AGE OF FAITH
I.
AGE OF FAITH
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
11-13TH CENTURIES
2.
MEDIEVAL CULTURE - CHRISTIAN CULTURE
3.
NO SEPARATION BETWEEN THE TWO
4.
NEARLY ALL ART, LITERATURE, CEREMONIES CHRISTIAN IN CONTEXT
5.
CRUSADES, PLAYS, PILGRIMAGES, NEW MONASTIC ORDERS, REVERENCE FOR
VIRGIN MARY
6.
PLUS DATING BY SAINT'S DAYS
a.
SATURDAY NEXT AFTER FEAST ST. VALENTINE
7.
PEOPLE'S SPEECH PUNCTUATED WITH CHRISTIAN REFERENCES
a.
GOODBYE IN ENGLISH SAME AS ADIEU FRENCH, ADIOS SPANISH
b.
MEANING GOD BE WITH YOU OR GODSPEED
8.
HISTORIANS REFER TO THIS TIME IN HIGH MIDDLE AGES AS AGE OF FAITH
II.
MANIFESTATIONS OF PIETY IN MIDDLE AGES
A.
PILGRIMAGES
1.
TODAY WE TRAVEL TO BEACH, MOUNTAINS, MEXICO OR EUROPE
a.
FOR VACATION OR WEEKEND TRIPS
2.
IN MEDIEVAL TIMES, PEOPLE WENT ON PILGRIMAGES
3.
A PILGRIMAGE - VISIT TO A SHRINE WHERE SAINT'S OR KING'S RELICS ENTOMBED
4.
AFTER JERUSALEM & ROME
a.
CANTERBURY & ST. JAMES COMPOSTELA IN SPAIN
(1)
MOST VISITED HOLY PLACES IN EUROPE
5.
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
a.
SITE OF MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY THOMAS BECKET
6.
ST. JAMES OR SANTIAGO COMPOSTELA
a.
SITE OF JESUS' BROTHER JAMES BURIAL
b.
ST. JAMES' CONNECTION WITH SPAIN DUE TO SCRIBAL ERROR IN 7TH C.
c.
LIST OF APOSTLE'S MISSION FIELDS HIERUSALEM OR JERUSALEM
(1)
BECAME MIXED WITH HISPANIA OR SPAIN
d.
THEN IN EARLY 9TH C HIS BODY DISCOVERED BY BISHOP IN SPAIN
e.
& LEGEND EVOLVED JAMES BROUGHT TO COMPOSTELA BY JESUS' 12
DISCIPLES
7.
SUPPOSEDLY JAMES HAD REVEALED HIMSELF TO HELP CHRISTIANS TAKE BACK
SPAIN FROM MOORS OR MUSLIMS
8.
TO VISIT SPOT WHERE MIRACLE HAD OCCURRED OR MARTYR KILLED
a.
WAS TO COME CLOSER TO SAINT'S SUPERNATURAL POWER
b.
RELIC - TANGIBLE LINK WITH SAINT
(1)
& THROUGH HIM W/GOD HIMSELF
9.
VAST MAJORITY OF MIRACLES ASSOCIATED W/RELICS HAD TO DO WITH
MEDICAL PROBLEMS
10.
WHETHER WE BELIEVE IN EFFICACIOUSNESS OF RELICS IS NOT IMPORTANT
11.
WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS MEDIEVAL PEOPLE BELIEVED IN THEM
12.
ST. LOUIS, KING OF FRANCE,
a.
BUILT SPECIAL CHAPEL - ST. CHAPPELE
(1)
JUST TO HOUSE HIS RELIC COLLECTION
13.
THESE PILGRIMAGE SITES HAD SOME OF SAME CHARACTERISTICS & ATTRIBUTES
AS TOURIST ATTRACTIONS TODAY
a.
SOUVENIRS, INNS, MAPS (DESCRIBING SIGHTS OF AREA,) BADGES OR PINS
14.
CHAUCER'S CANTERBURY TALES EPITOMIZES THESE PILGRIMAGES
B.
CHURCH PLAYS
1.
EVEN DRAMA IN MIDDLE AGES RELATED TO PEOPLE'S CHRISTIAN FAITH
2
2.
3.
4.
C.
D.
