LIFE SCIENCE II
EXAM #3
KEY WORDS/CONCEPTS
HEART/BLOOD: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, HEART BLOOD VESSELS,
BLOOD; FUNCTIONS: CARRY GASES, NUTRIENTS, WASTES, IMPORTANT FOR
RESPIRATORY, DISGESTIVE, URINARY SYSTEMS; BLOOD: RED, WHITE CELLS,
PLATELETS, NUTRIENTS, VITAMINS, MINERALS, WATER, WASTES, GASES (O2,
CO2), HORMONES, PROTEINS (HEMOGLOBIN), CELLS VS. PLASMA, O2 NEEDED
FOR CELL RESPIRATION; CO2- WASTE FROM CELL RESPIRATION, LUNGS,
EXHALATION; BLOOD CELLS- RED BLOOD CELLS; RED BLOOD CELLS- NO
NUCLEUS, STEM CELLS, WHITE CELLS: IMMUNE SYSTEM, PLATELETS:
CLOTTING: NORMAL VS. ABNORMAL, PLASMA: PROTEIN, ALBUMIN,
FIBRINOGEN, IMMNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES), LIPOPROTEINS, BLOOD
VESSELS: ARTERY, ARTERIOLE, CAPILLARY, VENULE, VEIN, CIRCULATION:
HEART

ARTERIES

CAPILLARIES

VEINS

HEART;
VASOCONSTRICTION, VASODILATION, PULSE, RESTING HEART RATE, BE
ABLE TO TRACE BLOOD FROM CAPILLARY BED THROUGH HEART BACK TO
CAPILLARY BED; ATRIA, VALVES, VENTRICLES, PULMONARY ARTERIES,
VEINS, AORTA, OXYGENATED VS. DEOXYGENATED BLOOD, HEART
MURMURS, HEART SOUNDS, CAPILLARY BED: EXCHANGE OXYGEN, GLUCOSE
INTO TISSUES, CO2 OUT OF TISSUES INTO CAPILLARIES: DIFFUSION,
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT: IN/OUT BLOOD, IN/OUT LUNGS, IN/OUT
TISSUES; WATER DIFFUSION BY OSMOSIS IN CAPILLARY BED; VEINS HAVE
VALVES- PREVENT BACKFLOW, VARICOSE VEINS, WILLIAM HARVEY,
CARDIAC CYCLE: PUMPING AND FILLING; DIASTOLE; ATRIOVENTRICULAR
VALVES; SYSTOLE, SEMILUNAR VALVES; HEART MURMURS; SYSTOLIC VS.
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VELOCITY; CARDIAC MUSCLES-
INHERENT ABILITY TO CONTRACT; NERVES AND HORMONES AFFECT HEART
RATE; PACEMAKER (SINOATRIAL NODE); ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE; HEART
APEX; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG); ARRHYTHMIAS; VENTRICULAR
FIBRILLATION; DEFIBRILLATORS; ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKERS; ATRIAL
FIBRILLATION; MYOCARDIUM, CORONARY ARTERIES, FATTY
STREAKS/THICKENINGS IN CHILDREN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS (CHOLESTEROL,
PROTEIN, CALCIUM, SCAR TISSUE BUILDUP IN ARTERIES), PERIPHERAL
ARTERY DISEASE, HEART ATTACKS, CAROTID ARTERY BLOCKAGE, STROKE-
BRAIN ARTERIES, HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS: MEN VS. WOMEN, FAMILY
HISTORY, AGE, GENETICS, SMOKING, LDL VS. HDL, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE,
DIABETES, OBESITY, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, JOB STRESS, SATURATED FAT,
TRANS FAT, CHOLESTEROL, SALT, FIBER, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES,
EXERCISE; HYPERTENSION: 140/90, SYSTOLIC/DIASTOLIC, HIGH DIETARY
SODIUM (MAJOR SOURCE PROCESSED FOODS): HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE,
HEART ATTACK, STROKE, HEART AND KIDNEY FAILURE; RECOMMENDED
LIMIT/DAY OF SODIUM (1500 MILLIGRAMS); KIDNEY STONES IN CHILDREN-
HIGH SODIUM INTAKE; POTASSIUM: ANI-SALT: RECOMMENDED: 4700
MILLIGRAMS/DAY- REDUCED RISK OF ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE,
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STROKE, KIDNEY STONES, BONE LOSS; GOOD SOURCE POTASSIUM: FRUITS
AND VEGETABLES.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: DEFINITION RESPIRATION, O2 INTO LUNGS

