© 2014
Lokes P., candidate of veterinary science, professor,
Kravchenko S., candidate of veterinary science
Poltava State Agrarian Academy
Lokes-Krupka T., postgraduate student
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
MORPHOLOGY OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS IN HEPATIC-RENAL SYNDROME
IN DOGS AND CATS
Studies have found that the development of hepatocellular renal syndrome in dogs and cats is
accompanied by structural changes in the liver and kidneys. Pathological changes were to increase,
edema and focal discolored liver and kidneys. Microscopic changes consist in the development of protein
(granular and hydropic) degeneration, focal necrosis of hepatocytes and manifestations extracapillary
glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, atrophy most convoluted tubules and glomeruli.
Keywords: dogs, cats, morphology, kidney, liver, liver-kidney syndrome.
Statement of the problem. Liver and kidney inflammation and dystrophic dogs and domestic cats
are a big part of internal noncontagious pathology animals of these species [1, 3, 12]. The problem is that
liver disease is often complicated by renal functional impairment, resulting in a combined flow of the
pathology of complicates diagnosis and choice of treatment directly. Clinical symptoms in these cases
provide sufficient information for analysis, so it is necessary to use additional methods of research –
ultrasound, laboratory tests of blood and urine. Meanwhile, the disclosure of certain pathogenetic links
pathological process seems impossible without the study of structural changes in the liver and kidney
condition associated pathology [7, 8].
Based on the above, the study of morphological changes in the liver and kidney by hepato-renal
syndrome in dogs and cats is important.
Analysis of major studies and publications which discuss the problem. Hepatic-renal syndrome –
compatible pathology of the liver and kidneys. In dogs, cats and animals of other species can be combined
hepatitis and glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and hepatitis, and hepatodystrophy glomerulonephritis
and pyelonephritis hepatodystrophy and other polimorbidnosti [2, 4, 5, 11]. Today in the literature can be
found publications on the study of pathologic liver and kidneys of animals of different species in certain
pathologies such as hepatitis, hepatodystrophy [10], glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, renal failure
syndrome [9]. However, the morphology of the liver and kidneys hepato-renal syndrome in dogs and
domestic cats has not been covered because scientific research in this direction is essential.
The purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the research – is the study of
morphological changes in the liver and kidneys of dogs and cats by hepato-renal syndrome.
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The main objective was to study the microscopic changes in liver and kidney cells for the
indicated disease.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted in terms of therapy Poltava State Agrarian
Academy. In case of death of dogs and cats diagnosed with "hepato-renal syndrome ' studied pathological
changes and conducted selection of material for subsequent histological studies.
Pieces of the liver and kidneys of animals studied 1 × 1 × 1 cm was fixed 10 % neutral formalin
solution for one-two days later dehydrated in alcohols of increasing concentration (from 500 to absolute).
The samples after fixation and dehydration embedded in paraffin by the classical method [6]. From these
blocks using microtomes sleigh made serial sections of a thickness of 7,5 microns and stained with
hematoxylin-eosin and stabilized with polystyrene. Typical histopathological changes in histopreparats
photographed on a microscope MBI -3 mikrofotonozzle MFN -12.
The material for the study was dogs and cats that have died due to the hepato-renal syndrome,
diagnosed on the basis of clinical and biochemical studies.
During the performance of the materials used is selected from the corpses of three dogs and four
cats.
Results. All animals showed distinct morphological changes in both liver and kidney. On the
surface the liver fined areas of light gray and gray-brown in different sizes and shapes. In the context of
image was smoothed, the surface of the cut was dull.
In conducting histological studies recorded changes in hepatocyts. Cells were irregularly enlarged,
the cytoplasm of swollen, muddy, uneven colored , with fine acidophilic protein grains. The boundaries
of the cells and their nuclei are difficult differentiated or were completely invisible. Such changes are
characteristic grainy dystrophy. In addition, three specimens observed expansion of sinusoidal blood
capillary lumen and bile capillaries (pic. 1).
Between slices observed proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, which was most pronounced in
the region of the hepatic triads. Mostly small pockets of fibrous connective tissue proliferation were
recorded in slices. However, there are growths were at an early stage, as they were presented in small
groups of fibroblasts and fibrotsytiv around which found only a few collagen fibers.
