Question: What is the current and future potential for global urban wastewater reuse? The potential for global urban wastewater reuse will be analyzed from political, economic, social, and technological perspectives. There are two classifications of wastewater. Blackwater is wastewater that requires some form of disinfection, whether organic, chemical, or by other means. Blackwater often contains raw sewage from the toilet. Due to the infectious materials present in blackwater, it is only reused outdoors. Greywater is wastewater that requires less treatment. Greywater is water from sinks, washing machines, showers, and taps. Greywater can be reused in toilets, gardens, and washing machines. Outline: Topic: Wastewater Use and Reuse in Urban Settings I. Introduction-Start general and zoom in a. General history of wastewater use and reuse b. Why reuse wastewater i. Benefits ii. Urbanization iii. Discuss alternatives to wastewater reuse 1. Fresh water 2. Salt water iv. Purpose of paper-show that focus will be on wastewater reuse II. History of Wastewater Use and Reuse a. Brief history of sewerage/reuse, beginning when water quality guidelines and regulations were made priority in industrialized nations b. 1980 US EPA creates water quality regulations c. 1992-US EPA updates water quality regulations (important to note increasing regulations and decreasing supply per capita) d. UNEP and WHO guidelines on wastewater use and reuse III. Current Situation a. Present population projections in urban settings within near future i. Twenty to fifty years ii. Show large volume of water usage by urban populations b. Discuss current wastewater situation in urban settings according to: i. WWC-World Water Council ii. UNEP-United Nations Environment Programme iii. WB-The World Bank iv. US Geological Survey v. World Water Forum vi. World Meteorological Organization-WMO vii. Show demand levels and increasing need for reuse viii. Envision sustainable use of water IV. Urban wastewater use and reuse a. Two types-definition Thomas Shields Honors Thesis Outline for Southwestern University Wastewater Use and Reuse in Urban Settings Presented to Canary Strategies on 26.08.03 page 1/5 V. VI. VII. i. Greywater ii. Blackwater b. Usage, or lack of usage c. Brief discussion of benefits of wastewater reuse i. water reuse is less-consumptive ii. encourages conservation iii. cuts down on pollution entering environment iv. saves money on new infrastructure Economic analysis of wastewater use and reuse a. Pricing (willingness to pay) and investment b. Closing the cost gap between price of water and cost of maintaining sewage system i. Infrastructure cost analysis ii. Full cost pricing of treated water 1. What are the externalities and what is their size ($) 2. Will raise public awareness 3. Can help with conservation 4. Impact on low income households iii. Money saving of wastewater reuse iv. Environmental justice issues c. Resource recovery-shows amount of recoverable nutrients in sewage and economic equivalent in fertilizer industry Technology a. Experience of Scandinavian countries b. Applicability of arid land technologies c. Specific technologies i. Rainstore ii. Storm water recovery iii. Ecosand. Technological mentalities i. Cascading ii. Closing the gap iii. Watershed approach e. Matching technologies to sites Legislative Guidelines a. Allowable technologies b. Show trend of more restrictive guidelines i. Use specific case study ii. Use US EPA guidelines c. International agencies i. World Water Forum ii. World Health Organization d. Who is responsible for development of wastewater use and reuse i. Private companies in terms of industrial use Thomas Shields Honors Thesis Outline for Southwestern University Wastewater Use and Reuse in Urban Settings Presented to Canary Strategies on 26.08.03 page 2/5 VIII. IX. ii. Governments-development of guidelines iii. Public at large iv. Treatment plants e. Funding Public Perception a. Smell b. Appearance c. Health effects and confidence in water quality 1. Biological Oxygen Demand 2. Chemical Oxygen Demand 3. Turbidity 4. Total dissolved solids d. Environmental health effectsi. Benefits ii. Costs e. Financial incentives i. Freshwater too expensive ii. Tax breaks f. Obstacles and encouragement to public acceptance g. Perception and activism h. Conceptualizing difference in wastewater and respective uses Closing a. Reiterate perspectives b. Show future potential of wastewater use and reuse c. Envision sustainability d. Provide recommendations for West Texas Bibliography: I. Introduction, definition, and background information Fane, Simon. “Wastewater re-use.” Good Residential Design Guide: Technical Manual. August 2003. <http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs23.htm> Eco Design Sustainable Housing: Water Conservation in the 20th Century Versus 3700 years of Sewerage. A Brief History of Sewerage and a Lood at Modern Water Conservation Practices. 24 August 2003. <http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~edesign/ABriefHistoryofSewerage.htm> “Fact Sheet: Water Reuse in Developing Countires.” Information for Action from the Water and Sanitation for Health Project. II. Technology Aalbers, Herbert; Sietzema, Minne J. “Present Technological Options for Water Use and Treatment in the Context of the Ecological Integrity Approach.” UWEP Thomas Shields Honors Thesis Outline for Southwestern University Wastewater Use and Reuse in Urban Settings Presented to Canary Strategies on 26.08.03 page 3/5 Occasional Paper. December 1999. <http://www.waste.nl/dochtm/occpap/OP_tech.htm> United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics: International Environmental Technology Centre. “Newsletter and Technical Publications<International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for Wastewater and Stormwater Management>” Chapter 4: Framework for wastewater and stormwater management. 24 August 2003. <http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/TechPublications/TechPub-15/1/4.asp> United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics: International Environmental Technology Centre. “Newsletter and Technical Publications<International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for Wastewater and Stormwater Management>” Chapter 1.4: Reuse. 24 August 2003. <http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/TechPublications/TechPub-15/31Africa/1-4.asp> Van Nieuwenhuijzen, Arjen F, and Adriaan R. Mels. “Chemical enhanced pre-treatment of wastewater in the Netherlands: Treating Wastewater the Scandinavian Way.” No. 1, May 2000 The Water Mirror. Invisible Structures, Inc. August 2003. <http://www.invisiblestructures.com> III. Economic Mehan, G. Tracy. Assistant Administrator of the Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Sustaining our Water Infrastructure.” January 31, 2003. <http://www.epa.gov/water/speeches/sustaining.html> West, Sarah. Sydney Water corporation: On-site ’01 Conference, Armidale, September 2001. “Innovations from Scandinavia: Increasing the Potential for Reuse” <http://www.geocities.com/sarahmwest/scaninno01.html> Okun, Daniel A. “Distributing reclaimed water through dual systems.” Resource Management. Volume 89, Issue 11. IV. Public Perception Jeppsson U, Alex J, Pons MN, Spanjers H, Vanrolleghem PA. “Status and Future Trends of ICA in Wastewater Treatment-A European Perspective.” Water Sci Technol. 2002;45(4-5):485-94. <http://biomath.rug.ac.be/~peter/ftp/pvr297.pdf> V. Guidelines and Legislation Bahri, A. National Research Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Water, and Forestry, Tunisia. “Water Reuse in the Middle East, North Africa and Mediterranean Countries” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency for International Development. Manual: Guidelines for Water Reuse. September 1992. Thomas Shields Honors Thesis Outline for Southwestern University Wastewater Use and Reuse in Urban Settings Presented to Canary Strategies on 26.08.03 page 4/5 Scheibal, Stephen. “Wastewater ownership issue divides Austin, river authority.” Austin American-Statesman, Sunday, February 23, 2003. <http://www.austin360.com/statesman/editions/sunday/news_4.htm Thomas Shields Honors Thesis Outline for Southwestern University Wastewater Use and Reuse in Urban Settings Presented to Canary Strategies on 26.08.03 page 5/5