METABOLISM; CO2: METABOLIC WASTE; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY:
NOSE, MOUTH, PHARYNX, LARYNX, VOCAL CORDS, TRACHEA, BRONCHI,
BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI (GAS EXCHANGE); CILIA, MUCUS, LUNG BLOOD
SUPPLY, VENTILATION: AIR IN (INHALATION), AIR OUR (EXHALATION),
THORACIC CAVITY, CHANGES IN DIAPHRAGM, RIB MUSCLES DURING
BREATHING, O2 UPTAKE BY TISSUES, CO2 REMOVAL BY LUNGS; BREATHING
CENTER IN MEDULLA OBLOGATA RESPONDS TO CO2 IN BLOOD- REACTS
WITH H2O TO FORM CARBONIC ACID, DROP IN PH; IMPULSES TO RIBS AND
DIAPHRAGM: INCREASE INHALATION- EXHALE CO2, RESTORE NORMAL PH;
BREATHING RATE AND CELL RESPIRATION CLOSELY COORDINATED; WHY
YOU CAN’T HOLD BREATH VERY LONG: BUILD UP OF CO2 IN BLOOD AND
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BATHING BRAIN; SECONDARY O2 SENSORS IN AORTA
AND CAROTID ARTERIES: DETECT LOW O2 IN BLOOD, IMPULSES GO TO
MEDULLA OBLONGATA, INCREASE BREATHING RATE; FETUS DOESN’T
BREATH AIR; O2 COMES TO PLACENTA FROM MOM’S BLOOD- DIFFUSES INTO
FETAL CAPILLARIES IN PLACENTA; CO2 WASTE FROM FETAL METABOLISM
DIFFUSES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION. MOM BREATHING FOR HERSELF AND
FETUS; AT BIRTH, SEPARATION OF PLACENTA FROM WOMB, CO2 BUILDS UP
IN FETAL BLOOD, MEDULLA OBLONGATA RESPONDS, BABY TAKES FIRST
BREATH; SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY DANGER: REDUCE O2 TO FETUS
BLOOD, CARCINOGENS PASS INTO PLACENTA FROM MOM’S CIGARETTES;
PNEUMONIA- INFLAMMATION, CAUSES; ASTHMA: BRONCHOSPASM, MUCUS
IN AIRWAYS, ASTHMA CAUSES: OCCURS IN FAMILIES, ALLERGIES,
CHEMICAL IRRITANTS, COCKROACHES; EMPHYSEMA: ALVEOLI WALLS
OVERSTRETCHED/RUPTURE; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS: BRONCHIAL TUBE
INFLAMMATION; LUNG CANCER: MEN AND WOMEN, PASSIVE SMOKING;
COPD- EMPHYSEMA + BRONCHITIS; LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION THERAPY;
SLEEP APNEA, CPAP, SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME: “BACK TO SLEEP”;
CRUCIFIXION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: HYPOVOLEMIA, SHOCK, INTERFERENCE
WITH EXHALATION, CO2 BUILDUP, ACIDOSIS, EXHAUSTION ASPHYXIA (LOW
O2, HIGH CO2). EXCRETORY SYSTEM: DEFINITION OF EXCRETION;
FILTERING, RECLAIMING; UREA (WASTE) COMES FROM BREAKDOWN OF
AMINO ACIDS, KIDNEYS, DIALYSIS MACHINE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS, GOOD
DONOR MATCH; KIDNEY FUNCTIONS: CLEANSE BLOOD OF WASTES,
CONTROL BLOOD VOLUME, CONTROL SODIUM/POTASSIUM BALANCE; KEEP
BLOOD PH NORMAL; KIDNEYS

