Chapter 12: Genetic Engineering
Section 2: Genetic Engineering: Technology and Heredity
Genetic Engineering: Technology and Heredity

Today it is possible to go further – to directly change the genetic material of
living organisms and, in effect, design organisms by _______________________
________________________

In the last two decades molecular biologists have developed a powerful new set
of techniques that affect DNA directly

For the first time biologists can engineer a set of genetic changes directly into an
organism’s DNA
o ________________________________________
The Techniques of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering could not have come about without the development of a
______________________________ to support the process
o A way to carefully _________________________ containing the gene
away from the genes surrounding it
o Find a way to ________________________________ with a piece of
DNA from the recipient organism
o _____________________ the combined DNA into the new organism
o Have a way to ___________________________________________ in
the gene in order to analyze the genes that you are manipulating
Restriction Enzymes

Genes can now be cut at specific DNA sequences by proteins known as
_________________________________
o More than __________ different kinds are known
o Each one recognizes and cuts DNA at a ___________________________
____________________
o Very accurate
o Make it possible to cut DNA into fragments that can be ______________,
________________________, and _______________________
DNA Recombination

DNA fragments cannot function all by themselves

They
must
become
a
part
of
the
genetic
material
of
___________________________ before the genes they contain can be activated

In the second step of genetic engineering, DNA fragments are incorporated into
part of the recipient cell’s genetic material

Example
o DNA fragments may be combined with __________________________
so that they can later be inserted into a bacterial cell
o Bacteria can often contain small circular DNA molecules known as
____________________ in addition to their chromosomes

Can be removed from bacterial cells and cut with restriction
enzymes producing “_____________________________”

Sites at which a DNA fragment and a plasmid can be
joined end to end, thereby forming a new plasmid that
contains a piece of foreign DNA

The combined DNA formed by fusing a DNA fragment and a plasmid consists of
parts from ____________________________________________

In genetic engineering, molecules of combined DNA are known as
________________________ because they are produced by combining DNA
from different species

Combined DNA is also known as ___________________________________,
since DNA from two sources have been recombined to produce it
DNA Insertion

It is easiest to transfer DNA into bacterial cells

The recombinant DNA is mixed in with millions of bacteria suspended in a
dense ________________________________

After a few minutes, several bacteria will take up the DNA

These bacteria can then be __________________________ and grown into
large colonies that contain the recombinant DNA
o _____________________

Includes microinjection with a glass needle, fusion with plasmidlike DNA, and a new procedure in which DNA is attached to fine
wire like pellets that are then shot into cells with a microscope
gun
DNA Sequencing

Only one of the two strands of the DNA double helix is used in the process of
DNA sequencing

However, many copies of this one strand are needed

In one form of DNA sequencing, a ____________________________________
is added to single-stranded DNA
o Divided into ________________________ that undergo different
chemical treatments

Break the DNA into pieces that when separated reveal the
positions of the bases on the original strand

Separated by _____________________________________
Engineering New Organisms

Recombinant DNA technology has advanced rapidly in the past few years

Techniques now exist for cutting and splicing DNA molecules, for inserting
DNA into cells of a wide variety of organisms, and for controlling foreign genes
moved from one species into another

Organisms
that
contain
such
foreign
genes
are
said
to
be
_________________________
Transgenic Bacteria

When a gene coding for a human protein is properly inserted into bacteria, the
recombinant cells can be used to produce large amount of the protein
____________________________________________________

Some genetically engineered bacteria produce human growth hormone, insulin,
and interferon
Transgenic Plants

DNA can be injected into plant cells ________________________ or
________________________________________ of certain species of bacteria
that infect plant cells

Plant cell biologists have developed techniques that enable a complete
transgenic plant to be grown from the cells containing recombinant DNA
o Production of plants that manufacture ____________________________
______________________
o Production of plants that contain genes that enable them to
____________________________________________________________
Transgenic Animals

DNA can be introduced into animal reproductive cells in a number of ways,
including ____________________________________
o Useful in ______________________________________________
o Produce farm animals that are __________________________________
in their ______________________________ and more resistant to
_______________________