CALLED MYSTERY OR MIRACLE PLAYS
THESE PLAYS DRAMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF NEW TESTAMENT EVENTS
AMONG MOST IMPORTANT - PLAYS PERFORMED EASTER EVE
a.
OBERAMMERGAU PASSION PLAY IN GERMANY TODAY IS WORLD FAMOUS
5.
MIRACLE PLAYS GRADUALLY PASSED FROM HANDS OF CLERGY INTO HANDS OF
PEOPLE
6.
EACH GUILD IN A TOWN CHARGED WITH SUBJECT ALLIED TO ITS CRAFT
a.
BAKERS DID LAST SUPPER
b.
VINTNER DID MIRACLE AT CANA
c.
NOAH'S ARK FELL TO FISHMONGERS OR SHIPWRIGHTS
d.
GOLDSMITHS PRESENTED MAGI
CHARITY
1.
CHARITY WAS A SOCIAL OBLIGATION & CHRISTIAN IDEAL
2.
IN ST. MATTHEW'S GOSPEL, JESUS ENUMERATED THOSE ACTS THAT HELPED TO
WIN SALVATION
3.
THESE CAME TO BE KNOWN AS ACTS OF MERCY
a.
FEEDING THE HUNGRY
b.
GIVING DRINK TO THE THIRSTY
c.
WELCOMING THE STRANGER
d.
CLOTHING THE NAKED
e.
COMFORTING THE SICK
f.
VISITING THE PRISONER
IDEA OF HELL & PURGATORY
1.
MEDIEVAL PEOPLE HELL REAL PLACE
2.
ELABORATE COSMOLOGY DEVISED
3.
LIST OF PUNISHMENTS AWAITING DAMNED SOULS
4.
EACH OF 7 DEADLY SINS a.
PRIDE
b.
LUST
c.
GREED
d.
SLOTH
e.
GLUTTONY
f.
ENVY
g.
ANGER
5.
CARRIED PARTICULAR PUNISHMENT
6.
MEDIEVAL WRITERS & ARTISTS FASCINATED BY POSSIBILITIES OF HELL
7.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 13TH C EXPLAINED HELL
8.
THERE IS IN THE MIDDLE OF EARTH A PLACE CALLED HELL....IT IS FULL OF FIRE
AND BURNING SULPHUR....IT IS OVERHIDEOUS, STINKING, FULL OF ODOR & ALL
EVIL ADVENTURE. AND THERE IS THE FIRE SO OVERMUCH ARDENT, HOT AND
ANGUISHES....
9.
IN TANDEM WITH HELL IDEA OF PURGATORY DEVELOPED
10.
PURGATORY - PLACE WHERE PEOPLE WOULD GO
a.
WHO HAD NEITHER BEEN GOOD ENOUGH FOR HEAVEN
b.
NOR BAD ENOUGH FOR HELL
11.
UNCOMFORTABLE PLACE W/MANY SAME PUNISHMENTS AS HELL, BUT NOT
PERMANENT
12.
BEST OF ALL ONE COULD SHORTEN ONE'S STAY THERE
a.
BY HAVING HOLY MEN & OTHER PEOPLE PRAY FOR YOU
13.
EVENTUALLY IDEA THAT PRAYERS OF POOR PEOPLE EVEN MORE EFFICACIOUS
14.
ALL THIS CAUSED A SURGE BOTH IN
a.
ENTHUSIASTIC CONVERTS TO NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
b.
& MATERIAL GIFTS TO RELIGIOUS HOUSES
c.
& ALMS TO THE POOR
3
III.
RELIGIOUS ART & ARCHITECTURE OF HIGH MIDDLE AGES
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ART & ARCHITECTURE OF MIDDLE AGES
a.
VISIBLE SIGN OF PEOPLES' RELIGIOUS ENTHUSIASM & PIETY
2.
BUILDING OF CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND MONASTERIES,
a.
ALL INSPIRED BY AGE OF FAITH
B.
CHURCHES
1.
EVERY MEDIEVAL TOWN & VILLAGE DOMINATED BY ITS CHURCH OR CHURCHES
2.
IN TOWNS WHERE BISHOP RESIDED OR SEES
a.
LOFTY CATHEDRALS DOMINATED SKYLINE
b.
WHERE TODAY MODERN HIGH RISE OFFICES DO
c.NUMEROUS CATHEDRALS STILL VISIBLE TODAY
(1)
ATTEST TO MEDIEVAL PIETY & EFFORTS
3.
