A Geography of Extinction: Dynamic Biogeography and
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Dynamic Biogeography and Conservation of Endangered Species Rob Channell* and Mark V. Lomolino *Department  of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays KS, USA 67601 Rchannel@FHSU.edu Oklahoma Biological Survey, Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory, and Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, USA 73019 island@ou.edu Region Species Common name Reference Africa Africa Taxonomic group Arthropod Bird Circellium bacchus Agelastes melearides Chown et al., 1995 Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Africa Africa Africa Africa Bird Bird Mammal Mammal Geronticus eremita Grus carunculatus Acinonyx jubatus Addax nasomaculatus ~ White-breasted guineafowl Waldrapp ibis Wattled crane African cheetah Addax Africa Africa Mammal Mammal Africa Africa Africa Africa Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Africa Africa Africa Mammal Mammal Mammal Africa Africa Africa Mammal Mammal Mammal Hancock et al., 1992 Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Stuart and Stuart, 1996; Kingdon, 1997 Ethiopian wolf Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Canis simensis Jentinti's duiker Stuart and Stuart, 1996; Kingdon, Cephalophus jentinki 1997 White rhinoceros Penny, 1988; Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Ceratotherium simum Blesbok Burton et al., 1987 Damaliscus dorcas Black rhinoceros Penny, 1988; Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Diceros bicornis Grevy's zebra Duncan, 1992; Stuart and Stuart, Equus grevyi 1996; Kingdon, 1997 Mountain zebra Duncan, 1992; Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Equus zebra Cuvier's gazelle Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Gazella cuvieri Dama gazelle Stuart and Stuart, 1996; Kingdon, Gazella dama 1997 Slender-horned gazelle Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Gazella leptoceros Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Hexaprotodon liberiensis Pygmy hippopotamus Lechwe Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Kobus leche Africa Africa Africa Africa Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Kobus vardoni Lutra lutra Lycaon pictus Macaca sylvanus Puku Eurasian otter African wild dog Barbary macaque Africa Mammal Oryx damah Scimitar-horned oryx Africa Mammal Tauotragus derbianus Great eland Noisy scrub-bird Carnaby's cockatoo Helmeted honeycreeper Hermes, 1990 Australia Bird Atrichornis clamosus Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris Lichenostomus melanops cassidix Pardalotus quadragintus Kingdon, 1997 Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Stuart and Stuart, 1996 Stuart and Stuart, 1996; Kingdon, 1997 Stuart and Stuart, 1996; Kingdon, 1997 Stuart and Stuart, 1996; Kingdon, 1997 Smith, 1985; Hermes, 1990 Saunders, 1990 Hermes, 1990 Australia Bird Pezoporus occidentalis Forty-spotted pardalote Night parrot Australia Bird Psephotus pulcherrimus Paradise parrot Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Bettongia gaimardi Bettongia lesueur Bettongia pencillatus Conilurus penicillatus Dasycercus cristicauda Dasyurus geoffroii Dasyurus hallucatus Dasyurus viverrinus Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Isoodon auratus Lagorchestes hirsutus Lagorchestes leporides Tasmanian bettong Burrowing bettong Brush-tailed bettong Brush-tailed tree-rat Mulgara Western quoll Northern quoll Eastern quoll Yellow-bellied glider Trounson and Trounson, 1987; Hermes, 1990 Ovington, 1978; Hutchins and Lovell, 1985; Hermes, 1990 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 McKenzie et al., 1996 McKenzie et al., 1996 McKenzie et al., 1996 McKenzie et al., 1996 McKenzie et al., 1996 Strahan, 1995 McKenzie et al., 1996 Golden bandicoot Rufous hare-wallaby Eastern hare-wallaby McKenzie et al., 1996 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Australia Bird Australia Bird Australia Bird Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Lagostrophus fasciatus Lasiorhinus krefftii Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Leporillus apicalis Leporillus conditor Macrotis leucrua Mesembriomys macrurus Myrmecobius fasciatus Notomys amplus Australia Mammal Notomys longicaudatus Australia Mammal Onychogalea fraenata Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Parantechinus apicalis Perameles bougainville Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Petaurus australis Petrogale lateralis Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Australia Mammal Phascogale calura Potorous platyops Pseudocheirus occidentalis Pseudomys australis Pseudomys fieldi Pseudomys fumeus Pseudomys shortridgei Rattus tunneyi Thylacinus cynocephalus Zyzomys pedunculatus Bufo