian Regionalism27 a substantial review of the
region and on how ASEAN has been shaping regionalism in South East Asia. The
author covers what is mandatory to know regarding ASEAN such as the genesis of
ASEAN and its early experiences with the concept of cooperation. A brief historical
background of each member state is delivered to contribute to the knowledge of
individual ASEAN members and the nature of cooperation in the region. It also includes
25
See Seng Tan, ed., Regionalism in Asia. Critical Issues in Modern Politics (Oxford: Routledge, 2009).
Kripa Sridharan, and T.C.A. Srinivasa-Raghavan. Regional Cooperation in South Asia and Southeast
Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 2007).
27
Estrella D Solidum, The politics of ASEAN: an Introduction to Southeast Asian Regionalism (Singapore:
Eastern Universities Press, 2003).
26
18
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
vital documents of the organization the ASEAN Declaration of 1967, the Kuala Lumpur
Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality of 1971, the Treaty of
Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia of 1976, and the most recent ASEAN Vision
2020, created in 1997.
2. Security issues in South East Asia.
Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security28 by Barry Buzan
and Ole Wæver is quite a reference in security issues. This book will help to get the
basic ideas of security issues in the context of regionalism and how these regional
patterns have been affecting and shaping the world politics. Even though the focus is in
the post Cold-War era, it also deals with the historical topics of each region. It is a must
read and a solid piece for this investigation.
Anthony Mely Caballero in his Regional Security in Southeast Asia: Beyond the
ASEAN Way 29 goes beyond the general issues of regions in the world focusing its
attention in how ASEAN deals with security in South East Asia. The author examines
ASEAN's mechanisms in managing challenges and threats to regional security. Its
extensive analyses of the ASEAN story of managing regional security cover the
different phases of ASEAN's development as a regional organization and explore the
perceptible changes that have occurred in regional mechanisms of conflict management.
Finally, and related to the text mentioned above, Constructing a Security
Community in South East Asia: ASEAN and the problem of Regional Order30 by Amitav
Acharya delivers an exceptional research and analysis of the evolution of ASEAN and
how it behaves with conflict management, debating the ASEAN non-interference
doctrine, which in the case of disaster management shows how negatively affected in
the 2004 disaster response by ASEAN.
3. Disaster Management.
28
Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2003).
29
Anthony Mely Caballero, Regional Security in Southeast Asia: Beyond the ASEAN Way (Singapore:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005).
30
Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in South East Asia: ASEAN and the problem of
Regional Order (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2009).
19
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
Jack Pinkowski, as the editor of Disaster Management Handbook31, made a solid
contribution to the academic field by presenting an analytical critique of the
multidisciplinary issues of preparedness, response, and recovery in preventing and the
reconstruction involved after disasters. In its introduction presents the theoretical
constructs and conceptual foundations of disaster management being essential for the
theoretical aspects of this thesis. Pinkowski reviews the connection of modern
development to disaster vulnerability, the politics of disaster management, leadership,
and the role of agency coordination. Another important section provides some case
studies and lessons learned through natural disasters around the world. Interestingly
enough for future contributions for this research is the final section which present
strategies for limiting and ameliorating the psychological impact of disaster on victims
and personnel, and look forward to how societies can be better prepared and rebuild
stronger and resilient communities.
The excellent work created by Anna K Schwab and various authors titled
Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness: Building Resilient Communities32 is one of the
favorites for different academics in the field of disaster and emergency management.
This vast elaborated study presents the major principles involved in preparing for and
mitigating the impacts of hazards in emergency management. It gives a precise
definition of the classifications of hazards and disasters, including meteorological and
hydrological hazards, geological hazards, and manmade hazards. It will be impossible to
have a better knowledge of this area without the reading of this text. This resource also
provides real-world examples of different tools and techniques that emergency
managers can use to reduce the impact of different types of hazards.
Disaster Management: Global Challenges and Local Solutions33 by the editors
Rajib Shaw and R.R. Krishnamurthy focus on some of the topics of disaster
management at the local level, narrowing it down to innovative research and
applications. The authors looked at different types of hazards and disasters and examine
the interrelated themes of risk and vulnerability, technology, education, and community.
It is indeed an essential research for a holistic understanding of key issues related to
disaster management in the contemporary world.
31
Jack Pinkowski, ed., Disaster Management Handbook (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008).
Anna K Schwab, et.al., Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness: Building Resilient Communities
(Hoboken: Wiley, 2007).
33
Rajib Shaw and R.R. Krishnamurthy, eds., Disaster Management: Global Challenges and Local
Solutions (Himayatnagar, India: Universities Press, 2009).