MOST CHURCHES USED TODAY IN WESTERN EUROPE BUILT DURING MIDDLE
AGES
4.
TWO STYLES OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED IN MIDDLE AGES
a.
ROMANESQUE
b.
GOTHIC
5.
ROMANESQUE CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY
a.
ITS SQUARE OUTSIDE TOWERS
b.
HEAVIER, SQUATTIER APPEARANCE
c.
& HEAVY, LARGE INTERIOR COLUMNS
d.
SIMPLE FACADE & SMALL WINDOWS
6.
AS THE NAME IMPLIES IT WAS BASED ON ANCIENT ROMAN LINES
7.
USUALLY 3 DOORS OR PORTALS FOR ENTRANCE
a.
IDEA OF TRINITY
8.
BOTH ROMANESQUE & GOTHIC CHANGED BASIC SHAPE OF CHURCH
9.
FROM BASILICA STYLE - TRANSEPTS FORMING EQUAL ARMS OF CROSS
10.
NOW BUILT IN SHAPE OF TRUE CROSS
11.
ELEMENTS
a.
CENTRAL AISLE OR NAVE
b.
SIDE AISLES
c.
CROSS AISLE OR TRANSEPT
d.
CHOIR
e.
APSES
C.
GOTHIC STYLE
1.
2ND HALF 12TH C. NEW STYLE DEVELOPED
2.
ELEMENTS OF GOTHIC
a.
ARCHED WINDOWS
b.
STAINED GLASS WINDOWS
c.
FLYING BUTTRESSES
d.
THIN MULTI COLUMNS
e.
FANCY VAULTING
3.
WITHIN 100 YRS FRENCH ALONE BUILT 80 CATHEDRALS IN NEW GOTHIC STYLE
4.
& SOME 600 MAJOR CHURCHES
5.
1ST APPEARANCE
a.
ABBEY CHURCH ST. DENIS NEAR PARIS
(1)
FOUNDED BY CLOVIS 6TH C.
(2)
WHERE FRENCH KINGS BURIED
b.
ABBOT SUGER RESPONSIBLE FOR NEW STYLE
6.
1ST CATHEDRAL IN GOTHIC STYLE AT CHARTRES
a.
CHURCH DEDICATED TO VIRGIN MARY
(1)
HENCE NAME NOTRE DAME = OUR LADY
D.
DIGRESSION ON VENERATION OF MARY OR CULT OF MARY
1.
MANY CHURCHES NOW DEDICATED TO MARY
4
E.
F.
a.
I.E. NOTRE DAME IN PARIS
2.
CULT OF MARY WIDELY DIFFUSED AMONG CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES BEGINNING
IN 5TH C.
3.
431 COUNCIL OF EPHESUS DEFINED CULT & GAVE IT OFFICIAL SANCTION OF
CHURCH
4.
BOTH EASTERN & WESTERN CHURCHES ACCORDED MARY PRE-EMINENCE
AMONG SAINTS
5.
UP TO 6TH C SHE HELD SUPREME PLACE IN LITURGY
6.
CULT OF MARY HAD ITS IMPACT ON ARRANGEMENT OF MEDIEVAL CALENDAR
SINCE HER FEASTS AMONG MOST POPULAR OF YEAR
7.
PROCESSIONS & GATHERINGS OF FAITHFUL TOOK PLACE IN THOSE AREAS
WHERE HER CULT MOST DEVELOPED DURING SUCH FEAST-DAYS
8.
CULT OF OUR LADY REPRESENTS 2 RIVAL ASPECTS OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY
9.
IF CHRIST IS BOTH JUDGE & MEDIATOR
10.
THEN MODEST & ANXIOUS HUMAN SINNERS MAY WELL LOOK FOR ADVOCATE
WHO WILL MEDIATE WITH HIM
11.
THIS FUNCTION VIRGIN MARY FULFILLED IN MIDDLE AGES
12.
AS ST. BERNARD EXPLAINED:
a.
IF YOU FEAR THE FATHER, THERE IS CHRIST THE MEDIATOR. IF YOU FEAR
HIM, THERE IS HIS MOTHER. SHE WILL LISTEN TO THEE, THE SON WILL
LISTEN TO HER, THE FATHER TO HIM.
