NON- Communicable Diseases
Cancer
Cancer – is a group of diseased cells which divide in an uncontrolled rate
Tumor – abnormal growth of tissue
Benign tumor – is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body
Usually can be removed and does not grow back
Malignant tumor – is cancerous and may spread to other parts of the body
Metastasis – is the spreading of cancer
Cancer cells break away and move into the blood stream or into the lymphatic
system and then moves to other parts of the body
Cancer can be cured in some people.
Treatment:
Radiation therapy – high energy radiation to kill or damage cancer cells
Side Effects:
Fatigue
Vomiting
Nausea
Reddish skin
Chemotherapy – anti-cancer drugs
Side Effects:
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Hair loss
Immunotherapy – immune system is stimulated to fight the cancer cells
The patient is injected with cancer cells that are made harmless by radiation
Signs of Cancer
C hange in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
U nusual bleeding or discharge
T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O bvious change in a wart or mole
N aging cough or hoarseness
Types of Cancers:
Lymphomas- arise from the organs of the immune system or lymph tissue
Leukemias – arises in the blood cell-making tissues
Carcinomas – arises in the skin, body chamber lining, or glands
Sarcomas – arises in the connective tissue cells, including bones, ligaments, & muscles
Adenomas – glandular tissue such as the breast
Melanoma – skin cancer where the pigmentation is changing.
A - asymmetry
B – Border irregularity
C – color – not uniform
D – Diameter- greater than 6 mm
E – evolution – it’s changing
Use sunscreen all year long - block UVB (surface) & UVA(deep into the skin) rays
10 Reducing Cancer Choices
1. Know the warning signs
2. Choose a tobacco-free lifestyle
3. Sun protection
4. Dietary Guidelines
5. Maintain desirable weight and body composition
6. Avoid drinking alcohol
7. Avoid exposure to dangerous chemicals and airborne fibers
8. Avoid Air Pollution
9. Avoid infection with HIV & STDs
10. Know your family cancer’s history
Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Anatomy
The heart weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams) and is a little larger than the size of your fist. By the
end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times. In fact, each
day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood.
Your heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum). A double-layered
membrane called the pericardium surrounds your heart like a sac. The outer layer of the pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart's major
blood vessels and is attached by ligaments to your spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of your body. The inner layer of the pericardium is
attached to the heart muscle. A coating of fluid separates the two layers of membrane, letting the heart move as it beats, yet still be attached to
your body.
Your heart has 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the left and right atria, and the lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles.
A wall of muscle called the septum separates the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles. The left ventricle is the largest and
strongest chamber in your heart. The left ventricle's chamber walls are only about a half-inch thick, but they have enough force to push blood
through the aortic valve and into your body.
The Heart Valves (illustration)
Four types of valves regulate blood flow through your heart:

The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.

The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick up
oxygen.

