LOVE & HATE EMOTIONS – ARE THEY THE SAME OR DIFFERENT? Consider this? Can love become perverse and destructive? Can joy ever be inappropriate? Can weeping/crying ever become excessive? Can nurturing reach a point of excess? Before making a valued judgment, give it some thought across the lateral plane. Food for thought: both love and hate can be powerfully dangerous emotions, just as despair and elation. every one of these human emotions can be perverted and twisted to fit any psychological mood and line of thought. both love and hate can dominate your life, emotionally, physically and intellectually. hate can be a healthy emotion to have (a basic survival instinct). as there is no agreement on which emotion hate is closely aligned (in the psychoanalytical world) ‘hate’ cannot therefore be viewed as an ‘emotion’. For example, most people in the psychoanalytical world places the word ‘hate’ along side words such as disgust, contempt or fear either singly or combinations of these but rarely with other words. So, is it is self-evident that ‘hate’ is an emotion, why is there so much disagreement as to its emotional lineage? (Dr. Burris-eminent Canadian psychologist). According to Burris, hate is more aligned with the word ‘motive’ and whilst this may seem a distraction by lay people, to psychologists it is an important assumption and statement when you realise that having a ‘motive’ for anything, provides energization for individuals and groups. In other words, it provides focus, directed towards the attainment of a particular goal. If you wish to read more about this subject, try the bibliography below: Bibliography Annas, J., 1977, “Plato and Aristotle on Friendship and Altruism”, Mind, 86: Badhwar, N. K., 1987, “Friends as Ends in Themselves”, Philosophy & Phenomenological Research, ’84. -----, (ed.), 1993, Friendship: A Philosophical Reader, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. -----, 2003, “Love”, in H. LaFollette (ed.), Practical Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baier, A. C., 1991, “Unsafe Loves”, in Solomon & Higgins (1991). Blum, L. A., 1980, Friendship, Altruism, and Morality, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. -----, 1993, “Friendship as a Moral Phenomenon”, in Badhwar (1993). Bratman, M. E., 1999, “Shared Intention”, in Faces of Intention: Selected Essays on Intention and Agency, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brentlinger, J., 1970/1989, “The Nature of Love”, in Soble (1989a). Brink, D. O., 1999, “Eudaimonism, Love and Friendship, and Political Community”, Social Philosophy & Policy, 16. Brown, R., 1987, Analyzing Love, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cocking, D. & Kennett, J., 1998, “Friendship and the Self”, Ethics, 108. Cooper, J. M., 1977, “Aristotle on the Forms of Friendship”, Review of Metaphysics, 30. Delaney, N., 1996, “Romantic Love and Loving Commitment: Articulating a Modern Ideal”, American Philosophical Quarterly, 33. Fisher, M., 1990, Personal Love, London: Duckworth. Frankfurt, H., 1999, “Autonomy, Necessity, and Love”, in Necessity, Volition, and Love, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friedman, M. A., 1993, What Are Friends For? Feminist Perspectives on Personal Relationships and Moral Theory, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. -----, 1998, “Romantic Love and Personal Autonomy”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 22. Gilbert, M., 1989, On Social Facts, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. -----, 1996, Living Together: Rationality, Sociality, and Obligation, Rowman & Littlefield. -----, 2000, Sociality and Responsibility: New Essays in Plural Subject Theory, Rowman & Littlefield. Hamlyn, D. W., 1989, “The Phenomena of Love and Hate”, in Soble (1989a). Hegel, G. W. F., 1997, “A Fragment on Love”, in Solomon & Higgins (1991). Kolodny, N., 2003, “Love as Valuing a Relationship”, The Philosophical Review. LaFollette, H., 1996, Personal Relationships: Love, Identity, and Morality, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Press. Lamb, R. E., (ed.), 1997, Love Analyzed, Westview Press. Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., Jones, H. S., & McKenzie, R., 1940, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9th edn. Montaigne, M., 1603/1877, Essays of Montaigne. Newton-Smith, W., 1989, “A Conceptual Investigation of Love”, in Soble (1989a). Nozick, R., 1989, “Love's Bond”, in The Examined Life: Philosophical Meditations, Simon & Schuster. Nussbaum, M., 1990, “Love and the Individual: Romantic Rightness and Platonic Aspiration”, in Love's Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press. fjg Nygren, A., 1953a, Agape and Eros, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press. -----, 1953b, “Agape and Eros”, in Soble (1989a). Price, A. W., 1989, Love and Friendship in Plato and Arisotle, New York, NY: Clarendon Press. Rorty, A. O., 1980, “Introduction”, in A. O. Rorty (ed.), Explaining Emotions, University of California Press. -----, 1986/1993, “The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes: Love is Not Love Which Alters Not When It Alteration Finds”, in Badhwar (1993). Scruton, R., 1986, Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic, Free Press. Searle, J. R., 1990, “Collective Intentions and Actions”, in P. R. Cohen, M. E. Pollack, & J. L. Morgan (eds.), Intentions in Communication, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Sherman, N., 1993, “Aristotle on the Shared Life”, in Badhwar (1993). Singer, I., 1984a, The Nature of Love, Volume 1: Plato to Luther, University of Chicago Press, 2nd edn. -----, 1984b, The Nature of Love, Volume 2: Courtly and Romantic, University of Chicago Press. -----, 1989, The Nature of Love, Volume 3: The Modern World, University of Chicago Press, 2nd edn. -----, 1991, “From The Nature of Love”, in Solomon & Higgins (1991). -----, 1994, The Pursuit of Love, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Soble, A. (ed.), 1989a, Eros, Agape, and Philia: Readings in the Philosophy of Love, New York, NY: Paragon House. -----, 1989b, “An Introduction to the Philosophy of Love”, in Soble (1989a). -----, 1990, The Structure of Love, Yale University Press. -----, 1997, “Union, Autonomy, and Concern”, in Lamb (1997). Solomon, R. C., 1976, The Passions, New York, NY: Anchor Press. -----, 1981, Love: Emotion, Myth, and Metaphor, Anchor Press. -----, 1988, About Love: Reinventing Romance for Our Times, Simon & Schuster. Solomon, R. C. & Higgins, K. M. (eds.), 1991, The Philosophy of (Erotic) Love, Kansas University Press. Taylor, G., 1976, “Love”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 76. Telfer, E., 1970–71, “Friendship”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 71. Thomas, L., 1987, “Friendship”, Synthese, 72. -----, 1989, “Friends and Lovers”, in G. Graham & H. La Follette (eds.), Person to Person, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. -----, 1991, “Reasons for Loving”, in Solomon & Higgins (1991). -----, 1993, “Friendship and Other Loves”, in Badhwar (1993). Tuomela, R., 1984, A Theory of Social Action, Dordrecht: Reidel. -----, 1995, The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Velleman, J. D., 1999, “Love as a Moral Emotion”, Ethics, 109. Vlastos, G., 1981, “The Individual as Object of Love in Plato”, in Platonic Studies, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 3–42, 2nd edn. White, R. J., 2001, Love's Philosophy, Rowman & Littlefield. Whiting, J. E., 1991, “Impersonal Friends”, Monist, 74. Wollheim, R., 1984, The Thread of Life, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press