13.
MIRACLES & POPULAR LITERATURE ATTRIBUTED TO MARY ALSO
14.
PIECES OF HER VEIL, DROPS OF HER MILK SHE FED TO JESUS
15.
FOUND IN MANY PLACES
16.
CHARTRE CLAIMED TO POSSESS NIGHTDRESS SHE WAS WEARING NIGHT SHE
GAVE BIRTH TO JESUS
17.GREATEST HYMN TO VIRGIN IS PERHAPS STABAT MATER
a.
WRITTEN 13TH C
b.
TALKS ABOUT HER SHARE IN TEARS OF HUMANITY
c.
WEEPING, THE SORROWFUL MOTHER STOOD BY THE CROSS WHILE HER
SON HUNG DYING. A SWORD HAD PIERCED HER MOURNING AND
GRIEVING SOUL THAT SUFFERED WITH HER SON
CONTINUATION OF GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
1.
BUTTRESSES ADDED
a.
WALLS AT NOTRE-DAME IN PARIS BEGAN TO SHIFT BY TIME WALLS UP
FOR 20 YRS
b.
ARCHITECTS DEVISED FLYING BUTTRESSES
(1)
ARCHED SUPPORTS ON OUTSIDE TO SUPPORT WALLS
c.
LATER BUILDERS ALMOST ALWAYS USED THEM FOR SUPPORT AND/OR
DECORATION
d.
W/FLYING BUTTRESSES ARCHITECTS WENT FOR EVEN HIGHER WINDOWS
& HIGHER CHURCHES
2.
VAULTING MORE ELABORATE - FAN & CROSS RIBBED
3.
GOTHIC POINTED ARCHES NOT ROUNDED
a.
MADE POSSIBLE TO HAVE TALLER NARROWER WINDOWS FOR MORE
LIGHT
WINDOWS OF STAINED GLASS
1.
ART HIGHLY DEV 12-13 C
2.
PRODUCED COLORS LATER CENTURIES NOT ABLE TO DUPLICATE
3.
SCENES FROM BIBLE, EVERYDAY LIFE, & HISTORY
4.
GUILDS VIED W/EACH OTHER TO DONATE WINDOW
a.
EVEN PROSTITUTES OF PARIS GAVE WINDOW TO NOTRE DAME
CATHEDRAL
5.
ROSE WINDOWS IN CATHEDRALS MOST SPECTACULAR
6.
CHARTRES CATHEDRAL'S GLASS IS EPITOME OF MA
5
7.
G.
H.
IV.
ST. CHAPELLE IN PARIS BUILT MID 13TH C HAS WALLS ALMOST ENTIRELY OF
GLASS
8.
NOTRE-DAME IN PARIS LOST MOST OF HER GLASS IN MIDDLE OF 18TH C WHEN
ARCHITECT COMMISSIONED TO UPDATE CHURCH HAD THEM SMASHED &
REPLACED W/PLAIN GLASS
a.
ROSE WINDOW NORTH TRANSEPT SURVIVES
9.
MOST GLASS TAKEN OUT OF CHURCHES DURING WWII
10.
MODERN AIR POLLUTION HAS DESTROYED MUCH OF 12TH C STAINED GLASS IN
CATHEDRALS AS WELL
SCULPTURE ON GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
1.
MOST REALISTIC SINCE ROMAN EMPIRE
2.
MODELED AFTER REAL PEOPLE
3.
MUCH OF BOTH GOTHIC & ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE SURVIVES
4.
WAY TO DEPICT VARIOUS FIGURES FOLLOWED PROSCRIBED RULES
5.
GOD, ANGELS &u APOSTLES BAREFOOT
6.
REST OF SAINTS WEAR SANDLES
7.
ST. PAUL BALD & LONG-BEARDED
8.
ST. PETER TONSURED, CURLY HAIR & SHORT BEARD
9.
IN CRUCIFIXION MARY TO RIGHT OF CROSS & ST. JOHN TO LEFT
10.
GARGOYLES - DECORATED DOWNSPOUTS
a.
LEGEND - GARGOYLES CREATED TO FRIGHTEN GOBLINS FROM
CATHEDRALS
11.
MA SCULPTURE WHICH HAS BEEN DESTROYED DELIBERATELY DONE SO
a.
REFORMATION & RELIGIOUS WARS 16-17TH C.
b.