calamita Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Amphibian Banded hare-wallaby Northern hair-nosed wombat Lesser Stick-nest Rat Greater stick-nest rat Lesser bilby Golden-backed tree-rat Numbat Short-tailed hoppingmouse Long-tailed hoppingmouse Bridled nailtail wallaby Southern dibbler Western barred bandicoot Leadbeater's possum Black-footed rockwallaby Red-tailed phascogale Broad-faced potoroo Western ringtail possum Plains rat Shark Bay Mouse Smoky mouse Heath rat Pale field-rat Tasmanian tiger Central rock-rat Natterjack toad Strahan, 1995 McKenzie et al., 1996 Strahan, Strahan, Strahan, Strahan, Caughley Strahan, 1995 1995 1995 1995 and Gunn, 1996 1995 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 McKenzie et al., 1996 McKenzie et al., 1996 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 McKenzie et al., 1996 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Strahan, 1995 Guiler, 1985 McKenzie et al., 1996 Beebee, 1977 Eurasia Arthropod Mellicta athalia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Bird Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Bird Bird Bird Ardeotis nigriceps Cairina scutulata Cursorius bitorquatus Euopodotis bengalensis Eupodotis indica Milvus milvus Ophrysia superciliosa Pavo muticus Pelecanus philippensis Pitta gurneyi Pseudibis papillosa Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Tadorna cristata Tetrax tetrax Tragopan blythi blythi Eurasia Bird Eurasia Eurasia Bird Bird Tragopan blythi molesworthi Tragopan melanocephalus Vanellus macropterus Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Fish Mammal Mammal Acipenser sturio Acinonyx jubatus Ailuropoda melanoleuca Heath fritillary butterfly Great Indian bustard Whitewinged wood duck Jerdon's courser Bengal florican Lesser florican Red kite Mountain quail Green peafowl Spot-billed pelican Gurney's pitta Black ibis Indian pink-headed duck Crested shelduck Little bustard Eastern Blyth's tragopan Western Blyth's tragopan Western tragopan Javanese wattle lapwing European sturgeon Indian cheetah Giant panda Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Bison bonasus Bos gaurus gaurus Bos sauveli Bubalus bubalis European bison Gaur Kouprey Water buffalo Warren et al., 1984 Mukherjee, 1982; Johnsgard, 1991 Mukherjee, 1982 Mukherjee, 1982 Mukherjee, 1982; Johnsgard, 1991 Johnsgard, 1991 Lovegrove, 1990 Mukherjee, 1966 van Balen et al., 1995 Johnsgard, 1993 Lambert and Woodcock, 1996 Hancock et al., 1992 Delacour, 1954 Delacour, 1954; Johnsgard, 1978 Johnsgard, 1991 Johnsgard, 1986 Johnsgard, 1986 Johnsgard, 1986 Johnsgard, 1981 Debus, 1996;Keith and Allardi, 1996 Burton et al., 1987 Schaller et al., 1985; Laidler, 1992; Stirling, 1993 Burton et al., 1987 Mukherjee, 1982 MacKinnon and Mackinnon, 1991 Sheshadri, 1969; Mukherjee, 1982 Eurasia Mammal Markhor Mukherjee, 1966 Mammal Capra falconeri falconeri Caprolagus hispidus Eurasia Hispid hare Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Castor fiber Cervus alfredi Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Cervus duvauceli Cervus elaphus hanguli Cervus elaphus wallichi Cervus eldi Didermocercus sumatrensis Elephas maximus Equus hemionus Felis temmincki temmincki Hemitragus hylocrius Macaca silenus Moschus moschiferus moschiferus Mustela lutreola Panthera leo persica Pongo pygmaeus Presbytis johnii Rhinocercos sondaicus European beaver Philippine spotted deer Swamp deer Kashmir stag Shou Brown-antlered deer Sumatran rhino Bell et al., 1990; Caughley and Gunn, 1996 Burton et al., 1987 Oliver et al., 1991 Eurasia Mammal Rhinocerecos unicornis Indian rhino Eurasia Eurasia Eurasia Mammal Mammal Mammal Saiga tatarica Sus salvanius Sus verrucosus Siaga Pygmy hog Warty pigs Asian elephant Onager Golden cat Mukherjee, 1982 Mukherjee, 1966 Mukherjee, 1966; Mukherjee, 1982 Mukherjee, 1966; Burton et al., 1987 Penny, 1988; Khan, 1989; Corbet and Hill, 1992 Shoshani and Eisenberg, 1982 Burton et al., 1987 Mukherjee, 1982 Nilgiri thar Lion-tailed macaque Himalayan musk deer Mukherjee, 1966; Mukherjee, 1982 Mukherjee, 1982; Heltne, 1985 Mukherjee, 1966 European mink Indian lion Orang-utan Nilgiri langur Javan rhino Schreiber, 1989 Sheshadri, 1969 Rodman, 1988; Goodall et al., 1993 Mukherjee, 1966; Mukherjee, 1982 Penny, 1988; Khan, 1989; Corbet and Hill, 1992 Penny, 1988; Khan, 1989; Corbet and Hill, 1992 Sokolov, 1974 Mukherjee, 1966; Oliver, 1993 Oliver, 1993 Eurasia Mollusk ~ Altaba, 1990 Reptile Reptile Bird Margaritifera auricularia Crocodylus palustris Gavialis gangeticus Branta sandvicensis Eurasia Eurasia Hawaiian Islands Marsh crocodile Gharial Nene Bird Corvus tropicus Hawaiian crow Bird Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu Bird Hemignathus munori Akiapolaau Bird Loxops coccinea Hawaiian akepa Bird Loxops coccinea Maui