32
20
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
The work by David E. Alexander, Principles of Emergency Planning and
Management 34 yields a comprehensive background for effective preparation for
disasters, a general introduction to the methods, procedures, protocols and strategies of
emergency planning. The author focuses on general principles of emergency planning
and management. A comprehensive all-hazards approach is adopted, with frequent
reference to the most important individual hazards and the planning and management
needs that they create.
Finally, Natural Disaster Reduction: South East Asian Realities, Risk Perception
and Global Strategies35 by Dilip Kumar Sinha puts an special attention on exposing the
coastal vulnerability of South East Asia as the world saw it in 2004. The author seeks to
bring the characteristics of the disastrous events of the region to the fore, by not only
presenting fragilities of South East Asia but also giving real possibilities for coping with
natural disasters. This book is a substantial work for the realization of this thesis
because provides a good general background of the most repeated disasters in the area
and also pays a particular concern to the communities at risk and their responses.
34
David E. Alexander, Principles of Emergency Planning and Management (N.Y.: Oxford University
Press, 2002).
35
Dilip Kumar Sinha, Natural Disaster Reduction: South East Asian Realities, Risk Perception and
Global Strategies (London; New York: Anthem, 2007).
21
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
IX. Chapter Arrangement:
Introduction
1. Background.
2. Research Objectives.
3. Research Scope.
4. Theoretical Framework.
5. Hypothesis.
6. Methodology.
7. Chapter Arrangement.
I. Chapter 1: What is a Disaster?
1.1. Definitions.
1.2. Disasters vs. Hazards, Emergencies, Catastrophes.
1.3. Classifications:
1.3.1. Natural Disasters:
1.3.2.
1.3.1.1. Meteorological.
1.3.1.2. Geological.
1.3.1.3. Hydrological.
1.3.1.4. Extraterrestrial.
Man Made Disasters:
1.3.2.1. Technological.
1.3.2.2. Terrorism.
II. Chapter 2: Unveiling Disaster Management.
2.1. Definition.
2.2. Overview.
2.3. Phases:
2.3.1. Mitigation.
2.3.2. Preparedness.
2.3.3. Response.
2.3.4. Recovery.
2.4. Disaster vs. Emergency Management:
2.4.1. Differences.
2.4.2. Principles of Emergency Management.
2.4.3. Theories of Disaster / Emergency Management.
22
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
III. Chapter 3: SEA Regional Cooperation on Disaster
Management.
3.1. Overview.
3.2. Regional Cooperation in SEA (Background).
3.3. ASEAN:
3.3.1. What is ASEAN?
3.3.2. Components.
3.4. ASEAN and Disaster Management:
3.4.1. Overview.
3.4.2. “ASEAN Declaration on Mutual
Assistance on Natural Disasters”.
3.4.3. ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM):
3.4.3.1. What is?
3.4.3.2. Functions.
3.4.3.3. Integrating Body.
3.4.4. ASEAN Regional Programme on Disaster Management.
3.4.5. ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management.
3.5. Other Institutions and Agencies on Disaster Management in SEA:
3.5.1. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC):
3.5.1.1. Overview.
3.5.1.2. Functions.
IV. Chapter 4: The 2004 Disaster and ASEAN Response.
4.1. Brief Background of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and
Tsunami.
4.2. The ASEAN Response:
4.2.1. Reaction/Official Statements.
4.2.2. Aid Provided by Nations of ASEAN.
4.2.3. Recovery Plans.
4.3. Response by other international actors in the disaster:
4.3.1. The European Union:
4.3.1.1. Response.
4.3.1.2. Humanitarian Aid.
4.3.2. The United Nations:
4.3.2.1. Response.
4.3.2.2. Humanitarian Aid.
4.4. Implications:
4.4.1. Contrasting the Responses with ASEAN:
4.4.1.1. Supporting Arguments.
4.4.1.2. Critics.
23
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
V. Chapter 5: Disaster Management in SEA: A Work in
Progress?
5.1. New implementations:
5.1.1. ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance
(AHA Centre).
5.1.2. ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and
Emergency Response (AADMER).
5.1.3. ASEAN Disaster Information Sharing and Communication
Network (ASEAN DISCNET).
5.1.4. ASEAN Day for Disaster Management.
5.1.5. ASEAN Community 2015 and Disaster Management.
5.2. Exercises and Prevention:
5.2.1. ASEAN Regional Disaster Response Simulation Exercise
(ARDEX).
5.2.2. Examples.
5.3. Official Statements on Disaster Management.
5.4. Is ASEAN Disaster Management Still a Work in Progress?:
5.4.1. Supporting Arguments.
5.4.2. Critics.
Conclusions
1. Evaluations.
2. Major Research Findings.
3. Limitations.
4. Suggestions for Future Research.
Bibliography
1. Primary Sources.
2. Secondary Sources.
Annexes
24
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
X. Bibliography:
a. Books.