18TH C. FRENCH REVOLUTION
(1)
WHEN COUNTRY OFFICIALLY ATHEIST
(2)
YOUNG MEN W/HAMMERS ABLE TO COLLECT SO MUCH PER HEAD
FOR KNOCKING HEADS OFF RELIGIOUS SCULPTURES & STATUES
CONCLUDING REMARKS MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
1.
MOST OF PEOPLE COMING TO CHURCH IN MIDDLE AGES COULDN'T READ
2.
SCULPTURE & PAINTINGS BOOKS FOR ILLITERATE
3.
FRANCOIS VILLON, FRANCE'S GREAT POET WROTE SOME LINES FOR HIS MOTHER
a.
I AM A POOR OLD WOMAN WHO KNOWS NOTHING; I NEVER COULD READ.
IN MY PARISH CHURCH I SEE PARADISE PAINTED, WITH HARPS AND LUTES,
AND HELL, WHERE THE DAMNED ARE BOILED. THE ONE FRIGHTENS ME,
THE OTHER BRINGS JOY
4.
GOTHIC EXTREMELY MORE EXPENSIVE THAN ROMANESQUE & MORE TIMECONSUMING TO BUILD
5.
MOST OF ALL EUROPE'S CHURCHES HAD BEEN BUILT OR REBUILT IN
ROMANESQUE STYLE IN 11 OR EARLY 12TH C
6.
ONLY WEALTHY COMMUNITIES COULD AFFORD GOTHIC
7.
SO CHURCHES OF SMALL TOWNS & COUNTRYSIDE IN EUROPE STILL LARGELY
ROMANESQUE
NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS HIGH MIDDLE AGES
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
OUTLETS FOR PIETY INCLUDED NEW MONASTIC ORDERS SUCH AS CLUNIACS &
CISTERCIANS
2.
AND NON-MONASTIC ORDERS; BEGGING OR MENDICANT ORDERS
a.
FRANCISCANS & DOMINICANS
3.
THESE GROUPS REPRESENT JUST FEW
a.
WHO ACTUALLY OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED BY CHURCH
4.
MANY OTHERS WERE NOT & BECAME BRANDED AS HERESIES
a.
WALDENSIANS, CATHARS
b.
SOME 40 OTHERS IN ITALY ALONE
6
5.
B.
C.
D.
NB
E.
CF TO OUR PRESENT TIMES WHEN SO MANY DENOMINATIONS EACH WITH THEIR
OWN BELIEFS & RITUALS
6.
MONASTERIES FROM 10-14TH CENTURIES EXPANDED ON A MASSIVE SCALE
CLUNIACS 10-11th CENTURIES
1.
BY 10TH C. BENEDICTINE MONASTERIES HAD BECOME VERY WORLDLY
a.
& CONTROLLED BY THE LAY RULERS OF SOCIETY
2.
CF W/TELEVISION EVANGELISTS JIM BAKER, ETC.
3.
WILLIAM THE PIOUS, DUKE OF AQUITAINE ESTABLISHED MONASTERY THAT WAS
TO BE
a.
UNDER PAPAL NOT SECULAR CONTROL
b.
ABBEY OF CLUNY IN BURGUNDY
c.
NUMBER OF HOUSES GREW STEADILY
4.
CLUNIACS BEGAN REFORM MOVEMENT IN CHURCH THAT WOULD CONTINUE FOR
CENTURIES
CISTERCIANS- ESTABLISHED 1098
1.
LATE 11TH C. ANOTHER MONASTIC ORDER ESTABLISHED
2.
WHEN CLUNY HOUSES BECAME TOO WEALTHY & SECULAR
3.
CISTERCIANS EMPHASIZED MANUAL LABOR
a.
OVER PRAYERS
b.
& WRITING & COPYING OF MANUSCRIPTS
4.
LIVED A SIMPLE, AUSTERE LIFE
5.
BUILDINGS COMPLETELY UNADORNED - VERY STARK
6.
WHITE ROBES INSTEAD OF BLACK BENEDICTINES WORE
7.
MONASTERIES SITUATED DESOLATE REGIONS
a.
12TH C PIONEERS LIKE OUR 19TH C PIONEERS WHO WENT OUT WEST
8.
