COST ACTION G8
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF MUSEUM OBJECTS
Feedback from the questionnaires : Part I
Researchers
Participants
Accessibility to
artefacts
ND techniques relevant to WG3
Anthony Abela
Medici
Accessible
whenever a request
for help from the
MPFSL is made
and accepted
Lead objects from
the National
Museum of
Denmark
Video spectral comparator (VSC 2000/HR)
used for the examinations of paper, paintings
and documents.
-
Requests and needs to
be tackled within WG3
-
Electrochemistry:
- analysis of corrosion layers
- deposition and evaluation of protective
coatings
- cleaning (reduction) of corrosion layers
Raman spectroscopy:
identification of corrosion products
- XRF, PIXE and micro Proton Induced Xray Emission (PIXE) for coins and jewelry –
the problem of corrosion is a secondary one
for me, only related to the accuracy of my
compositional measurements.
Need for other surface techniques.
-
Only the difficult access to some
archaeological items
High-Energy Proton Induced X-ray
Emission (HE-PIXE): ND analysis up to
several mm (depends on the sample). Bulk
analysis without removal of the corrosion
layer.
SEM, EDS, EPMA, µRAMAN, µXRF,
µXRD: work perform on cross section. To my
mind it is the only mean to understand the
corrosion system and then the corrosion
mechanisms. After this first “destructive”
- Complex technique and need to
bring the artefact to an accelerator.
- Use to be decided for every single
object and cannot be answered
globally.
To understand the corrosion system it
is necessary to cut at least one object
of the studied site…
- Elaboration of an overview
of available ND techniques
- achieved experience of WG3
participants using them in
relation to alteration of ancient
materials.
Experience exchange
Annemie Adriaens
Karen Leyssens
Bart Schotte
Bogdan
Constantinescou
Difficult
Andrea Denker
Collaboration with
restorers and art
historians
Philippe Dillmann
No problem
Wertheim-Bronnbach / 13-14 2004
1
Limitations
Exchange information on
corrosion systems linked to
environment…
Questionnaire – Part I
COST ACTION G8
Mark Dowsett
- A few, through
museum
collaborators.
- Work can be done
on compositional
copies and
analogues
Jan Gunneweg
Qumran objects
Miroslav Hain
Collaboration with
Slovak Chamber of
Restorers and
Academy of Fine
Arts, Bratislava
Andreas Karydas
(S. Kossionides)
Rather good
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF MUSEUM OBJECTS
stage, one can perform ND analyses on
artefacts corroded in the same condition and
better understand it.
Ultra low energy SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass
Spectrometry): a few pico-litres per analysis,
but need a sample similar to EM. Get trace
analysis ppb to ppm, high surface specificity
(top monolayer) high depth resolution (nm).
May also get chemical speciation (research
topic) for corrosion layers under 1 nm thick.
Can see and (potentially) identify corrosion
well before most other techniques.
- Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA):
ceramics for their provenance determination
- Synchrotron, X-Ray Diffraction and
HPLC and Raman for textile identification
and dyes
- Extremely difficult to quantify at
bulk levels
- Expensive instrument, but we have
one or two.
- Working on test samples
(silver, bronze) to assess
applications of the technique
in characterizing
unaccelerated and
electrochemical corrosion,
monomolecular coatings etc
- potential for depth profiling
through monomolecular
coatings and examining
corrosion at interface
-
-
-
-
- XRF: signal on a rather extended
depth (from few microns up to few
tens of microns). ND stratigraphy of
the corrosion layers is not possible
- Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) with
Heavy Ions (for example for H
profile) are not easily applicable for
large size artefacts.
To select few corroded/altered
materials and to assess the
potential of each available ND
method (something like roundrobin test)
- Carbon14 dating
- Infrared reflectography (pictures)
- Ultraviolet fluorescence (pictures).
And in the near future:
- Thermography (facades of historic
buildings, sculptures)
- Laser testing of surface defects
imaging colorimetry / spectrophotometry
(pictures).
- Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA):
Hydrogen and other elements elemental
profile in corroded glass
- Proton Induced gamma ray emission
(PIGE): Depth profile of copper and sulphur
in copper patina layers
- XRF: Identification of corrosion products on
the surface of ancient bronze artefacts.