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2
1
3
Рic. 1. Microscopic structure of the liver dog age 3 years:
1 - proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in the region of the hepatic triad 2 - proliferation of
fibrous connective tissue within the hepatic lobule, 3 - expansion gap of sinusoidal bile
capillaries and cracks. The color of hematoxylin Karatsi and eosin. Incr. × 200
In the liver of two animals, except granular dystrophy, observed signs of hydropic degeneration
with vacuolization of the cytoplasm and nuclei of hepatocytes, small foci of necrosis. In areas of necrosis
of hepatocytes groups (2-4) looked like bezformenyh pink conglomerate, containing the remains of
destroyed nuclei. In some areas of segments recorded groups of hepatocytes (3-5) in the state paranecrosis
(pic. 2).
3
3
2
2
1
1
Рiс. 2. Histological preparations of liver cat aged 1 year:
1 - hepatocytes with evidence of hydropic degeneration and vacuolization of the cytoplasm,
2 - increased blood supply capillary sunusoyidiv 3 - paranecrosis hepatocytes. The color of
hematoxylin Karatsi and eosin. Incr. × 400
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These cells were increased in volume, slightly pronounced contours, cytoplasm was intensely pink
color in nuclei - signs of reksys. In most cases, the observed excessive blood supply of the central vein
lobules and interlobular veins triad of connective tissue, moderate swelling of the perivascular tissue.
The kidneys were enlarged and swollen. Color surface was uneven. Thus the lighter areas without
any patterns interspersed with patches of bluish color. The consistency of the kidneys was also mixed.
Palpuvaly areas more dense than normal consistency.
In the context of the boundary between the cortex and medulla was smoothed or not at all
differentiated. Lots more dense consistency have bright, gray-white color.
In conducting histological studies in kidney cortex, we have found large pockets of dense
overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue. Such proliferation accompanied by atrophy of the most
convoluted tubules and renal corpuscles. In addition, a significant increase was observed gaps individual
tubules to form mikrokistis. The destruction nefrotsytis in areas such extension wall tubules consisted
only of the basement membrane. Recorded signs of both acute and chronic extracapillary
glomerulonephritis, inflammatory infiltrates around the convoluted tubules (pic. 3).
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5
3
4
6
2
3
1
1
Рiс. 3. Microscopic structure of the cortical zone of the kidney by the hepato-renal syndrome
dogs aged 3 years: 1 - overgrowth of dense fibrous connective tissue, 2 - inflammatory
infiltration, 3 - narrowing of the convoluted tubules, 4 - expansion gap convoluted tubules,
5 - atrophied renal corpuscle, 6 - serous fluid in the lumen of the capsule ShymlanskayaBowman. The color of hematoxylin Karatsi and eosin. Incr. × 200
Founded increased volume of renal corpuscles of capillary endothelial vacuolation vaults
accumulation in the oral of Bowman-Shumlanskiy’s capsule serous fluid. Capillars lumen expansion arch
registered capillaries. In some areas of cortical areas due to the accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity
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of the capsule noted offset slightly to the side of the renal corpuscles in the lumen of the ShymlanskayBowman’s capsule. Part of podocytes and nefrotsytis were able granular and hydropic degeneration.
Noted blood supply vessels between tubules.
In three cases, in areas with growth of connective tissue in the cortical area of the kidney, resulting
in atrophy of vascular glomerular Shymlanskia-Bowman’s capsule were dilated, containing a small
amount of serous fluid (pic. 3).
In the medulla, as in the cortex, the observed large areas of dense growths of fibrous connective
tissue that leads to atrophy of the large direct tubules. Tubules that remained were stretched content, so
that they were evenly expanded and acquired irregularly shaped (pic. 4).
2
1
1
2
Рiс. 4. Microscopic structure of brain areas kidney by hepato-renal syndrome dogs aged 3
years: 1 - overgrowth of dense fibrous connective tissue in the brain layer 2 - evenly spread
content direct tubules. The color of hematoxylin Karatsi and eosin. Incr. × 100
Their epithelium partially destroyed in the lumen of the tubules. Epithelial cells that remained on
the basement membrane, were in a state of granular or hydropic degeneration.
Thus, the morphological changes during hepato-renal syndrome in dogs and cats are characterized
by liver in the form of protein (granular and hydropic) degeneration and the formation of small foci of
necrosis. Between slices grows connective tissue, is most pronounced in areas of hepatic triads.
In the kidney disease process characterized by the development extracapillary glomerulonephritis,
sclerotic changes and symptoms of chronic nephritis.
Proliferation of connective tissue leads to constriction and complete closure of the lumen of the
tubules. Expansion gaps of individual tubules on one side can be attributed to compensatory processes of
the affected organ, and on the other it creates conditions for the rebirth of such sites .
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Conclusion. With the combined pathology of the liver and kidneys (liver-kidney syndrome) in
dogs and cats is changing the morphology of the liver and kidneys, which consist in the development of
protein malnutrition, foci of necrosis, extracapillary glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis.
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