ORDER APPEALED TO THOSE WANTING TO RECREATE APOSTOLIC POVERTY OF
JESUS & HIS DISCIPLES
9.
RIEVAULX, FOUNTAINS ABBEYS IN ENGLAND
10.
CISTERIANS GREAT SHEEP GROWERS IN MIDDLE AGES
11.
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX 1090-1153
a.
CISTERCIANS GREATEST SPOKESMAN
12.
ALL CISTERCIAN CHURCHES IN MONASTERIES DEDICATED TO VIRGIN MARY
AUGUSTINIANS
1.
INSTEAD OF FORMING A MONASTERY
2.
MEMBERS ATTACHED TO CHURCHES IN TOWNS
a.
WHO FOLLOWED A RULE
3.
MARTIN LUTHER - AUGUSTINIAN
4.
MAIN PURPOSE WAS TO PREACH & ADMINISTER SACRAMENTS TO LAY PUBLIC
5.
WHEREAS MONKS & NUNS ADMINISTERED TO EACH OTHER
6.
EMPHASIS ON PREACHING QUITE NEW
7.
BASED ON IDEA THAT EVEN ORDINARY PEOPLE (NON-PRIESTS) COULD BE HOLY
8.
BUT FIRST PEOPLE NEED TO BE EDUCATED
9.
SERMONS TOLD PEOPLE EXACTLY WHERE THEY WERE SINNING
WANDERING PREACHERS
1.
AT SAME TIME AS AUGUSTINIANS DEVELOPED
2.
WERE MEN WHO MOVED FROM TOWN TO TOWN BY BEGGING & PREACHING
3.
CALLED MENDICANTS
a.
FROM LATIN FOR BEGGING
4.
FOLLOWING JESUS' WAY THEY SAID
5.
THESE GOOD PREACHERS RECEIVED ENTHUSIASTICALLY BY PEOPLE
6.
HOWEVER, BISHOPS NOT SURE HOW TO REACT TO WANDERING PREACHERS
7.
ON ONE HAND CERTAINLY COMMENDABLE FOR PEOPLE TO PREACH THE WORD
OF GOD TO GENERAL PUBLIC
8.
BUT ONE NEVER KNEW WHAT THESE PEOPLE MIGHT BE SAYING
9.
THEY COULD BE SPREADING ALL SORTS OF THEOLOGICAL ERRORS
7
10.
F.
G.
H.
V.
IN TIME THESE BEGGING & PREACHING MEN BECAME ORGANIZED
a.
& FORMED INTO ORDERS SANCTIONED BY POPE
FRANCISCANS
1.
FRANCIS OF ASSISI 1182-1226 EST FRANCISCAN ORDER
2.
SON OF WEALTHY ITALIAN MERCHANT WHO DECIDED TO LIVE LIFE OF POVERTY
BY RENOUNCING ALL WORLDLY GOODS
3.
ST. FRANCIS SAID MUST BE POOR TO CONVEY MESSAGE OF CHRIST
4.
FRANCIS STATED PRAYERS OF POOR MORE EFFECTIVE THAN PRAYERS OF RICH
PEOPLE
5.
ALMS-GIVING DURING ONE'S LIFETIME MORE EFFICACIOUS THAN GIVING AT
TIME OF DEATH
6.
NO CONCEPT IN MIDDLE AGES THAT POVERTY COULD BE PERMANENTLY
ABOLISHED.
7.
POOR WOULD ALWAYS BE WITH YOU
8.
ACCEPTED AS OK ORDER BY POPE INNOCENT III
9.
ONLY BY HAIR'S BREATH & GOOD LUCK DID FRANCISCANS ESCAPE
CONDEMNATION AS HERETICS
DOMINICANS
1.
DOMINIC - SPANISH 1170-1221
2.
ANOTHER MENDICANT OR BEGGING ORDER
3.
STRESSED VALUE OF EDUCATION TO DO GOOD JOB OF PREACHING
4.
13TH C EST HOUSES IN MAJOR UNIVERSITIES TO PROVIDE FOR POOR SCHOLARS
SIGNIFICANCE OF FRANCISCANS & DOMINICANS
1.
ALL MAJOR THINKERS IN 13TH C WERE EITHER DOMINICANS OR FRANCISCANS
a.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS - DOMINICAN
b.
ST. BONAVENTURE - FRANCISCAN
2.