URETERS

URINARY BLADDER

URINE

URETHRA

OUTSIDE OF BODY; RENAL ARTEY INTO KIDNEYS, RENAL
VEINS CARRY BLOOD OUT FROM KIDNEYS; NEPHRONS: FILTERING UNITS;
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE, COLLECTS FILTERED PLASMA; TUBULES, COLLECTING
DUCTS, RENAL PELVIS (CAVITY); GLOMERULUS= BALL OF CAPILLARIES
INSIDE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE; CREATININ = WASTE FROM MUSCLE
CONTRACTION; FILTRATION: FIRST ACTIVITY OF KIDNEY; SECOND
ACTIVITY: REABSORPTION: SAVE (GOOD) THINGS

RETURN TO BLOOD;
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SODIUM + H2O (OSMOSIS): RETURN TO CAPILLARIES SURROUNDING
TUBULES; THIRD ACTIVITY: SECRETION: HYDROGEN IONS (H+), POTASSIUM,
POISONS: CAPILLARIES

TUBULES

URINE; FOURTH ACTIVITY:
CONCENTRATION AND EXCRETION (REMOVAL OF WASTE): RETURN MORE
WATER TO BLOOD, CONCENTRATE WASTES; IMPORATNT FOR LAND
ANIMALS- SAVE WATER; OUR KIDNEYS EVOLVED TO CONSERVE SODIUM
AND EXCRETE POTASSIUM (CAVEMEN DIET) (HOMEOSTASIS); TODAY’S DIET:
KIDNEY’S OVERLOADED WITH SODIUM: RESULT- HYPERTENSION; DIETARY
APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION (DASH): EATING PLAN: FRUITS,
VEGETABLES, LOW FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS, LESS RED MEAT, LESS
PROCESSED FOODS; DESERT CONDITIONS: BODY LOSING WATER; BRAIN
HYPOTHALAMUS DETECTS CHANGE IN BLOOD VOLUME

PITUITARY

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH); DIURETIC= INCREASED URINE SECRETION;
ADH CAUSES KIDNEYS TO REABSORB MORE WATER BACK INTO BLOOD;
DRINK BOTTLES OF WATER, DECREASE RELEASE OF ADH AS BLOOD
VOLUME INCREASES; KIDNEYS REABSORB LESS WATER: RESULT
INCREASED URINE SECRETION; URETHRA SURROUNDED BY PROSTATE IN
MEN; ENLARGED PROSTATE, DIFFICULTY URINATING; URINATION: BLADDED
MUSCLES CONTRACT, EXTERNAL SPHINCTER RELAXES; KIDNEY STONES:
CALCIUM (OXALATE), URIC ACID; RISK FACTORS FOR KIDNEY STONES;
SURGERY, MEDICINE TO RELAX SMOOTH MUSCLES, SHOCK WAVES; GOOD
BACTERIA (OXALOBACTER) BREAK DOWN OXALATE IN DIETARY FOODS,
REDUCE RISK KIDNEY STONES; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, E. COLI,
BLADDER INFECTION (CYSTITIS), URETHRA INFECTION (URETHRITIS);
CRANBERRY JUICE; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE: INSULIN
DEFICIENCY (PANCREAS), DECREASED INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN TISSUES
(INSULIN RESISTANCE); HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE: KIDNEY FILTRATION OF
GLUCOSE > REABSORPTION BACK INTO BLOOD; RENAL THRESHOLD
SURPASSED: GLUCOSE SPILLS INTO URINE, FREQUENT URINATION,
EXCESSIVE THIRST; FAT BREAK DOWN FOR ENERGY