- Acharya, Amitav. Constructing a Security Community in South East Asia: ASEAN and
the problem of Regional Order. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2009
- Alexander, David E. Principles of Emergency Planning and Management.
N.Y.:Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Asian Development Bank. Disaster Mitigation in Asia and the Pacific. Manila,
Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 1991.
- Beeson, Mark. Contemporary Southeast Asia. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan,
2009.
- Bhavnani R. Natural Disaster Conflicts. Harvard University, February 2006.
- Blaikie, P., T. Cannon, I. Davis and B. Wisner. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s
Vulnerability and Disasters. Routledge: London, 1994.
- Buzan, Barry and Wæver, Ole. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International
Security. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- Cahill, Kevin M, ed. Basics of International Humanitarian Missions. New York:
Fordham University Press, 2003.
- Evans, Paul M. “Between Regionalism and Regionalization: Policy Networks and the
Nascent East Asian Institutional Identity”, in T. J. Pempel (ed.), Remapping East Asia:
The Construction of a Region. Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 195–215.
- FOCUS ON THE GLOBAL SOUTH. Revisiting Southeast Asian Regionalism.
Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University, 2006.
- Foxley, Alejandro. Regional Trade Blocs: the Way to the Future? Washington D.C.:
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010.
- Fawcett, Louise and Hurrell, Andrew. Regionalism in World Politics: Regional
Organization and International Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Gamble, Andrew and Payne, Anthony (eds.). Regionalism and World Order. New
York: Macmillan Press, 1996.
- Ganguly, Sumit; Scobell, Andrew and Joseph Chinyong Liow. The Routledge
Handbook of Asian Security Studies. London: Routledge, 2010.
- Ginsburg, Tom. Eastphalia and Asian Regionalism. University of California, Davis.
Vol. 44:859.
- Heidhues, Mary Somers. Southeast Asia: A Concise History. London: Thames &
Hudson, 2000.
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. World Disasters
Report. 2007.
- International Recovery Platform. Post Disaster Damage Data Management Tool.
- ISDR. Gender Perspective: Working Together for Disaster Risk Reduction. Good
Practices and Lessons Learned, 2007.
- Iseas, Asc. The ASEAN Community: Unblocking the Roadblocks. Singapore: Institute
of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
- Jackson, Robert and Sørensen, Georg. Introduction to International Relations:
Theories and Approaches. Fourth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
25
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
- Kimura, Michio (ed.) Multi-Layered Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia after the
Cold War. Japan : IDE-JETRO, 1995.
- Koehler, G.A., G.G. Kress and R.L. Miller.. “What Disaster Response Management
Can Learn From Chaos Theory.” Pp. 293-308 in Farazmand, A. (ed.) Handbook of
Crisis and Emergency Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001.
- Koh, Tommy, et.al, eds. The Making of the ASEAN Charter. Hackensack, NJ : World
Scientific Publishing, 2009.
- Kreimer, Alcira, and Margaret Arnold, eds. Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging
Economies. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000.
- Lindell, Michael K., et.al. Introduction to Emergency Management. John Wiley and
Sons, 2006.
- Magstadt, Thomas M. Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional
Perspective. Sixth Edition. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
- Magstadt, Thomas M. Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. Ninth
Edition. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.
- McGrew, A. and Brook C. (eds.). Asia Pacific in the New World Order. London, New
York: Routledge, 1998.
- Mely Caballero, Anthony. Regional Security in Southeast Asia: Beyond the ASEAN
Way. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.
- Moss, David A. When All Else Fails: Government as the Ultimate Risk Manager.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.
- Narine, Shaun. Explaining ASEAN: Regionalism in Southeast Asia. Boulder, CO:
Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
- NGO Working Group on Conflict and Peace and the DEC, Meeting Minutes Tsunami
and Conflict – Sharing Learning on Conflict Sensitivity in Disaster Response. 15 May
2006. (hosted by SCF UK).
- Nye, Joseph. “Introduction”. International Regionalism: Readings. Boston : Little,
Brown and Company, 1968.
- OCHA- Mission Report Gender Outcomes & Reflections-Aceh, OCHA, Indonesia
2008Prevention Consortium, Measuring Mitigation: Methodologies for assessing
natural hazard risk and the net benefits of mitigation. A scoping study/Synthesis report,
2004.
- OCHA. OCHA’s Role Supporting Risk Reduction in Humanitarian Action. OCHA
Policy Instruction, 21 May 2007.
- Oxfam GB and UNFPA, Minza, W, Gender and Changes in Tsunami-Affected Villages
in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, December 2005.