WEALTHY PARENTS FEARED THEIR SON WOULD BECOME EITHER FRANCISCAN
OR DOMINICAN IN 13TH C
a.
LIKE IN 60'S PARENTS FEARED CHILDREN WOULD BECOME HIPPIES
3.
BUT ADVENT OF FRIARS NOTABLE ATTEMPTS TO RECTIFY CHANGING SOCIETY
4.
& TO ADMINISTER TO NEEDS OF GROWING URBAN POPULACE
5.
THUS PEOPLE IN MA HAD WIDE VARIETY OF WAYS
a.
TO ILLUSTRATE & DEMONSTRATE THEIR PIETY & BELIEF IN GOD
OTHER ASPECTS OF FAITH IN MIDDLE AGES
A.
HERESIES - INTRODUCTION
1.
DEFINE HERESIES
2.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA, LEARNED HERESIES
a.
ARIANISM, DONATISM
3.
1ST WAVE OF POPULAR HERESY
a.
DURING 12TH CENTURY
4.
SINCE REVIVAL OF TRADE & COMMERCE IN EARLY 11TH C
5.
EUROPE - ASTONISHING RISE IN POPULATION IN SIZE & NUMBER OF CITIES
6.
WITHIN THESE CITIES FREER EXCHANGE OF IDEAS
7.
MOST PROSPEROUS & URBANIZED AREAS NORTHERN ITALY & SOUTHERN
FRANCE
8.
WHICH WERE CENTERS OF MOST INTENSE HERETICAL ACTIVITY DURING 12TH &
13TH CENTURIES
9.
ALSO MANY PEOPLE STIRRED BY DEEPENING PIETY OF 11TH C
10.
& EVIDENTLY MUST HAVE FOUND INADEQUATE OPPORTUNITY AS LAYMEN
WITHIN CHURCH TO EXPRESS THEIR RELIGIOUS ASPIRATIONS
11.
& SOUGHT SPIRITUAL SATISFACTION OUTSIDE IT
12.
POPULAR HERESIES VARIED WIDELY IN THEIR EXPRESSION
13.
APPEARING FIRST IN ISOLATED COMMUNITIES
14.
BY 12TH C CHARISMATIC LEADERS AROUSED ENTHUSIASM OF CROWDS BY
8
B.
C.
D.
THEIR PREACHING
15.
WHILE OTHERS WORKED QUIETLY AT ORGANIZING AND FORMULATING
IDEALOGIES
16.
SO VARIOUS SECTS FORMED
CHARACTERISTICS OF HERESIES
1.
HERESIES HAD SOME COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
a.
RETURN TO APOSTOLIC PRACTICE OF PREACHING & POVERTY
b.
FREE PEOPLE FROM ENSLAVEMENT TO WORLDLY AMBITION & WEALTH
c.
SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM CHALLENGED
d.
ALL SECTS THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES AS TRUE CHRISTIANS
e.
THEY USUALLY EMPHASIZED CHASTITY, PREACHING & COMMUNAL LIFE
f.
REQUIRED MORAL PURITY FOR PRIESTS
g.
DEEMPHASIZED ROLE OF ANY INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN GOD & MAN
WHY HERESIES DEVELOPED
1.
CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED FOR RURAL POPULATION
2.
NOT A MORE SOPHISTICATED URBAN FOLK
3.
WITH GREGORIAN REFORM 11TH C
4.
& EMPHASIS ON CLERICAL CELEBIACY
5.
PEOPLE EXPECTED THEIR CLERGYTO BE ABOVE THEM MORALLHY
a.
THEIR MORALS TO BE WITHOUT REPROACH
6.
WOULD BE HARD TO LIVE UP TO THESE IDEALS
7.
MANY HISTORIANS SAY HERESIES AROSE AS PROTEST AGAINST DEFECTS IN
MEDIEVAL CHURCH
a.
& AGAINST CORRUPTION OF CLERGY
8.
OTHERS HAVE THOUGHT IT TO BE PROTEST AGAINST MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF
LIFE
9.
SOME HAVE WORKED IT INTO THEORIES OF CLASS STRUGGLE
10.
MAJOR TENDENCY IN RECENT STUDIES
a.
TO SEE POPULAR HERESIES AS INTEGRAL PART OF DEVELOPMENT OF
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN LIFE
b.
