Biology Review Sheet 2015
Periods 1, 3,5,6
The following concepts will be covered on the fall test exam.
A. ECOLOGY:
On the side of the page;
1. Draw an ecological pyramid; Place the following groups in their
proper location on the pyramid and define each: A.Sun B. Herbivores
C. Onmivores D. 1st order consumer E. 2nd order consumer F.
Carnivores
G. Autotrophs H. Heterotrophs I. decomposers J. trophic level
K. show direction of energy flow & the % transfer of energy up trophic
levels
2.Distinguish between the terms Organic & Inorganic
ORGANIC: compounds based on Carbon; produced by life
processes
INORGANIC: not based on carbon; “of the earth” ie rock
3. Write the chemical formula for glucose, and sucrose
GLUCOSE: C6H12O6
SUCROSE C12H22O11
4. Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O
----- C6H12O6 + O2
5. What 2 roles or events define decomposers?
1. Decomposers are the final energy acceptors in the
ecosystem
2. Decomposers make nutrients available again for plants to
take up
Succession in a Boreal forest
6. Compare and contrast primary succession to secondary succession.
Primary succession begins with brand new ground (devoid of
nutrients) Succession begins with “pioneer plants”; plants
that can fix Nitrogen in their roots; it continues similar
to secondary succession toward a “climax” stage
SECONDARY SUCCESSION: starts with soil already containing
nutrients: begins with “annual plants”, shrubs, deciduous
trees, conifers
7. Name 3 significant events (disturbances) that result in primary
succession.
1. erosion by rivers & flooding. 2. Receding glaciers 3.
Landslides/rockslides
8.Name 3 significant events that result in secondary succession.
1. Fires 2. Avalanches 3. Disease
9. List the 3 primary abiotic factors that determine the plants and animals
that can live in the Boreal forest. 1. Sunlight 2. Temperature 3.
precipitation
10. Identify 3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors that affect the ecosystem.
Biotic: 1. competition from other organisms; 2. disease; 3.
Cover
Abiotic: 1. Space
2. Temp
3. Elevation
4. Water
5. pH
STREAM ECOLOGY: Define and state the role of the following
11. Detritivores: Breakdown matter into small pieces with lots
of surface area. Increase surface area for decomposers
12. Decomposers & their role: breakdown matter and release
nutrients that plants can take up again. 2. They consume the
last amounts of stored energy
13. Identify 2 Biotic and 2 Abiotic factors of a stream ecosystem and
what they affect: Biotic: cover; predators; food
Abiotic: water temp; water clarity; water velocity; pools
for feeding; slow areas for resting
POPULATIONS:
14. What is meant by “resource” when discussing populations?
Anything the population needs from the environment, ie food
space, cover, mates
Taxonomy:
15. Aristotle’s criterion for classifying organisms was based on
whether it is a plant or animal
16. Morphology defines an organisms_____ external
characteristics
17. Phylogeny looks at organisms based on their evolutionary
relationships such as embryonic development; DNA similarity
18. Which 2 taxon are used when writing binomial nomenclature?
Genus & species
19. What are 2 rules to use when writing or reading binomial
nomenclature?
Genus is always capitalized; species is always lowercase.
Both may be italicized
20. The scientific name for the wolf is Canis lupis lupis represents
what taxon? species; it is lowercase21. The kingdom that was
split into 2 new kingdoms under the systematics method of
classification is _Monera_____ the 2 new kingdoms created are
__________Archaebacteria & Eubacteria___
22. List the taxonomic hierchy in order from broadest to smallest
beginning with Kingdom. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
30. Name the scientist who developed the system of taxonomy we use
today:
Carolus Linnaeus
Scientific method:
31. Which part of the scientific method should be stated as a question?
The Problem or Purpose
32. In which step of the scientific method do you accept or reject your
hypothesis?
Conclusions
32b. It was difficult to count Daphnias heart rate accurately in some
cases, cause it moved around a lot. This may have resulted in data that
was not very accurate. Where should you mention this in you lab
report at?
Experimental Error
33. 219 meters = .219 kilometers?
34. 1mm equals 1000 micrometers? (microns)
35. The standard metric unit for measuring mass is
the____gram____
36. The metric standard for calculating volume is the ___liter______
37. The metric standard for calculating mass is the _gram (repeat
question)
38. The metric standard for calculating distance is the meter
39. Be able to convert inches to centimeters and vice versa
Example: A chinese millipede is 5.5 inches long, how long is this in
centimeters?
