PROJECT BRIEF
1. IDENTIFIERS:
PROJECT NUMBER
PROJECT NAME
DURATION
PRC/00/A01
Enabling China to Prepare its
Initial National Communication (ECPINC)
Three Years (including preparatory phase. Full
project will start in July 2000)
United Nations Development Programme
State Development Planning Commission
China
Enabling Activity
Climate Change
Enabling Activity
IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
EXECUTING AGENCY
REQUESTING COUNTRY
ELIGIBILITY
GEF FOCAL AREA
GEF PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK
2.
SUMMARY:
Enabling China to Prepare its Initial National Communication (ECPINC) is a climate change
enabling activity funded by the GEF and the Government of China, implemented by the UNDP,
and executed by the Chinese State Development Planning Commission. The principal aim of the
project is to enable China to comply with her obligations related to Article 4.1, and other relevant
commitments, specified in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), including submission of her Initial National Communication. The aims of the project
are therefore to generate, analyze and communicate information relevant to the preparation and
submission of China’s Initial National Communication (particularly in accord with Art. 4.1 and
Art. 12 of the UNFCCC), including completion of a national greenhouse gas inventory,
vulnerability assessment, an adaptation option analysis, a national plan to implement the
Convention and, finally, the National Communication itself.
3. COSTS AND FINANCING (MILLION US$):
GEF
Co-financing
Project
3.500
PDF
0.100
Sub-Total GEF
3.600
Government (in-kind):
0.240
TOTAL PROJECT COST:
3.840
4. OPERATIONAL FOCAL POINT ENDORSEMENT:
Name: Mr. Jinlin Yang, International Dept., Ministry of Finance
Date: February 25, 2000
5. IA CONTACT:
Dr. Nandita Mongia, UNDP/RBAP CC Coordinator
<nandita.mongia@undp.org>
1. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
1.
The Chinese government attaches great importance to climate change issues, and signed the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or Convention) in 1992. In the
same year, the Convention was ratified by the Standing Committee of the Chinese National
People’s Congress, and China became one of the first countries to ratify the UNFCCC.
2.
As one of the Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention, the Chinese government endorses the
principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” put forward by the Convention as a basic
prerequisite. China actively takes part in, and takes great effort to comply with, relevant obligations
under the UNFCCC, including the submission of an initial national communication within three
years after financial resources are provided. This proposal requests funding for the preparation of
the initial national communication to the UNFCCC
3.
China has a large territory represented by a complex geography and climate patterns. Its level of
social and economic development is relatively low and unbalanced. In order to fulfil the
requirements of the UNFCCC, the Chinese government has strengthened its researches on the (1)
science of the climate system and climatic change, (2) impact on social and economic development
and (3) response strategies. However, due to the complexity of climate change issues, the lack of
research tools and basic data and extremely limited financial support, the results of these researches
are far from complete, and therefore further in-depth research in a wide range of areas and
uncertain issues is required. This work would not be accomplished in the short term in the absence
of adequate financial support from GEF.
4.
China has already made its share of contribution to modifying the longer-term trends of climate
change, by such national measures as (1) population control, (2) pursuing energy conservation and
(3) persistent large-scale afforestation. China is willing to contribute further to addressing climate
change, but as a developing country with a population of over 1.2 billion and per capita GDP of less
than $US 800 (1998), China is faced with tremendous practical difficulties.
5.
In recognition of the great importance of climate change to the future of the country and the rest of
the world, China has undertaken additional significant actions. Not the least amongst these has
been the establishment of the National Coordinating Committee on Climate Change Policy, for
which an office was established within the State Development Planning Commission.
6.
China is committed to fulfilling its obligations under the UNFCCC and wishes to report on steps
taken or envisaged by China to implement the Convention. To complete this major task, China
seeks financial and other assistance, consistent with Article 4.3 of the UNFCCC, and with decisions
of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
7.
China views climate change, defined in Article 1 of the UNFCCC as “a change of climate which is
attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods”, as a major threat to its ability to achieve sustainable development through implementation
of its priority policies, including poverty eradication, enhancement of food security and economic
development.
a. Vulnerability to Climate Change
8.
China has many different climates and ecosystems, large arid and semiarid areas, and large areas
liable to drought and desertification and prone to natural disasters. Northeast China is one of the
major industrial and agricultural regions of Asia. Some research has indicated that annual
precipitation has been decreasing in this region since 1965 while average temperatures have risen
by up to 1C over the last 100 years. However, temperatures have actually dropped slightly in parts
of the south. Chinese agriculture, forestry and natural ecosystems have become increasingly