- Oxfam, The Tsunami Impact on Women, Oxfam Briefing Note, March 2006.
- Palmer, Ronald D. and Thomas J Reckford. Building ASEAN: Twenty Years of
Southeast Asian Cooperation. New York: Praeger, 1987.
- Pinkowski, Jack, ed. Disaster Management Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
2008.
- Quarantelli, E.L. What is a Disaster? Routledge: New York, 1998.
- Renner, Michael and Zoe Chafe, ed. Beyond Disasters: Creating Opportunities for
Peace. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 2007.
- Ritzer, George. Globalization: A basic text. West Sussex : Wiley-Blackwell
Publishing, 2010.
- Ritzer, George. Globalization: A basic text. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing,
2010.
- Ruggie, John G. (ed.). Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an
Institutional Form. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
26
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
- Schneid, Thomas D., and, Larry R. Collins. Disaster Management and Preparedness.
Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 2001.
- Schwab, Anna K, et.al. Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness: Building Resilient
Communities. Hoboken: Wiley, 2007.
- Severino, Rodolfo C. The ASEAN Regional Forum. Singapore : Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies, 2009.
- Severino, Rodolfo C. Southeast Asia in Search of an ASEAN Community: Insights
from the Former ASEAN Secretary-General. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies, 2006.
- Shambaugh, David and Michael Yahuda. International Relations of Asia. Rawman &
Littlefield Publishers, Inc: Lanham, London, Toronto, the UK, 2008.
- Shaw, Rajib, and R.R. Krishnamurthy, eds. Disaster Management: Global Challenges
and Local Solutions. Himayatnagar, India: Universities Press, 2009.
- Sheehan, Michael. International Security: An Analytical Survey. London: Lynne
Rienner, 2005.
- Sinha, Dilip Kumar. Natural Disaster Reduction: South East Asian Realities, Risk
Perception and Global Strategies. London; New York: Anthem, 2007.
- Sinha, P. C., ed. Encyclopedia of Disaster Management. 10 v., 1st Edition. New Delhi:
Anmol Publications, 1998.
- Soemardjan, Selo. "Introduction" & EstrellaD. Solidum, "The Role of Certain Sectors
in Shaping and Articulating the ASEAN Way", in R.P. Anand & Purificacion V.
Quisumbing (eds.), ASEAN: Identity, Development and Culture. Manila: U.P. Law
Center and East-West Center Culture Learning Institute, 1981.
- Solidum, Estrella D. The politics of ASEAN: an Introduction to Southeast Asian
Regionalism. Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
- Sridharan, Kripa, and T.C.A. Srinivasa-Raghavan. Regional Cooperation in South
Asia and Southeast Asia. Singapore: ISEAS, 2007.
- Tan, See Seng (ed.) Regionalism in Asia. Critical Issues in Modern Politics. Oxford:
Routledge, 2009.
- The Madrid Report. A European Way of Security, Human Security Study Group,
November 2007.
- The World Bank. Development Actions and the Rising Incidence of Disasters
Evaluation Brief 4. Washington, D.C.: Independent Evaluation Group, 2007.
- The World Bank. Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development. An IEG Evaluation of
World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,
2006.
- Theodore, Louis, et.al. Accident and Emergency Management. New York: Wiley,
1989.
- Thorburn, C. “Drivers of Recovery: Tsunami Reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia”, T
hree Years On, Monash University, Building Resilience, I-REC, 2008.
- Ullah, A.K.M. Ahsan, 2011, Displaced, Disabled and Disturbed: Narratives of
Trauma and Resilience among Acehnese Survivors of the 2004 Tsunami, NTS-Asia
Research Paper No. 7, Singapore: RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS)
Studies for NTS-Asia.
- UN HABITAT. Concept Brief Assessing Vulnerability in Disaster and Post Conflict
Situations.
- UNEP. Discussion Paper: Developing a UNEP Strategic Framework for Risk
Reduction, Emergency Response and Recovery. UNEP, May 2007.
- UNEP. Environment and Security Risk Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning.
Conclusions from the Meeting, Vienna, February 16-17 2004.
27
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
- UNEP. Report on in-house workshop on UNEP post-conflict and disaster management
activities. Nairobi, September 2006.
- UNEP. Sudan Post-Conflict Environment Assessment, 2007.
- UNEP. Understanding Environment, Conflict and Cooperation, 2004.
- UNIFEM. UNIFEM Responds to the Tsunami Tragedy One Year Later: A Report
Card, 2005.