akepa Bird Melamprosops phaesoma Poo Uli Bird Moho brachicatus Kauai Oo Bird Moho nobilis Hawaii Oo Bird Molokai thrush Bird Myadestes langiensis rutha Myadestes palmeri Bird Myadetes myadestinus Kamao Bird Oremystis bairdi Kauai creeper Bird Oreomystis mana Hawaii creeper Bird Palmeria dolei Crested honey creeper Bird Paroreomyza montana Maui creeper Mukherjee, 1982 Mukherjee, 1982 Kear and Berger, 1980; Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Duckworth et al., 1992; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Scott et al., 1986; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Puaiohi Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Bird Pseudonestor xanthophrys Maui parrotbill Bird Psittirostra bailleui Palila Bird Psittirostra psittacea Ou Mollusk Achatinella apexfulva ~ Scott et al., 1995 personal Scott et al., 1995 personal Scott et al., 1995 personal U.S. Fish and 1986; Michael Scott, communication 1986; Michael Scott, communication 1986; Michael Scott, communication Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella bellula ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella bulmoides ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella byronii ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella concavospira ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella curta ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella decipiens ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella fulgens ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella fuscobasis ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella leucorraphe ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella lila ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella livida ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella lorata ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella mustelina ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella phaeozona ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella pulcherrima ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Mollusk Achatinella pupukanioe ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella sowerbyana ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella turgida ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Mollusk Achatinella viridans ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993 Plant Mauna key silversword Powell, 1994 Plant Argyroxiphium sandwicense sandwicense Bidens wiebkei Ko`oko`olau U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Brighamia rockii Po`e U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Canavalia molokaiensis `Awikiwiki U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Cyanea mannii ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Cyanea procera ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Hedyotis mannii ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Koki`o ke`oke`o U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Hibiscus arnottianus immaculatus Melicope reflexa Alani U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Phyllostegia mannii ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Pritchardia munroi Loulu U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Schiedea lydgatei ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Silene alexandri ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Stenogyne bifida ~ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996 Plant Vicia menziesii ~ Warshauer and Jacobs, 1982 Mariana Islands Mariana Islands Mariana Islands Mariana Islands Mariana Islands Mariana Islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous Bird Corvus kubaryi Mariana crow Bird Halcyon cinnamomina Bird Myiagra freycineti Bird Rallus owstoni Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Micronesian kingfisher Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Guam broadbill Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Guam rail Leonard et al., 1993 Bird Zosterops conspicillata Bridled white-eye Mammal Pteropus tokudae Bird Agelaius xanthomus Little Mariana fruit bat Yellow shouldered blackbird Bird Amazona dufresniana Red-browed amazon Low, 1984 Bird Amazona versicolor St Lucia parrot Low, 1984 Bird Amazona vittata Puerto Rico parrot Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Bird Caprimulgus noctitherus Puerto Rican whippoor-whil Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Bird Copsychus sechellarum Seychelles magpie robin Watson et al., 1992 Bird Falco punctatus Mauritius kestrel Cade and Jones, 1993 Bird Haliaeetus vociferoides Madagascar sea eagle Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Bird Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient murrelet Gaston, 1992 Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Wiles, 