sensitive to climate change as a consequence of global change, and its more local manifestations.
9.
China has experienced many droughts and floods. According to historical records more than 1000
severe droughts have occurred between 206 BC and 1949. Since 1949, severe droughts have
occurred in 1959, 1960, 1961, 1972, 1978 and 1997. The last three have been extremely serious
and extensive. The same historical records show that in the past there were a similar number of
major floods, predominantly over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Yellow River,
Huaihe River and Haihe River, which cover the major agricultural zones of China. Since 1949 most
major rivers have been partially controlled and many water conservation projects have been
undertaken, helping to reduce flood damage. Nevertheless, floods still result in serious damage.
Based on statistics, up to 7.34 million hectares of farmland were inundated between the 1950’s and
1970’s. Of these, over 4 million hectares were seriously damaged. Despite all the control efforts
made in recent years, extremely severe floods occurred along the Yangtze River or in South China
in 1991, 1996, 1997 and 1998. This points to the potential difficulty of adapting to an increase in
the frequency of major floods, as might happen with global warming.
10.
The Chinese mainland coastline is about 18,000 km long, with the coastal zone accounting for 13%
of the total land area, 42% of the population, and 60% of GDP. Consequently the eight littoral
plains and many estuarine deltas that make up the Chinese coastal zone are very vulnerable to
climate change and sea level rise. Around 11% of the coastal zone area lies below 5 m elevation,
and is thus particularly prone to the influence of sea level rise and storm surges, while saline
intrusion into estuarine waters and groundwater threatens coastal ecosystems and freshwater
supplies.
11.
Tropical cyclones, or typhoons, may reach as far as 40N, although most make landfall along the
coastline south of Zhejiang province. On annual average, about 28 typhoons affect the offshore
areas of China and about eight affect inland areas, with the number varying greatly inter-annually.
Storm surges over 1 m high occurs six times annually somewhere on the Chinese coast, with those
over 2 m high at least once annually. Rising sea level and increase of typhoon frequency or intensity
would increase the frequency of storm surges.
12.
Occurring frequencies of droughts, floods and typhoon in some regions of China are correlated
with the occurrence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), although the relationship is
complex. Thus, the behavior of ENSO under climate change is of vital importance to China.
13.
Preliminary studies have shown that natural ecosystems in China could face significant impacts
from climate change, including changes in vegetation composition, structure and carbon storage
potential. Agriculture is of vital importance to China, as rural residents make up 70% of the total
population. Already precipitation has decreased substantially over eastern China’s farming regions.
Any potential future water shortage due to climate change would threaten the sustainability of north
China’s agricultural development and enhance the difficulties of increasing irrigated land area.
Forestry is another major land use section in China. It not only supplies wood and other forest
products, but also plays a key role in environmental protection. Major afforestation projects are
under way to help control erosion and provide shelter. However, the options for extending forests
have already been limited, principally due to inadequate rainfall in large parts of China. With
temperature rise and other climatic changes, any consequent changes in forest fire frequency and
intensity is of great concern.
14.
Research into climatic extremes and natural disasters is becoming increasingly important, due to
the intensifying greenhouse gas effects. More attention must be paid to characteristics and
consequential changes in impacts of climatic extremes and natural disasters. Because the
magnitude, frequency and impact of extreme events and other changes vary greatly across regions,
China’s research should intensively focus on them while studies on policies, planning and
consequential implication actions should be undertaken.
b. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
15.
In 1998, the GDP in China was 7955.3 billion RMB, with an annual increase rate of 7.8% and a per
capita GDP of US$ 770 calculated by referring to the end-of-year foreign exchange rate. From 1993
to 1997, the average annual economic growth rate in China was 11%, which was above the world
average and the average of developed countries by 7.3 and 8.8 percentage points, respectively.
2
16.
China ranks second in energy consumption in the world. Coal plays an extremely important role in
China’s social and economic development, accounting for 75% of total primary energy
consumption, and about 30% of total coal consumption in the world. China has made substantial
progress over the last twenty years in controlling its energy consumption growth, which has risen at
about half the rate of economic growth. It has adopted extensive programs to slow energy
consumption growth. However, due to the continued use of out-dated technologies, its utilization
efficiency continues to remain lower than that in the developed countries. Moreover, China stands
on the threshold of an era of continued economic growth, so larger energy consumption is
demanded. Given the resource condition in China, coal is and will be the cheapest and most
available source of energy and consequentially, the coal-dominant energy structure is not likely to
change in the short term. Therefore, GHG emissions resulting from energy consumption will
continue to increase.
17.