KETONES,
KETOACIDOSIS. IMMUNOLOGY: IMMUNE SYSTEM- CELLS AND PROTEINS;
KILL INVADING MICOORGANISMS (MICROBES); ANTIGEN, IMMUNITY,
MACROPHAGES ATTACK BACTERIA; VACCINATIONS, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNE
SYSTEM “MEMORY”; ACTIVE IMMUNITY, PASSIVE IMMUNITY, GAMMA
GLOBULIN SHOTS, PATHOGEN, FIRST LINES OF DEFENSE: EPITHELIUM,
TEARS, SALIVA, CILIA, GASTRIC JUICE/ACID, LOW PH- URINE; SECOND LINE
OF DEFENSE: WHITE BLOOD CELLS (PHAGOCYTES): MACROPHAGES,
MICROPHAGES, LYMPH NODES; GENERAL IMMUNE RESPONSE:
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INVASION OF BACTERIA: SKIN PUNCTURE,
HISTAMINE RELEASE, VASODILATION, SWELLING/REDNESS, COMPLEMENT
PROTEINS: CUT HOLES IN BACTERIAL MEMBRANES; FIBRIN  CLOT SEALS
PUNCTURE; SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE: ANTIBODY IMMUNE RESPONSE (B
CELLS); CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE (T CELLS); “B” CELLS PRODUCED IN BONE
MARROW, MIGRATE TO SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODES; ON B CELL’S
MEMBRANE: ANTIBODIES- BIND TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; 1 TYPE OF B CELL
FORMS CLONES (EXACT GENETIC COPIES)- PROVIDES “MEMORY” FOR
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FUTURE MICROBE ATTACKS (INVASIONS); OTHER TYPE OF B CELL:
RELEASES ANTIBODIES INTO BLOOD; CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE: “T” CELLS
PRODUCED ALSO IN BONE M,ARROW

THYMUS GLAND TO BECOME
SPECIALIZED: ATTACK VIRUSES HIDING INSIDE CELLS; VIRUS ATTACK
COORDINATED BY HELPER T CELLS (CD4 CELLS); AIDS, HIV: ATTACKS CD4
CELLS; WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM; PERSON SUSCEPTIBLE TO OTHER
VIRUSES, BACTERIA, FUNGI, PARASITES, PNEUMONIA, CANCER; HIV= RNA
VIRUS, RETROVIRUS USES RNA TO MAKE DNA, VIRUS REPLICATION INSIDE
CD4 CELLS USING CD4’S OWN DNA; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; AIDS VACCINE
PROBLEMS: HIV MUTATES, REPLICATES QUICKLY; AIDS COCKTAIL, AIDS
PATIENTS- SURVIVORS: MEDICAL CONDITIONS WITH AGE DUE TO ORIGINAL
DAMAGE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM + COCKTAIL OF DRUGS- MEDICAL
CONDITIONS WITH AGE; HOW YOU DO/DON’T GET AIDS; AUTOIMMUNE
DISEASE: SELF VS NON-SELF; ANTIBODIES ATTACK NORMAL TISSUE-
EXAMPLES: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, TYPE 1
DIABETES, LUPUS; ALLERGIES- HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; GENETICS;
ANTIGENS= ALLERGENS; EXAMPLES OF ALLERGENS: TREE, GRASS, WEED
POLLEN, SPORES, DUST MITE/COCKROACH DROPPINGS, ANIMAL DANDER,
MOLD; OVERPRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY (IGE); HAY FEVER, MAST CELLS:
HISTAMINE RELEASE, INFLAMMATION RESPONSE, DUST MITES: ASTHMA
ATTACKS, ANTIHISTAMINES; ALLERGY TESTING, IMMUNOTHERAPY
(ALLERGY SHOTS); ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK, EPIPEN; PEANUT ALLERGIES;
ORGAN TRANSPLANTS; REJECTION; DONOR-RECIPIENT MATCH (CELL
SURFACE PROTEINS); TISSUE TYPING; ID TWINS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT
DRUGS; AUTOGRAFTS; BONE MARROW, DONOR PROGRAMS (WORLDWIDE);
ANIMAL TO HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANTS: XENOTRANSPLANTATION;
TRANSGENIC PIGS; SUPERBUGS- ANTIBIOTIC DRUG RESISTANCE; WAYS TO
CONTROL SUPERBUGS IN HOSPITALS; HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS; HEALTHY
DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHILDREN.
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