The mitral valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, your body's largest artery, where it is
delivered to the rest of your body.
The Conduction System (illustration)
Electrical impulses from your heart muscle (the myocardium) cause your heart to contract. This electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node,
located at the top of the right atrium. The SA node is sometimes called the heart's "natural pacemaker." An electrical impulse from this natural
pacemaker travels through the muscle fibers of the atria and ventricles, causing them to contract. Although the SA node sends electrical impulses
at a certain rate, your heart rate may still change depending on physical demands, stress, or hormonal factors.
The Circulatory System (illustration)
Your heart and circulatory system make up your cardiovascular system. Your heart works as a pump that pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and
cells of your body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells. Blood
is carried from your heart to the rest of your body through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Blood is returned to your
heart through venules and veins. If all the vessels of this network in your body were laid end-to-end, they would extend for about 60,000 miles
(more than 96,500 kilometers), which is far enough to circle the earth more than twice!
Cardiovascular Disease – is a disease of the heart & blood vessels
- Accounts for almost half of all the deaths in the U. S.
-
Electrocardiogram - EKG – test that shows a graph of
activity of your heart
-
Coronary angiography --Helps evaluate the extent of
coronary artery damage
Aorta- the largest artery of the body
Blood Pressure – the pressure placed on your veins and arties when the heart is pumping
Systolic – Ventricles contract- blood is pushed into the arties
Diastolic – when the ventricles are relaxing
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
1. Angina Pectoris – chest pain caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
- heart is not getting enough oxygen
- sudden exertion, vigorous activity, & excessive stress can cause this
-
Nitroglycerin – is a drug that widens the coronary arteries allowing more oxygen to
get to the cardiac muscle
2. Congestive Heart Failure – condition that occurs when the heart’s
pumping ability is below normal capacity & fluid accumulates in
the lungs and other areas of the body
- Causes: birth defects, heart attack, high blood pressure,
rheumatic fever, old age
- Drugs can help improve hearts pumping ability
- Reduce sodium in diet can also help
3. Arteriosclerosis – hardening and thickening of the arteries
-Can occur naturally as people get older
Atherosclerosis –fat deposits
on artery walls – Plaque
Cause from fatty diets,
smoking, high blood
pressure, high
cholesterol levels
Start early and builds
up slowly does not occur suddenly.
4. Coronary Heart Disease –disease
in which the coronary arteries are
narrowed or blocked
Coronary artery is a blood
vessel that carries blood to
the heart muscle.
Platelets – the tiny disk-shaped bodies that form clots
5. Heart Rhythm Abnormalities – heart not beating at a normal rate
Arrhythmia – heart may beat very slow or very fast for no obvious reasons
Pacemaker – a device that is implanted in the heart to simulate normal heart
contractions
6. Rheumatic Fever – is an auto-immune action in the heart that can cause fever,
weakness, & damage to the valves.
Can cause permanent damage
7. Heart Attack – death of the cardiac muscle caused by the lack of blood flow
- Myocardial infarction – (MI) – medical term for heart attack – coronary
artery is narrowed by plaque,
also might become clogged by a blood clot
Warning Signs:
pressure or pain in the chest area
Pain that spread to the shoulder, jaw or neck
Lightheadedness
Fainting
Sweating
Nausea
Shortness of Breath
Thrombus – A stationary clot --- coronary thrombus – to the heart
Cerebral thrombus – to the brain
Embolus- Clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood stream
Embolism – a clot that closes off the blood vessel
Balloon Angioplasty - Used to open up an artery that is blocked used a balloon-tipped
catheter
** Premature Heart Attack – is heart attack the occurs before the age of 55 in
males and 65 in females
** 4 out of 5 people who die from a heart attack are over the age of 65
** Males have a higher chance of having a heart attack
8. Stroke or cerebrovascular accident – blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain
* Brain cells die within minutes causing damage, loss of control of different body
functions and uses,
Aneurysm – is a weakened area of a blood vessel
Causes: high blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes
Risk Factors:
High Levels of Cholesterol
Low Density Lipoproteins – substance in the blood that carries
cholesterol to the body cells
High Density Lipoproteins – substance in the
blood that carries the cholesterol to the liver
for breakdown and excretion
Saturated Fats – a type of fat from dairy
products, solid veg. fat, meat & poultry
Antioxidants- is a substance that protects
cells from being damaged by oxidation.
Fruits & Veg. are a good source of
antioxidants
Vit. C & E, beta-carotene, &
selenium
Reduce your Risks:
1. Avoiding Second hand smoke as well as smoking
2. Maintain healthful blood pressure
3. Maintain healthy weight
4. Be physically active
5. Manage stress
Diabetes
Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body produces little or no insulin
Insulin is a hormone that regulates the blood sugar level in the body
Pancreas – where insulin is produced
Metabolism – rate in which food is converted into energy
Glucose – is a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body
3 Types of Diabetes
1. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type I diabetes – the body
produces little or no insulin
- considered to be an autoimmune disease
- Body produces antibodies that turn against the body’s own cells
- It attacks the insulin in the body
** Between 5-10% of people with diabetes have this problem.
Symptoms:
Frequent urination
Blurred vision
Constant hunger
Extreme tiredness
Weight loss
Treatment – Daily injections of insulin or they will die
Special Diet is also needed
2. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or Type II diabetes – body
produces insulin but it can not be used by the body.
** Most common type of diabetes – 90-95% have this type
** Used to be called adult-onset diabetes
NOW occurring more & more in younger children due to obesity!!!!!!!!!!!
*** *80% are Over Weight
Symptoms:
Frequent urination
Unusual Thirst
Weight loss
Blurred vision
Feeling tiredness
Frequent infections
Slow healing of sores
Can be treated by:
Weight Loss
Diet
Physical Activity
Oral Medications
3. Gestational diabetes – occurs in some females during pregnancy
Insulin is produced but not used.
Caused by a hormone that the placenta produces.
Treated by diet – not medicine due to it might harm the baby.
Usually disappears after the birth of the baby.
Women who have had this have a higher chance of developing type II
diabetes later.
“F” Factors for Diabetes
Fat – being over weight- the only one that you can control
Female - more common
Family History
Forty year and older – occurs mostly after this age
People with diabetes must check their blood glucose levels to make sure that they are
not too high or too low.
Diabetes can lead to:
Blindness
Heart Disease
Stroke
Kidney failure
Loss of circulation to legs and feet
Nerve damage
Premature Death