Oil and gas account for about 20% of China’s energy supply. In 1997, oil and natural gas production
reached 160.76 Mt and 160 billions m3 respectively. Within 2~3 decades, the production and
consumption of oil and gas is expected to increase significantly as a result of the rapid growth of the
transportation sector and their progressive exploitation. In this regard, GHG emissions from this
sector may be more important in the future.
18.
Further and in-depth research on GHG emissions from industrial processes is required in China as
well as around the world. China is a large producer of cement, lime, iron and steel, calcium carbide,
and adipic acid. The production processes involved in these products are undoubtedly important
sources of GHG emissions. Given the large number of manufacturing enterprises and the great
disparity in technologies and processes, huge uncertainty exists in both the activity data and
emissions factors.
19.
Rice production in China accounts for about 39% of the world output. The contribution of rice
production in China to global methane emissions from rice paddy fields has been a great concern to
the international community. It is thus important to accurately quantify emissions factors of each
category of rice field and its harvest area. However, the regional heterogeneity in geographic and
climatic conditions of wetland rice fields, and the large complexity in watering regime, fertilizer
application and other farm operations in rice cultivation makes it difficult to accurately quantify
emissions factors and activity levels. Thus it is a challenge to develop a methane emissions
inventory with an acceptable level of uncertainty.
20.
China has the largest domestic livestock population in the world, with cattle and swine accounting
for about 8% and 40% of the global population respectively. Enteric fermentation and livestock
waste is the second largest source for agricultural methane emissions in China. In the past decade,
the population of cattle and swine has been increasing at a rate of 0.4 and 15 million heads per year,
respectively. The livestock of China is widely distributed in several climatic zones, with large
variability in feed characteristics, feed intake and waste management. These parameters are
important to inventory development but their values still remain greatly uncertain. So strong efforts
should be made to estimate an inventory of methane emissions from enteric fermentation and
methane/nitrous oxide emissions from livestock wastes with an acceptable level of uncertainty.
21.
One of the major sources of nitrous oxide emissions is cropland that is subject to amendment with
chemical N-fertilizers. During 1980-1995, the amount of N fertilizer consumption in China
increased from 9.7 million tons to 25.2 million tons. With great complexity in crop cultivation,
management systems and agricultural conditions, and a lack of experimental data, the study on
inventory of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources of China is in its infancy, and much
work remains to be done in order to reduce the hundred-fold uncertainty in current estimates.
22.
China has undertaken extensive afforestation activities for the past several decades. Almost 30
million ha of land have been afforested. As a result, China’s forests are estimated to be net sinks of
the order of 50-90 million tons of carbon annually.
23.
In the past 20 years, the living standard in China has been rising and an unprecedented development
in both urbanization and urban population has been occurring. As a result, solid wastes are
3
produced daily in large amounts, but the waste management and treatment systems are still very
poor. Such a situation usually leads to serious impacts on urban environmental sanitation and the
health of city dwellers and intensive emissions of methane via fermentation of organic wastes.
Because of the poor management of urban wastes, few data relevant to estimation of methane
emissions inventory of urban wastes are available yet. Therefore, developing a 1994 inventory is a
difficult task.
c. Related research
24.
China has implemented a number of programmes related to climate change. These include the
following relevant activities:
(i)
Studies on inventory of GHG emissions
Since 1992, four international studies on climate change were finished by cooperation between
Chinese government, relevant research institutes, and some multilateral organizations and
countries (see Table 1 in Annex E). These studies estimated China's GHG emissions with varying
degrees of effort, and included the following:
-
Response Strategy on Global Climate Change in China supported by ADB and completed in 1993;
-
China: Issues and Options in GHG Emissions Control supported by the GEF and UNDP (executed
by World Bank) and completed in 1994;
-
China Climate Change Country Study supported by the US Country Studies Program and
completed in 1998;
-
Asian Least-Cost GHG Abatement Strategy (ALGAS) funded by GEF/UNDP, executed by ADB
and completed in 1998.
25.
The data and methodology used in the studies improved over time. The first two studies used the
1991 OECD methodology, which was later adopted by the IPCC, for estimating the emissions
sources and sinks. The US-supported China Climate Change Country Study was the first attempt to
prepare a preliminary inventory using the 1995, and in some sectors the revised 1996, IPCC
methodology. The last study, ALGAS, made small improvements over the China Climate Change
Country Study.
26.
Although the China Climate Change Country Study attempted to cover all sectors in detail as
possible, there are several sectors for which it used a top-down methodology, and many instances
where the IPCC default emissions factors were used which may not match the real circumstance.
Key areas where the study is deficient in the energy sector are noted below:

coal quality and methane emissions in village and township coal mines,

site data for methane and N2O emission factors for biomass combustion and coal oxidation
rate for industrial boilers and kilns, and cook stoves with much lower combustion efficiency

transport fuel use by type of vehicle, and related emission factors
27.
For the industrial processes sector, the earlier inventory only reported on CO2 emissions from the
cement production. Much work is needed to collect activity data and investigate and measure
emission factors for the production of lime, iron and steel, calcium carbides and adipic acid. Even
the CO2 emissions factors for cement production vary by about 35% across existing research results
that were measured during the earlier studies.
28.
Previous estimates of methane emissions from rice fields relied on measuremen ts of emissions
factors done at a few sites in China. In fact, methane emissions are sensitive to several factors
including the watering regime, organic and chemical fertilizer types and the manner of their
application, and the type of rice cultivar. These key factors influencing methane emissions
factors of wetland rice fields have to be considered in the estimation of methane emissions.
However, these data are not available in the agricultural yearbooks or related documents. In
the previous estimation of methane emission, the variations of these factors were not
4
considered. To roughly estimate methane emission, parameters of these factors were set as
constants in the model program under some unrealistic assumptions. As a result, if the
uncertainty of these regulating factors were considered, the estimate of methane emissions
from wetland rice fields of China in 1990 may be as high as 13Tg or as low as 5Tg.
29.
Previous estimation of methane emission from enteric fermentation and livestock wastes is greatly
uncertain. One reason for the uncertainty of methane emissions from enteric fermentation is that the
uncertainty in animal population data is larger than is usually recognized. Another reason is that
some important parameters of feed characteristics and methane conversion factors are greatly
uncertain. Besides the uncertainties in animal population and feed intake, those in usage data of
waste management systems and methane conversion coefficients usually lead to large uncertainties
in estimation of methane emission from livestock wastes. Considering these uncertainties, the
estimate of methane emissions for 1990 from enteric fermentation and livestock wastes could be as
low as 2.9 and 0.66 Tg or as high as 8.7 and 1.98Tg, respectively. To improve the reliability of the
estimate for 1994, data on age structure of livestock population, feed intake, important parameters
of livestock waste management systems, activity levels of livestock sub-categories or waste
management systems and emission factors have to be obtained via investigation or observation.
30.
Previous studies did not cover the estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture. Although
a few field observations have been carried out in China, the existing data on emissions factors from
croplands with fertilizer amendment are very inadequate to represent the complexity of China’s
agricultural systems. Meanwhile, data on activity levels are unavailable yet. Therefore, the data on
emissions factors and activity levels will have to be obtained through investigation or field
measurements for the development of the 1994 inventory.
31.
There are very few studies performed in China on inventory of methane emissions from municipal
wastes. In the previous studies, the total emission of China in 1990 was very roughly estimated as
0.6~2.45Tg with the IPCC recommended method and its default value of emission factors. Being
lack of basic data, this estimate was made just based on one variable, urban population, while other
important data, such as emission factor, waste production on population basis, and so on, were set
as constants. However, there is regional heterogeneity and seasonal variability in climate, living
level and customs, and therefore in emission factors and waste production per capita. To develop an
acceptable inventory for 1994, data on methane emission factors and waste production on
population basis in different climatic zones, different seasons, different living levels and various
major living customs and waste management systems have to be investigated or measured.
32.
The estimation of CO2 emissions from the forestry sectors is based on forestry resource survey data
that do not contain the parameters and variables required for the estimation of CO2 removal of land
use change and forestry. The intake of CO2 of forestry is indirectly calculated by the data on
deforestation and afforestation areas and may have consequentially produced a great uncertainty.
33.
Soil is the largest C sink in the terrestrial ecosystem, playing a vital role for C absorption and
prompting C transfer from atmosphere to soils. Preliminary results show that the potential role of
soils as a sink in China is possibly even larger than that of its forest sector.
34.
In order to compile the 1994 national GHG emission inventory, this project will target to resolve the
above mentioned problems in each sector.
(ii) Vulnerability and Adaptation
35.
Some national research projects relevant to impacts of climate change have been performed in
China in the last ten years, including those that involved some international collaboration. For instance,
the Chinese State Science and Technology Commission launched a research program on “Global
Climate Change Prediction, Impacts and Strategies Study” during 1991 and 1995. In addition,
“ Response Strategy on Global Climate Change in China” and the US Country Study Program, which
are mentioned above, partially covered climate change impacts. These research programs focused on
future climate change in China, and the impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry, natural
5
ecosystems, sea level, water resources, and corresponding adaptation strategies, with details as follows:
(i)
Collating precipitation data for the last 500 years in China with historical observation data,
providing climate data such as precipitation and temperature for the last 50 years in some regions of
China, simulating climate scenarios for the next 50 years by using global climate model (GCMs).
(ii)
Simulating the distribution and potential yield of three main crops under climate change scenarios;
Studying the impacts of climate change on grassland biomass and cattle production, potential
impacts of global climate change on forest distribution and productivity, adaptation strategies of
agriculture and forestry to climate change.
(iii)
Simulating the possible impacts of climate change on the distribution of forest, primary forest