Wertheim-Bronnbach / 13-14 2004
2
Questionnaire – Part I
COST ACTION G8
Arpad Zoltan Kiss - Hungarian
National Museum
in Budapest
- Déri Museum in
Debrecen
Irena Kucerova
Bad
Dominique Lafon
- Accessibility to
some recent
buildings with
architectural
particularities
- Collaboration
with material
producers :
concrete, polymers,
ceramics, metals
and wood
Paola Letardi
No problem
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF MUSEUM OBJECTS
- NRA: resonance reactions to study depth
distribution of some elements near the surface
in glasses
- XRF to analyse the chemical composition of
bronze surfaces (clean/patina)
- PIXE for determining trace elements and
micro-PIXE producing lateral distribution of
elements is also available.
- X-ray computed tomography – study of
degradation of wood
- IR and Raman microanalysis – study of
degradation paintings layers, paper etc
Characterization methods based on optical
methods :
- Colour measurements:classical
colorimetry, multi-angle and multi-spectral
colorimetry, spectro radiometry
- Measurement of the visual aspect of
surfaces: colour imaging
- Measurement of the roughness at different
scales from micrometer to millimetre
(confocal, fringes projection techniques)
- Measurement of displacement fields
:speckle interferometry: non destructive
testing for microdisplacement measurements
from 50 nanometers to 20 micrometers
between two successive steps ; digital image
correlation for inplane measurement.
- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
(EIS): electrochemical characterisation of
patinas and coatings on metals
- Polarisation resistance (Rp): corrosion rate
assessment on patina and protected metals.
Wertheim-Bronnbach / 13-14 2004
3
- NRA is possible to use only in the
case of very thin weathering layers
- Lack of portable instrumentation.
-
- IR and Raman microanalysis:
dimension of the objects + analysis
of material in the case of a mixture of
similar compounds
- X-ray computed tomography:
accessibility, price and dimension of
the objects.
- Correlation of the physical
measurements with the results of
sensory analysis (colour image
analysis)
- Important discrete height steps and
shadows (fringes projection
technique)
- Important environmental
perturbations (noise and vibrations
interferometric techniques)
- Huge changes of correlation
pattern.
-
- Further need for measurement
procedure optimisation and
standardisation
- Require a minimum flat surface for
measurement, not always available
on real objects.
-
-
Questionnaire – Part I
COST ACTION G8
Frantisek Peterka Hannelore Römich Always through
Gerard Sliwinski
interdisciplinary
projects, quite easy
for Germany, more
complicated for
outside Germany
Excellent: through
working contacts
with conservators
from museums in
the Pommerania
Region
Zoltan SzőkefalviNagy
Occasional based
on particular
negotiations
Valentin
Vladimirov
Irena Wasserman
Moderate
Via orders from
Israel Antique
Authority
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF MUSEUM OBJECTS
Neutron radiography
- IR, UV, microfocus X-ray computed
tomography (mCT): co-operation with
Belgium
- phase-contrast CT: co-operation with Italy.
Economical issue
Economical issue
-
- XRF, XEDS, electron diffractometer –
applied mainly for metal and stone artefacts
- TEM, SEM: applied for metal, paper, stone
objects
- DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared fourier
transformed spectroscopy): paper analysis
- LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy): applied for metal and
polychromy analysis
- Corrosion potential measurements: metal
objects.
- External milli-beam PIXE: analysis of
ancient bronze finds
- Internal micro-PIXE: study of the
weathering of concrete
NDT acoustic techniques and free water
saturation for rocks, ceramics, metals, etc
- Dissemination of research results
required
- Conservator’s education on ND
Techniques, too
- Limited access to analytical units
(economical reasons).
Courses + workshops
covering:
- education units on object
degradation, corrosion and
weathering
- reviews of research results,
and convincing experimental
examples regarding analysis
methods.
- Transport of the artefacts to the
accelerator laboratory
- In the case of micro-PIXE the
sample size is very limited.
Technically not complex and
economically not expensive.
-
- micro-erosion measurements of surface
deterioration;
- digital image analysis
-
-
Wertheim-Bronnbach / 13-14 2004
4
Setting up a proposal for a
research project or a network
within the 6th framework
programme?
Collaboration with appropriate
project.
Questionnaire – Part I