- United Nations Development Programme. DISASTER-CONFLICT INTERFACE
Comparative experiences. New York: Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, 2011
- Weatherbee, Donald E. International Relations in Southeast Asia: the Struggle for
Autonomy. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009
- World Conference on Disaster Reduction, Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015:
Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. 18-22 Jan 2005, Kobe
Japan.
b. Journals and Magazines.
- Abramovitz, J. “Unnatural Disasters”. Worldwatch, paper Nr. 158, (2001).
- Acharya, Amitav. “A Regional Security Community in Southeast Asia?”. Journal of
Strategic Studies 18, 3, (1995): 175–200.
- Acharya, Amitav. “Ideas, Identity, and Institution-Building: From the “ASEAN Way”
to the “Asia-Pacific Way”’. Pacific Review 10, 3 (1997): 319–46.
- Acharya, Amitav. “Realism, Institutionalism and the Asian Financial Crisis”.
Contemporary Southeast Asia 21, (1999): 1–29.
- Acharya, Amitav. “Regional Military-Security Cooperation in the Third World: A
Conceptual Analysis of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations”. Journal of Peace
Research 29, 1 (1992): 7–21.
- Acharya, Amitav. “Will Asia’s Past Be its Future?”. International Security 28, 3
(2003): 149–64.
- Antolik, Michael. “The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): The Spirit of Constructive
Engagement”. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 16:2 (September 1994): 117-136.
- Antonio L Rappa. “Thailand’s Floods: Political and Security Impact”, S. Rajaratnam
School of International Studies, NTU. Singapore, No. 161/2011 (2011).
- Arndt, H.W. “Anatomy of Regionalism”. Journal of Asian Economics Vol. 4, No. 2,
(1993): pp. 271-282.
- Berke, P.R., J. Kartez, and D. Wenger.. “Recovery after Disaster: Achieving
Sustainable Development, Mitigation and Equity.” Disasters 17 (2) (1993): 93-108.
- Berke, P.R.. “Natural Hazard Reduction and Sustainable Development: A Global
Reassessment.” Center for Urban and Regional Studies Working Paper no. S95-02.,
(1995).
- Busse, Nikolas. “Constructivism and Southeast Asian Security”. Pacific Review 12, 1,
(1999): 39–60.
- Buzan, Barry. “Security Architecture in Asia: The Interplay of Regional and Global
Levels”. Pacific Review, 16, 2 (2003): 143–73.
- Camilleri, Joseph. “East Asia’s Emerging Regionalism: Tensions and Potential in
Design and Architecture”. Global Change, Peace and Security 17, 3 (2005): 253–61.
- Cheeseman, Graeme, “Asia-Pacific Security Discourse in the Wake of the Asian
Economic Crisis”, Pacific Review 12, 3 (1999): 333–56.
- Chong, Alan. “Southeast Asia: Theory between Modernization and Tradition”.
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7, 3 (2007): 391–438.
28
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
- Comfort, L., B. Wisner, S. Cutter, R. Pulwarty, K. Hewitt, A. Oliver Smith, J. Wiener,
M. Fordman, W. Peacock and R. Krimgold. “Reframing Disaster Policy: The Global
Evolution of Vulnerable Communities.” Environmental Hazards 1 (1999): 39-44.
- Dankelman I., et al. “Gender, Climate Change and Human Security”. Newsletter,
Environment, Conflict and Cooperation Platform, 2008.
- Denoon, David B. H. and Evelyn Colbert. “Challenges for the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)”. Pacific Affairs 71:4 (1998), 505-523.
- Dewitt, David B. “Common, Comprehensive, and Cooperative Security”. Pacific
Review 7, 1 (1994): 1–15.
- Eaton, Sarah and Richard Stubbs. “Is ASEAN Powerful? Neo-Realist Versus
Constructivist Approaches to Power in Southeast Asia”. Pacific Review 19, 2 (2006):
135–55.
- Elliot, Lorraine. “ASEAN and Environmental Cooperation: Norms, Interests and
Identity”. Pacific Review 16, 1 (2003): 29–52.
- Emmerson, Donald K. ‘“Southeast Asia”: What’s in a Name?’ Journal of Southeast
Asian Studies 15, 1 (1984): 1–21.
- Emmerson, Donald K. “ASEAN as an International Regime”. Journal of International
Affairs 4, 4 (1987): 1–16.
- Fifield, Russell H. “ASEAN: Image and Reality”. Asian Survey 19, 12 (1979): 1199–
208.
- Funston, John. “ASEAN: Out of its Depth?” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 20:1
(1998): 22-37.
- Funston, John. “Challenges Facing ASEAN in a More Complex Age”. Contemporary
Southeast Asia, 21:2 (1999): 205-219.
- Haacke, Jürgen. “ASEAN’s Diplomatic and Security Culture: A Constructivist
Assessment”. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 3, 1 (2003): 57–87.