& TO EXPLAIN THEIR APPEARANCE AS RESULT OF INCREASED &
DEEPENED PIETY
CATHARS
1.
MOST EXTREME OF ALL SECTS IN OPPOSITION TO ROMAN CHURCH
2.
ROMAN CHURCH REGARDED CATHARS AS GREATEST ENEMY IN 12TH & 13TH
CENTURIES
3.
CATHARS WON SO MUCH SUPPORT IN SOUTHERN FRANCE
4.
THEY THREATENED TO REPLACE CHURCH IN LOYALTIES OF NOBLES &
TOWNSMEN
5.
OTHER SECTS & HERESIES ACCEPTED FUNDAMENTAL CHRISTIAN DOGMAS
a.
GOD AS CREATOR OF ALL
b.
CHRIST A HIS SON BECOME TRULY MAN
c.
TRINITY
d.
DOCTRINE OF LAST DAYS
6.
NOT SO CATHARS
7.
THEY APPEARED TO DENY ORTHODOX DOCTRINES COMPLETELY
8.
CATHARS EMBRACED DUALISM SIMILAR TO THAT OF MANICHAEANS
a.
GOD NOT PART OF THIS WORLD
b.
THIS WORLD BELONGED TO GOD OF EVIL
c.
HUMAN SOULS - ANGELS IMPRISONED AFTER FALLING FROM THEIR
CELESTIAL ESTATE THROUGH SIN
9.
TRINITY DENIED
a.
CHRIST AS EMISSARY FROM BUT NOT SON OF GOD
10.
ROMAN CHURCH NOT HOLY BUT DEVIL'S INSTRUMENT
11.
SALVATION COULD COME ONLY TO "GOOD CHRISTIANS" BY BAPTISM IN SPIRIT
9
E.
NOT IN WATER
a.
AS CHRIST TAUGHT TO APOSTLES
12.
TO CATHARI, PURPOSE OF LIFE WAS TO LIBERATE ONESELF FROM FLESH
13.
CATHAR TO AVOID SEXUAL INTERCOURSE & FOOD PRODUCED THROUGH
SEXUAL PROCESS
14.
MAJORITY OF CATHARS CREDENTES = BELIEVERS
15.
THEY DID NOT ADOPT RIGOROUS LIFE OF PERFECTI UNTIL DEATH-BED
SACRAMENT ADMINISTERED TO THEM
16.
INCREASING POPULARITY OF CATHARS
17.
& REGULAR MEANS TO STAMP CATHARS OUT
18.
PLUS MURDER OF PAPAL LEGATE IN SOUTHERN FRANCE IN 1209 EVOKED MORE
DRAMATIC RESPONSE
19.
POPE INNOCENT III CALLED FOR CRUSADE
20.
IN ACCORDANCE W/POPE'S APPEAL
a.
KNIGHTS FROM NORTHERN FRANCE
b.
LED BY SIMON DE MONTFORT
c.
BEGAN WAR THAT LASTED FOR 2 DECADES
21.
BY 1226 SOUTHERN FRANCE SUBDUED BUT INFLUENCE OF CATHARS HAD NOT
BEEN REMOVED
INQUISITION
1.
FIRST SYSTEMATIC EFFORTS TO EXTIRPATE HERESY LEFT IN HANDS OF LOCAL
BISHOP
2.
TO IMPROVE THIS POPE GREGORY IX IN 1233 INSTITUTED INQUISITION
3.
INITIALLY DOMINICANS & FRANCISCANS BOTH RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS
OPERATION
4.
BUT BY END 13TH C DOMINICANS IN CONTROL
5.
INQUISITION MOBILE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
6.
INQUISITORS WOULD RECEIVE INFORMATION CONCERNING INDIVIDUALS
SUSPECTED OF UNORTHODOX BELIEFS
7.
ACCUSED EXAMINED TO ASCERTAIN VALIDITY OF CHARGE
8.
DEFENDANT UNAWARE OF IDENTITY OF HIS ACCUSER
9.
ACCUSED COULD BE TORTURED
10.
REFUSAL TO RECANT RESULTED IN HERETIC'S DEATH
11.
BUT MEDIEVAL INQUISITION AS DISTINCT FROM SPANISH INQUISITION AFTER
1480
12.
RESPONSIBLE FOR COMPARATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF DEATHS