Deforming the Earth’s Crust
Faults and Folds
Deformation
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The process by which the shape of a
__________________________________________________________
There are __________ types of stress that occur in rocks:
C______________
T______________
Compression
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Compression occurs when rock is _______________.
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Compression happens when two plates ___________ at a convergent boundary.
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Compression occurs and forms large __________ ranges.
Compression/ Mountain Building
The __________, for example, were raised by the compression that accompanied collision of the
Indian plate with the Eurasian plate. Another example is Europe's _______ and _______
mountains which were also formed by horizontal compression, generated in their case by collision
with the African plate and the Eurasian plate.
Tension
• Tension occurs when an object is ___________.
• Tension occurs when plates move ________ from each other at plate boundaries.
• At the ______ ____________ ridge the seafloor is spreading at a rate of about
3cm per year. The frequency of earthquakes at a mid-ocean ridge will depend on
how much tension is happening at that point. The more tension means the more
seafloor spreading, resulting in a higher frequency of earthquakes at a particular
mid-ocean ridge.
Folding
 Folding is the bending of rock layers due to _________ in the Earth’s crust.
 Depending on how rock layers deform, different types of ________ occur:
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
Anticline
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An anticline is an _________ _________ fold.
An anticline is formed when there is
__________stress on rock layers.
Syncline
• Synclines are ____________ folds.
• They are also caused by __________ stress.
Monocline
Monoclines are rock layers that are folded so that both ________ of the fold are
horizontal.
Faults
• Some rock layers __________ when stress is applied to them.
• The surface along which rocks break is called a ___________.
• The ________ of crust on each side of the fault are called fault __________.
• A fault has a __________wall and a __________ wall.
Hanging Wall and Footwall
3 Types of Faults
• N__________ Fault
• R__________ Fault
• S___________Fault
Normal Fault
 Rocks are pulled apart because of ____________
o In a normal Fault, the hanging wall slides ________ the footwall.
Reverse Fault
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In a reverse fault the hanging wall is pushed ___________due to compression.
Strike-Slip Fault
Opposing forces cause rocks to move _________. __________ occur along these faults.
3 Most Common Types of Mountains
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Mountains exist because tectonic plates are continually moving around and
_________ with each other.
There are _______ types of mountains, named for how they form:
F_____________ Mountains
_________ __________ Mountain
V______________ Mountain
Folded Mountains
Folding is a process in which the Earth's plates are pushed ___________ in a roller coaster like
series of high points and low points. Folding ________ many layers of rocks without breaking
them. The _________ Mountains and Rocky Mountains of the United States, and the Alps of
Europe are examples of mountain ranges that were formed by folding.
Fault- Block Mountains
Mountains sometimes form when many layers of the Earth's crust are moved vertically ________
at fault lines by pressures caused by plates colliding. Fault lines are great cracks in the crust. The
mountains that are formed in this way are called fault-block mountains. The Sierra Nevada
mountains in California and Nevada, and the Grand Teton range of Wyoming are examples of
fault-block mountains.
Volcanic Mountains
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Volcanic mountains are forms when magma erupts from a ________ boundary and
hardens.
Many volcanic mountains exist ________ the sea.
Some volcanic mountains rise above the surface of the ocean to from islands,
_________ for example.