- Huisken, Ron. “Civilizing the Anarchical Society: Multilateral Security Processes in
the Asia-Pacific”. Contemporary Southeast Asia 24, 2 (2002): 187–202.
- Huxley, Tim. “Southeast Asia in the Study of International Relations: The Rise and
Decline of a Region”. Pacific Review 9, 2 (1996): 199–228.
- Jones, David Martin and Michael L. R. Smith. “ASEAN’s Imitation Community”.
Orbis, 46, 1 (2002): 93–109.
- Jones, David Martin and Michael L. R. Smith. “Is There a Sovietology of South-East
Asian Studies?”. International Affairs 77, 4 (2001): 843–65.
- Kang, David C. “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’.
International Security 27, 4 (2003): 57–85.
- Katsumata, Hiro. “Reconstruction of Diplomatic Norms in Southeast Asia: The Case
for Strict Adherence to the “ASEAN Way”. Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, 1 (2003):
104–21.
- Katzenstein, Peter J. “Regionalism in Comparative Perspective”. Cooperation and
Conflict 31, 2 (1996).
- Khoo, Nicholas. “Deconstructing the ASEAN Security Community: A Review Essay”.
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 4, 1 (2004): 35–46.
- Kivimäki, Timo. ‘The Long Peace of ASEAN’. Journal of Peace Research 38, 1
(2001): 5–25.
- Kurlantzick, Joshua, “Pax Asia‐Pacifica? East Asian Integration and Its Implications
- Kurus, Bilson. “The ASEAN Triad: National Interest, Consensus-Seeking, and
Economic Co-operation”. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 16:4 (1995): 404-420.
- Murthy, RK et al. “Gendered Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation: Issues and
Recommendations”. Womankind Worldwide, 2005
29
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
- Narine, Shaun. “Institutional Theory and Southeast Asia: The Case of ASEAN”.
World Affairs161, 1 (1998): 33–47.
- Narine, Shaun. “The English School and ASEAN”. Pacific Review 19, 2 (2006): 199–
218.
- Natural Hazards Observer. “Fostering Peace in Post Disaster Regions – an invited
comment”. Volume XXX, 6 (July 2006).
- Nischalke, Tobias Ingo. “Insights from ASEAN’s Foreign Policy Cooperation: The
‘ASEAN Way’, a Real Spirit or a Phantom?” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 22:1
(2000): 89-112.
- Peou, Sorpong. “Realism and Constructivism in Southeast Asian Security Studies
Today: A Review Essay”. Pacific Review 15, 1 (2002): 119–38.
- Quarantelli, E.L.. “What Is a Disaster?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies
and Disasters 13 (3) (1995): 221-229.
- Ramcharan, Robin. “ASEAN and Non-interference: A Principle Maintained”.
Contemporary Southeast Asia, 22: 1 (2000): 60-88.
- Ravenhill, John. “A Three Bloc World? The New East Asian Regionalism”.
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 2, 2 (2002): 167–95.
- Ravenhill, John. “The ‘new East Asian regionalism’: A political domino effect”.
Review of International Political Economy (2010).
- Simon, Sheldon W. “Realism and Neoliberalism: International Relations Theory and
Southeast Asian Security”. Pacific Review 8, 1 (1995): 5–24.
- Simon, Sheldon W. “The ASEAN Economic Crisis and ASEAN Political and Security
Concerns”. International Studies Notes, 23:3 (1998): 1-7.
- Smith, D and Vivekananda J. “A Climate of Conflict: the Links between Climate
Change, Peace and War”. International Alert, UK, (2007).
- Smith, L. and D.M. Jones. “ASEAN, Asian Values and Southeast Asian Security in
the New World Order”, Contemporary Security Policy 18: 3 (1997): 126-156.
- Smith, M. L. and Jones, D. M. “ASEAN, Asian values and Southeast Asian security in
the new world order”. Contemporary Security Policy 18: 3 (1997): 126 -156
- Soon, Lau Teik. “ASEAN Diplomacy: National Interest and Regionalism”. Journal of
Asian and African Studies XXV, ½ (1990): 114–27.
- Tan, See Seng. “Rescuing Constructivism from the Constructivists: A Critical Reading
of Constructivist Interventions in Southeast Asian Security”. Pacific Review 19, 2
(2006): 239–60.
- Tay, Simon S. C. and Obood Talib. “The ASEAN Regional Forum: Preparing for
Preventive Diplomacy”. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 19:3 (1997): 252-268.
- Weichselgartner, J.. “Disaster Mitigation: The Concept of Vulnerability Revisited.”
Disaster Prevention and Management 10 (2) (2001): 85-94.