1990 Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands Miscellan eous islands New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Bird Tricholimnas sylvestris Lord Howe woodhen Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Plant Commidendrum robustrum St Helena gumwood Cronk, 1986b Plant Trochetiopsis erythroxylon St Helena ebony Cronk, 1986a Reptile Geochelone elephantus Galapagos tortoise Macfarland et al., 1974 Bird Anas aucklandica Brown teal Gaze, 1994 Bird Apteryx australis Brown kiwi Peat, 1990 Bird Apteryx haastii Great spotted kiwi Peat, 1990 Bird Apteryx owenii Little spotted kiwi Bird Callaeas cinerea Kokako Bird North Island weka Bird Gallirallus australis greyi Himantopus novaezealandiae Mohoua ochrocephala Mills and Williams, 1979; Fuller, 1990; Peat, 1990 Mills and Williams, 1979; Hay et al., 1985; Gaze, 1994 Graeme and Graeme, 1995 Bird Notiomystis cincta Stitchbird Bird Notornis mantelli Takahe Angehr, 1985; Gaze, 1994; Castro et al., 1995 Lavers and Mills, 1984; Gaze, 1994 Bird Philesturnus carunculatus Strigops habroptilus Saddleback Mills and Williams, 1979; Gaze, 1994 Kakapo Mills and Williams, 1979; Best and Powlesland, 1986; Gaze, 1994; Lloyd Bird Bird Black stilt Yellowhead Pierce, 1984; Pierce, 1986; Gaze, 1994 Gaze, 1994 North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America Amphibian Bufo hemiophrys baxteri Wyoming toad and Powlesland, 1994 Stone, 1991 Amphibian Bufo houstonensis Houston toad U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984a Amphibian Rana aurora draytonii Jennings, 1995 Arthropod Gryllotalpa major California red-legged frog Prairie mole cricket Arthropod Nicrophorus americana Lomolino et al., 1995 Bird Ara militaris American burying beetle Military macaw Bird Camephilus principalis Tanner, 1942; Bent, 1964; Short, 1982 Bird Campephilus imperialis Ivory-billed woodpecker Imperial woodpecker Bird Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter swan Palmer, 1976 Bird Dendroica kirtlandii Kirtland's warbler Walkinshaw, 1983 Bird Ectopistes migratorius Passenger pigeon Bird Grus americana Whooping crane Bird Gymnogyps californianus California condor North America North America North America North America North Bird Attwater's prairie chicken Pinnated grouse Bird Tympanucgus cupido attwateri Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus Tympanuchus cupido cupido Vermivora bachmanii Schorger, 1955; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Ellis et al., 1996; Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Koford, 1953; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984b; Palmer, 1988; David Steadman, 1997 personal commincation U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991b Bachman's warbler Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Hamel, 1988 Fish Cyprinella monacha Spotfin chub Walsh et al., 1995 Bird Bird Heath hen Figg and Calvert, 1987 Howell and Webb, 1995 Howell and Webb, 1995 Johnsgard, 1983 America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America North America South America South America South America South America Mammal Antilocapra americana Pronghorn Yoakum, 1980; Hall, 1981 Mammal Bison bison Bison Mammal Canis rufus Red wolf Park, 1969; Rorabacher, 1970; McHugh, 1972; Banfield, 1974; Hall, 1981 National Geographic Society, 1995 Mammal Cervus elaphus Wapiti Mammal Dipodomys ingens Giant kangaroo rat Murie, 1951; Hall, 1981; Thomas and Toweill, 1982; Bauer, 1995 Williams and Kilburn, 1991 Mammal Mustela nigripes Black footed ferret Hall, 1981; Anderson et al., 1986 Mammal Panthera onca Jaguar Seymour, 1989 Mammal Vulpes velox Swift fox Mollusk Arkansia wheeleri Plant Asclepias meadii Oachita rockpocketbook Mead's milkweed Carbyn et al., 1994; L. Carbyn, 1995 personal communication Martinez, 1994 Plant Castanea dentata American chestnut U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991a and 1978 Bell and Walker, 1992 Plant Isotria medeoloides ~ Mehrhoff, 1989 Plant Sarracenia oreophila Green pitcher plant U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1994 Reptile Crocodylus acutus American crocodile Grenard, 1991 Bird Crax blumenbachii Red billed curassow Bird Glaucis dohrnii Hook billed hermit Mammal Blastocerus dichotomus Marsh deer Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Michael Scott, 1995 personal communication Pinder and Grosse, 1991 Mammal Leontopithecus chrysomelas ~ Kleiman, 1981 South America South America South America South America Mammal ~ Kleiman, 1981 Mammal Leontopithecus chrysopygus Leontopithecus rosalia Golden lion tamarin Kleiman, 1981 Mammal Vicugna vicugna Vicuna Burton et al., 1987 Reptile Melanosuchus niger Black camian Plotkin, 1983 Literature Cited Altaba, C. R. 1990. 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