productivity and vegetation by using the Holdridge classification and Forest Gap Model, analyzing
the response mechanism of vegetation to the doubling of CO2 concentration and to simulate the
static and dynamic relation between climate and vegetation.
(i)
Predicting sea level change and the trend along the Chinese coast in contemporary age; assessment
of the impacts of sea level change on the economic development and adaptation strategies; analysis
of the vulnerability of the Chinese coastal zone.
(ii)
Studying the impacts of climate change on the spatial distribution of annual runoff and monthly
runoff variation, analyzing the water resource demand-supply balance with climate change
scenarios in the future.
36.
The above studies have obtained some preliminary results and have provided valuable basis for
further research in vulnerability and adaptation. However, due to a combination of problems, including
lower data quality, lack of appropriate models, differences between the methodologies being used and
those recommended by international bodies, as well as limitations on funding and other resources,
significant information gaps and great uncertainties exist in the research findings.
Climate: A complete, high quality and long-term data set of climate change in China is not set up.
Therefore, it is difficult to provide information on climate disasters, such as floods, droughts, heat
waves, frosts, typhoons and so on, due to a lack of understanding the relationships between extreme
events and the average climate change trends. A high-quality climate system model, with an
AOGCM nested to a Chinese regional climate model, has not been set up, yet. The simulation results
are inaccurate because there is no credible projection for the future regional climate, lacking of a
regional GCM model suitable for the situation of China.
Agriculture and forestry: The first uncertainty comes from the crop simulation model which does
not integrate all the related factors for crop growth such as advanced agricultural technologies, new
species, and the improvement in natural conditions, etc. For the adaptation option, the results lacked
the integrated analysis for the joint influence among all the sectors. Forest fire is a serious problem
and will became more significant with rising temperatures and other climate change. It influences the
carbon sink and environmental improvement. But in China, the studies are not yet carried out.
Natural ecosystems: The study of impacts on vegetation was performed at a particular site by
adopting the static Holdridge model. A process-based or dynamic model was just started to build.
There is no study in China focusing on vulnerability assessment, particularly on analysis of climate
change impacts on biodiversity, yet. It is necessary for China to carry out comprehensive and
successive observations with high resolution, and to establish a database required for preparing
national communications.
Sea level: Due to lack of high resolution topographic data at the time the studies were undertaken, as
well as limits on available funds, all the studies were carried out with relatively low spatial resolution.
Therefor, many systems that are subject to climate change impacts, such as natural coastal
ecosystems, were not considered in the research.
Water resources: The current watershed hydrological model has only simulated six sub-basins and
regions. It is impossible to transfer the model across spatial and time boundaries. Hence, it is difficult
to assess the vulnerability of a wider range of watersheds.
6
Public health: A study of the effects of climate change on human health is being undertaken. The
introduction of appropriate international research methods and approaches is needed.
The preceding studies, and others, have not succeeded in reducing the large uncertainties associated
with determining China’s contribution to modifying the longer-term trends of climate change.
Significant improvement is required and further studies are also needed if these results are to be used
to satisfy the UNFCCC obligations.
d. Associated projects and programs
37.
There are several ongoing or recently completed GEF projects that relate to the activities proposed
in this project. Table 2 (Annex E) shows the UNDP/China energy-related projects. Many of these
projects were funded by GEF. Development of coalbed methane resources and landfill methane
recovery will yield some data that will be of use to the proposed project. Other projects will provide
limited information on the potential for renewable energy sources, and energy-efficiency improvement.
While these may not be directly useful to the proposed project, the capacity built for analysis, and data
collection will be utilized since many of the same institutions will be engaged in the proposed project.
38. A closely related GEF project is being developed which will strengthen China’s capacity to manage
climate change and to meet its commitments to the UNFCCC. This project was developed as part of the
same process as the present proposal, and made use of the same preparatory funds. This second project
will build China’s capacity in two areas: in the estimation, monitoring, and verification of GHG
emissions and in targeted research into vulnerability and adaptation to Climate Change. This second
project is presently under appraisal and will be submitted to a later GEF Council for review, probably
the November 2000 meeting. This subsequent project will provide a more solid base for future national
communications and the overall implementation of the convention.
2. Rationale and Objectives
a. Objectives
39. The immediate aim of the proposed project is to enable China to meet its reporting obligations under the
UNFCCC, leading to its Initial National Communication, as required under Article 12. This is to be
achieved within three years after the signing of the UNDP Project Document for the PDF Project (June
1999), excluding the time required for project processing within the GEF--from the completion of a
satisfactory GEF Project Brief for inclusion in the GEF work program to the approval by UNDP of the
final project document for China’s Initial National Communication.
40. In this regard, the objectives of ECPINC is to generate the information relevant to the preparation of the
Initial National Communication (particularly Art. 4.1 and Art 12), including greenhouse gas
inventories, vulnerability assessments, adaptation options, and finally, the Initial National
Communication itself.
b. GEF Project/Programming approach
41. ECPINC will prepare the Initial National Communication in a timely and cost effective manner,
characterizing greenhouse gas emissions, characterizing vulnerabilities to the adverse impacts of
climate change, and identifying relevant adaptation options.
42. The ECPINC strategy follows the GEF Operational Criteria for Enabling Activities, in terms of:

Sequencing and linking technical activities related to climate change with policy and with response
planning;

Carrying out planning and capacity building activities that are focussed specifically on enabling
China to meet its reporting obligations under the UNFCCC;

Using internationally established methodologies and procedures in carrying out the enabling
7
activities; and

Achieving cost effectiveness through building on existing knowledge and expertise and by
enhancing integration and avoiding duplication of relevant activities being undertaken within
China and the region.
c. Alternative course of action as a result of GEF intervention
43. GEF intervention will result in the:
(1) strengthening and building of capacity in China for the preparation of initial national
communications,
(2) preparation of a greenhouse gas inventory,
(3) dissemination of information about climate change to the Chinese public, and
(4) preparation of China’s initial national communication.
44. The GEF support is necessary for China to prepare its initial national communications. Without this
support, China is neither obligated nor able to prepare the various components of such a
communication.
3. Project Activities/Components and Expected Results
45. In accordance with the UNFCCC and the national situation, it is envisaged that the scope of the
capacity building, training, studies and related activities under ECPINC will cover three components:
Component 1: Preparation of China’s Inventory of GHG’s
46. Enable China to fulfill its UNFCCC reporting obligation with regard to the development of its national
inventory of GHG emissions and removals, including building capacity, collection of relevant
activity and other data and development of appropriate local emissions factors for sectors where high
levels of uncertainty are indicated as a result of existing understanding;
Activity 1: 1994 Energy Sector Inventory
Sub-Activity 1.1: Collect and identify combustion activity data of fossil fuel by sector and type of device
Output: Improved energy balance table and activity data for 1994. The new balance table will match
coal and oil product categories and transport activity data with the ones recommended by the IPCC,
separate coal used for raw material from that used for fuel.
Sub-Activity 1.2: Determine emissions factors for carbon dioxide from coal combustion