- Yang Razali Kassim. “The 19th ASEAN Summit: Tackling Floods, Food and
Stability”. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. Singapore. No.
166/2011 (2011).
- Yang, Razali Kassim. From Aceh to Chile: is ASEAN Prepared for Another Disaster?
March 1, 2010. S. Rajaratman School of International Studies, Nanyang Technology
University.
- “ASEAN’s Policy Toward ASEM”. EAST ASIAN REVIEW Vol.13, No 4, Winter 2001,
pp. 79-92 2001, The Institute for East Asian Studies.
- Countries Disaster Risks Assessment. December 2010. for the United States”. The
Washington Quarterly, 30 (3) (2007): 67‐77.
30
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
c. Presentations, Speeches.
- Caballero, Anthony Mely. “Nontraditional Security and Multilateralism in Asia:
Reshaping the Contours of Regional Security Architecture?” Policy Analysis Brief. The
Stanley Foundation, June 2007.
- Chau, Andrew. “Security Community and Southeast Asia: Australia, the U.S. and
ASEAN’s Counter-terror Strategy”, 2008.
- Harvey, R. “Aceh Looks for a New Political Future”. BBC News Online, 21 March
2005.
- Leifer, Michael. ASEAN’s Search for Regional Order. National University of
Singapore, 1987.
- Lin, Chin Ming. “The Role of Mid‐power Countries in Asia‐Pacific Regional
Integration”. Paper prepared for the 2011 Annual conference on Taiwan’s Southeast
Asian Studies, Tamsui, New Taipei, April 29‐30, 2011.
- McDonald, B, and Gaulin T. “Environmental Change, Conflict, and Adaptation:
Evidence from Cases”. University of California, Irvine, March 2002.
- McEntire, David A. “The Status of Emergency Management Theory: Issues, Barriers,
and Recommendations for Improved Scholarship”. Paper Presented at the FEMA
Higher Education Conference June 8, 2004, Emmitsburg, MD
- Michel, Louis. “Post-tsunami Relief Effort: The Commission’s Humanitarian
Response and the Need for Sound Aid Management”, SPEECH/05/177, 15 March 2005.
- Mitchell, Derek J, ed. “The United States and Southeast Asia: Toward a Strategy for
- Pelling, M and Dill K. ‘Natural’ Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action. Briefing
Paper 06/01, Chatham House ISP/NSC, Kings College.
- Söderbaum, Fredrik. “Consolidating Comparative Regionalism: From Euro-centrism
to Global Comparison”. Paper for the GARNET 2008 Annual Conference, Sciences Po
Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux 17-19 September.
- Solano, Javier. “Graduation Ceremony ESDC High Level Training Course”,
Stockholm, March 17, 2006, page 4.
- Thayer, Carlyle A. “Revitalizing U.S. Engagement in Asia: The Obama
Administration and the Challenge of NonTraditional Security Issues”.
- The Stanley Foundation. “Nontraditional Security Threats in Southeast Asia”, 44th
Strategy for Peace Conference. Airlie Center, Warrenton, VA. October 16-18, 2003.
Enhanced Engagement”. A Conference Report of the CSIS Southeast Asia Initiative.
Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2008.
d. Electronic Resources.
- ASEAN. “ACDM Joint Statement on the Occasion of the 4th Ministerial Conference
for Disaster Risk Reduction”, Incheon, Republic of Korea, October 25-28, 2010,
http://www.asean.org/19644.htm
- ASEAN. “Announcement by the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management
(ACDM): ASEAN to Test Regional Emergency Response and Humanitarian Assistance
Capacities in a Simulated Flood Disaster in Cambodia”, September 6, 2006,
http://www.asean.org/23166.htm
- ASEAN. “Announcement by the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management
(ACDM): ASEAN’s Regional Emergency Response and Humanitarian Assistance
Capacities Put to the Test in Simulated Typhoon Disaster Scenario”, August 22, 2008,
http://www.asean.org/23169.htm
31
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
- ASEAN. “ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response”.
Vientiane, July 26, 2005, http://www.asean.org/17579.htm
- ASEAN. “ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response”.
Work Programme 2010-2015. Adopted by the 15th Meeting of the ASEAN Committee
on Disaster Management (ACDM), 11-12 March 2010, Singapore.
