Chapter 4 (and parts of 1) Study Guide Microbiology (Bauman 2007)
Objectives:
Once you have mastered these chapters, you should be able to:
 Name and describe the different types of microorganisms
 Describe and understand the scientific method
*Identify the two primary metric units used to measure microbes.
* List the units of the metric system in order, from meter to nanometer.
* Define microscopy.
* Explain the relevance of electromagnetic radiation to microscopy.
* Define empty magnification.
* List and explain two factors that determine resolving power.
* Discuss the relationship between contrast and staining in microscopy.
* Contrast simple and compound microscopes.
* Compare and contrast bright-field microscopy, dark-field microscopy, and phase
microscopy.
* Compare and contrast fluorescent and confocal microscopes.
* Contrast transmission electron microscopes with scanning electron microscopes in
terms of how they work, the images they produce, and the advantages of each.
* Describe two variations of probe microscopes.
* Explain the purpose of a smear, heat fixation, and chemical fixation in the
preparation of a specimen for microscopic viewing.
* Describe the use of acidic and basic dyes, mentioning ionic bonding and pH.
* Describe the simple, Gram, acid-fast, and endospore staining procedures; understand
the principles behind each and their common uses in bacteriology.
* Explain how stains for electron microscopy differ from those used in light
microscopy.
* Discuss the purposes of classification and identification of organisms.
* Discuss the difficulties in defining species of microorganisms.
* List the hierarchy of taxa from general to specific.
* Define binomial nomenclature
* List and describe the three domains proposed by Carl Woese.
* Name and describe the five procedures used by taxonomists to identify and classify
microorganisms.
 Describe and understand the serological methods we discussed in lecture.
Vocabulary
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Carolus Linnaeus
Leeuwenhoek
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Bacteria
Archaea
Small animals
viruses
Bacteriology
Mycology
Parasitology
Immunology
Virology
Microbial Ecology
Geomicrobiology
Bioremediation
microscope
Wavelength of radiation
Magnification
Total magnification
Resolution
Contrast
Bright-field microscopes
Dark-field microscopes
Phase microscopes
Fluorescent microscopes
Confocal microscopes
Probe microscopes
Simple
Compound
Oil immersion lens
Transmission electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscopes
Biofilm
Cultures: broth vs. solid
Pure vs. mixed
Aseptic techniques
Smears
Basic(+) vs. acidic(-) dyes (chromophores)
Negative stain
Simple stain
Differential stains
Gram stain
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Acid-fast stain
Endospore stain
Special stains
Negative (capsule) stain
Flagellar stain
Fluorescent stains
Taxa
evolutionary realtionships
Systematics
phylogeny
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Taxonomy
Classification
Nomenclature
identification
species
Binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus
Whitaker
five kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Prokaryotae
Carl Woese (1976)
rRNA subunits (changes occur rarely)
domains
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
Physical characteristics
Biochemical tests
Serological tests
Antigens
Antibodies
Serotypes (serovars)
Agglutination
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant Assay
imunofluorescence
Phage typing
Analysis of nucleic acids
Dichotomous keys