Determine carbon content and calorific value of coal in China
Output: Carbon content and heat value for state-owned, local, township and village coal mines, and for
key large users by type of coal – anthracite, bituminous, coking coal and lignite..
Determine fraction of oxidized carbon in different types of coal combustion
Output: Oxidized carbon values for power plant boilers, industrial boilers, kilns, and residential stoves,
for different sizes of each.
Sub-activity 1.3: Determine emissions factors for carbon dioxide from other fuel combustion.
Output: Emissions factors by equipment and fuel type in transportation sector, oil and natural gas
combustion equipment, and in the energy transformation sector.
Sub-activity 1.4: Estimate GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
Output: Estimate of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion and nitrous oxide emissions from
the energy and transformation industry for 1994.
Sub-activity 1.5: Determine methane emissions from Chinese coal mining and post activity.
8
Output: Estimate of methane emissions by types of coal mines – high- and low-methane underground
state-owned coal mines, township and village coal mines, and surface coal mines.
Sub-activity 1.6: Conduct a study of biomass activity level and emissions factors in China
Output: Estimate of biomass consumption by type – wood, agricultural residue, livestock manure, etc.,
and emissions factors by type and end-use device – different types of cookstoves for instance.
Sub-activity 1.7: Conduct a study of methane leaks and fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems
Output: Estimate of methane emissions from onshore and offshore oil and natural gas production, and
from transportation, distribution, and storage, and processing and transformation of these fuels.
Sub-activity 1.8: Estimate China’s total methane emissions from energy activity in 1994
Output: Compiled data and information from sub-activities 1.5 through 1.7 on methane emissions from
fuel use in China.
Sub-activity 1.9: Estimate China’s total GHG emissions from energy activity in 1994
Output: GHG emission inventory for energy activity in 1994
Activity 2: 1994 Industrial Processes Inventory
Sub-Activity 2.1: Estimate 1994 GHG emissions from cement production


•
Determine 1994 cement production by type in China through national and provincial data collection
Output: Production volume for five types of cement and 60 cement products.
Determine CO2 emissions factor for cement production through 30 case studies and survey of 1000
facilities for limestone type and consumption
Output: Case study data and information, collated survey results, improved understanding of limestone
needed for clinker production.
Estimate emissions from cement production
Output: CO2 emissions from cement production in China
Sub-activity 2.2: Estimate 1994 GHG emissions from lime production




Determine 1994 lime production by type in China through national and provincial data collection
Output: Production volume for lime
Determine pure limestone consumption and calcium carbonate combustion loss through 20 case
studies and survey of 5200 facilities
Output: Limestone consumption data and calcium carbonate loss figures.
Determine calcium oxide content and measure calcium carbonate combustion rate through
measurements at 30 primary kilns
Output: Calcium carbonate combustion rate estimates
Estimate emissions from lime production
Output: Carbon dioxide emissions from lime production in China.
Sub-activity 2.3: Estimate 1994 GHG emissions from iron and steel production




Determine unit consumption of limestone through case studies in ten typical iron and steel plants of
different scales.
Output: Volume of limestone used per tonne of output..
Determine limestone consumption in 80 major enterprises.
Output: Limestone consumption data.
Determine limestone consumption in medium and small enterprises through a survey of 200 facilities.
Output:. Limestone consumption data
Estimate carbon dioxide emissions from iron and steel production
9
Output:. Carbon dioxide emissions from this sector.
Sub-activity 2.4: Estimate 1994 GHG emissions from calcium carbide production
Determine calcium carbide production and purity data for 1994.
Output: Volume of calcium carbide production of standard purity.

Determine limestone consumption in 16 sample enterprises.
Output: Limestone consumption per tonne of calcium carbide output.

Determine limestone consumption in small plants through a survey of 100 facilities.
Output:. Limestone consumption data per tonne of calcium carbide output for small facilities.

Estimate carbon dioxide emissions from calcium carbide production
Output:. Carbon dioxide emissions from this sector.
Sub-activity 2.5: Estimate 1994 GHG emissions from adipic acid production

Determine adipic acid production for 1994.
Output: Volume of adipic acid production.

Determine emissions factor through measurements at three key enterprises.
Output: Nitrous oxide production per tonne of output.

Estimate nitrous oxide emissions from adipic acid production
Output:. Nitrous oxide emissions from this sector.
Sub-activity 2.6: Estimate China total GHGs emissions from industrial processes in 1994
Output: Emission Inventory for industrial processes
Activity 3: 1994 Agriculture Sector Inventory
Sub-Activity 3.1: Estimate 1994 methane emissions from wetland rice fields.