- ASEAN. “ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance on Natural Disasters”. Manila,
June 26, 1976, http://www.asean.org/17455.htm
- ASEAN. “ASEAN Standby Arrangements for Disaster Relief and Emergency
Response”, http://standby.aseansec.org/
- ASEAN. “Development of the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and
Emergency Response”, http://www.asean.org/18441.htm
- ASEAN. “Leadership in Asia After Tsunami”, Remarks Delivered by H.E. Ong Keng
Yong, Secretary-General of ASEAN at the Asia Leadership Conference 2005”, Seoul,
March 3, 2005, http://www.asean.org/17302.htm
- ASEAN. “Press Release of the ASEAN Mounts First Regional Disaster Emergency
Response Simulation Exercise”. September 16, 2005, http://www.asean.org/17734.htm
- ASEAN. “PRESS RELEASE ASEAN in Action: Coordinated Emergency Response
for Earthquake Victims in Indonesia”. 7 June 2006. http://www.asean.org/18465.htm
- ASEAN. “Second Announcement by the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management
(ACDM). Fourth ASEAN Regional Disaster Emergency Response Simulation Exercise
Kicks off in Thailand”, August 27, 2008, http://www.asean.org/19644.htm
- ASEAN. “Seven Cardinal Rules of Regional Partnership: Lessons from Tsunami
2004”, by H.E. Ong Keng Yong, Secretary-General, Association of Southeast Asian
Nations at the Third Asia-Pacific Homeland Security Summit and Exposition”,
Honolulu, USA, September 23, 2005, http://www.asean.org/17767.htm
- ASEAN. “Special ASEAN Leaders Meeting on Aftermath of Earthquake and
Tsunami”. Jakarta, January 6, 2005, http://www.asean.org/17066.htm
- ASEAN. “Statement from the Chairman of the ASEAN Committee on Disaster
Management”. http://www.asean.org/18465.htm
CNN.
“Asia
quake
death
toll
tops
13,000”,
December
27,
2004, http://edition.cnn.com/
- Focus on the Global South Official Website. Revisiting South East Asian Regionalism.
Edited by Focus on the Global South. December 2006. Available online at:
http://www.focusweb.org/pdf/ASEAN%20dossier2006-full.pdf
- Glasius, Marlies. “The EU response to the Asian tsunami and the need for a human
security approach” in The European Union and Human Security - External
Interventions and Missions, ed. Mary Martin et.al. USA:Routledge, 2009.
- Pacific Disaster Center. “Mega Disasters – a Global “Tipping Point” in Natural
Disaster Policy, Planning and Development”, Maui, Hawaii, August 15-16, 2006,
http://www.asean.org/23163.htm
- Schulze, Kirsten (2005) Between Conflict and Peace: Tsunami Aid and
Reconstruction
in
Aceh,
18
November
2005,
available
at
http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/humansectsunami.htm
- Terra Daily. “Sumatra quake fifth-largest since 1900: USGS”, December 26, 2004,
http://www.terradaily.com/
- What on Earth. “Example from Indonesian Islands, Plate Tectonics”,
http://whatonearth.olehnielsen.dk/Tectonics.asp
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/discours/88870.p
df
32
Student: Agustin A. Julio, 古立鷗
699330519
Thesis Advisor: 李大中, Da-jung Li (Ph.D.)
Date: November 1, 2011
e. Websites.
- ASEAN Official website, http://www.asean.org/
- Multi-Donor Trust Funds Office website, http://mdtf.undp.org/overview/funds
- ASEAN Blogger, http://aseanblogger.com/
- ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management (AMMDM) website,
http://www.asean.org/19599.htm
- British Broadcasting Channel (BBC) website, http://www.bbc.com/
- Centre for Non-traditional Security Studies,
http://www.rsis.edu.sg/nts/resources.asp?selsubcat=publications
- CNN website, http://edition.cnn.com/
- Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/
- European Investment Bank (EIB) website, http://www.eib.org/
- Focus on the Global South website, http://www.focusweb.org/
- Foreign Affairs website, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/
- Human Security Gateway, http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/index.php
- International Relations and Security Network, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/
- ISDR, Draft Framework to Guide and Monitor Disaster Risk Reduction,
http://www.unisdr.org/dialogue/
- Terra Daily website, http://www.terradaily.com/
- The ASEAN Regional Programme on Disaster Management,
http://www.asean.org/18455.htm
- The European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) website,
http://ec.europa.eu/echo/index_en.htm
- The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System website, http://www.gdacs.org/
- The International Crisis Group website, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en.aspx
- The International Development Research Centre, Gender and Disaster Sourcebook,
- The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC),
http://www.ifrc.org/en/
- The Jamestown Foundation website, http://www.jamestown.org/
- The Prevention Web, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/?logotext
- The United Nations University - Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNUCRIS), http://www.cris.unu.edu/
- The World Bank website, http://www.worldbank.org/
- United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) website,
http://www.unisdr.org/
- What on Earth website, http://whatonearth.olehnielsen.dk/Tectonics.asp
www.gdnonline.org/sourcebook.htm
33