Given 2.54 cm = 1 inch
5.5in X 2.54cm = you can do the math
inch
40. Define accuracy in a lab instrument: the smallest amount the
instrument was designed to measure
42. Name the variables used when constructing a graph and tell which
axis they go on
Control variable: aka independent variable belongs on the X
axis horizontal axis)
Experimental: Experimental variable: aka independent
variable belongs on the Y axis vertical axis)
43. What is a graphs range? Its increment? Range: the total value
the data covers from high to low
increment: the value that has been chosen to represent given
distances on the graph. (grid or tick marks)
45. How do you find the total magnification of a given combination of
lenses on a microscope? Multiply their individual
magnifications together. For example a 10X ocular lens, and
4X objective lens = 40X total magnification
46. Name the units used when measuring a cell. Compare them to a
millimeter. The micrometer, or micron; abbreviated um. 1000um
= 1 mm
47. Define a condensation reaction and a hydrolysis reaction
Condensation reaction: When 2 monomers combine chemically, a
water molecule is produced when OH & H molecules are removed
from the functional groups of the monomers. The instability
created by the removal allows the 2 monomers to join
chemically to make a larger molecule.
Hydrolysis:
Chemistry
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
48. Name the reactants: CO2 & H2O
49. Name the products C6H12O6
& O2
50. The arrow means: “YIELDS”
51. Name the 3 particles found in an atom and their charges.
PROTONS: + charge, found in the nucleus
NEUTRONS: no charge (neutral), found in the nucleus
ELECTRONS: - charge, orbit the nucleus
52. How many electrons can the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd energy levels hold?
1st 2electrons 2nd 8 electrons 3rd 8 electrons
53. When is an element most stable?
When its outer shell is full of electrons
54. List the 3 shapes that organic molecules we are studying can take.
Rings: sugars
Straight chains: Fats Branched chains: Proteins
55. Describe the difference between a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic substance
Hydrophillic means “water loving”A hydrophilic substance is
charged and will thus easily dissolve in water
Hydrophobic means “water fearing” these substances are nonpolar
and will not dissolve or readily dissolve in water
56. Draw the structure of a water molecule, and show how it is charged: Look up
57. How many covalent bonds will the following elements want to
create with other elements? Carbon___4_ Oxygen__2__
Nitrogen__3__ Hydrogen__1_
Biochemistry
57. Be able to determine if a compound is organic or inorganic.
Organic compounds contain Carbon, are produced by living
processes (like Photosynthesis and respiration)
Determine which compounds are organic or inorganic
C6H12O6___Organic_______ CH4___Organic_
H2SO4_____Inorganic___________ CO2_Inorganic_
53. What are the functional groups found in sugars, fats and proteins?
Sugars- functional group is the Hydroxide OH
Fats- functional groups are the Hydroxide OH, and the Carboxyl
COOH-
Proteins-functional groups are the Amino group NH2 and the
Carboxyl group; COOH
54. Name 3 common simple sugars or monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
55. Name 3 common double sugars or disaccharides
Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose
Dimensional analysis
56. A cheetah is the fastest mammal on land and has been clocked running at 70
miles per hour. What is the Cheetahs speed in meters per second? Show this
dimensional analysis work on the back of your scantron and circle your answer.
Show your math. Note: 1 yard = .914 meters 1760 yards = 1 mile
3600 seconds = 1 hour
Consider the steps of Dimensional Analysis. 1. Ask: What am I given?
2. What am I being asked to find? 3. Start with what you are given.
4. Only multiply (by conversions) 5. Watch the units when
multiplying
57. Salmon life cycle stages; their order of development and
requirements
Egg, Alevin, Fry, Smolt, Adult
58. Why do salmon need cold water? In which stages?
Cold water holds more Oxygen than warmer water. Egg & Alevin
stages need especially colder waters. Adult stage has the
widest range, and can tolerate warmer waters ( up toward 20
degrees Celsius)
59. Why do salmon need clear water? Highest saturation of
Oxygen occurs in cold water
60. Why do salmon need slow water? (pools) Feeding & resting
61. Why do salmon need cutbanks? Cutbanks provide cover from
predators and slower water for resting.