Data on harvest area, fertilizer N application, organic manure, watering regime and rice cultivar will be
collected from 31 sample county surveys, meteorological and soil data, and measured methane
emission factors and relevant information will be collected and extracted from published data for
different types of rice fields.
Output: Database of measured, collated and spatially extrapolated data.

Model, MERP, to estimate emission factors using various input factors will be modified and validated
Output: Modified MERP model validated with measured data.

Calculation of emission factors of sub-categories with various conditions with the modified and
validated MERP
Output: Emission factors of rice fields under various conditions, calculated with the modified and
validated MERP model.

Determination of harvest area of each sub-category with collated and spatially extrapolated data
Output: Harvest areas various rice field sub-categories.

Determining methane emissions of various rice field sub-categories with calculated emission factors
and quantified harvest areas
Output: Estimated methane emission of each rice field sub-category.

Quantifying national methane emission by region and rice field type through integrating the results
from each sub-category
Output: Methane emissions of 1994 by region and type of rice fields.

Organize a workshop to train 15 participants for 3-5 days in data collection, collation and analysis
Output: Participants trained to assist the project in above activities.
10

Two Chinese technicians will be trained abroad to learn about measurement and modeling techniques
discussed above with continued technical assistance.
Output: Two trained technicians in rice paddy field measurement and modeling activities.
Sub-Activity 3.2: Estimate 1994 nitrous oxide emissions from croplands

Data on harvest area and fertilizer N consumption will be collected from sample county surveys
Output: Data from sample county surveys on crop harvest area and fertilizer N consumption for major
crops.

Determining crop harvest area and fertilizer N consumption of relatively homogeneous region by
analyzing and extrapolating survey data obtained from sample counties
Output: Harvest areas of major crops of each major region and fertilizer N consumption.

Collecting nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions factors from published data for different types of croplands
Output: Collected emission factors from published data.

Determining nitrous oxide emission factors from rice paddy fields through field measurement
Output: Nitrous oxide emission factors of rice fields obtained from field measurements.

Developing a database containing data on measured, collated and spatially extrapolated data
Output: Database containing data on measured, collated and spatially extrapolated data.

Estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from croplands of China by using collected and collated data
Output: N2O emissions for China from croplands.

Organize a workshop to train 18 participants for 3-5 days in data collection, collation and analysis
Output: Participants trained to assist the project in above activities.

Two Chinese technicians will be trained abroad to learn about preparing inventory of nitrous oxide
emission from croplands
Output: Two trained technicians in developing emission inventory of croplands.
Sub-Activity 3.3: Estimate 1994 methane emissions from enteric fermentation.

Ruminant animal population number and structure, feed components and feed intake data will be
collected from 37 sample county surveys,
Output: Data from sample surveys on ruminant animal population number and structure, feed
components and feed intake.

Collecting information on feed digestibility and emission factor from published data.
Output: Collected data on feed digestibility and emission factors.

Developing a database containing data on measured, collated and spatially extrapolated data
Output: Database containing data on measured, collated and spatially extrapolated data.

C-MEEFL model to estimate emissions using various input factors will be modified and validated
Output: Modified and validated C-MEEFL.

Estimation of methane emissions from ruminant animals using above model and measured and collated
data
Output: Methane emissions for China from ruminant animals by type of animal.

Organize a workshop to train 50 participants for 3-5 days in data collection, collation and analysis
Output: Participants trained to assist the project in above activities.
11

Two Chinese technicians will be trained abroad to learn about measurement and modeling techniques
discussed above with continued technical assistance.
Output: Two trained technicians in methane production from enteric fermentation.
Sub-Activity 3.4: Estimate 1994 methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal waste management
systems

Activity data will be collected from 20 sample county surveys
Output: Database of measured, collated and spatially extrapolated data.

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal waste management systems using above measured
and collated data will be estimated
Output: Methane and nitrous oxide emissions for China from animal waste management systems.

Organize a workshop to train participants for 3-5 days in data collection, collation and analysis
Output: Participants trained to assist the project in above activities.

Two Chinese technicians will be trained abroad to learn about measurement and modeling techniques
discussed above with continued technical assistance.
Output: Two trained technicians in methane and nitrous oxide emissions
management systems.
from animal waste
Sub-Activity 3.5: Organize workshops for the agriculture section

Organize three workshops, at the beginning, middle and end of the project to discuss detailed
procedures, review project performance mid-stream, and discuss draft findings respectively.
Output: Summary workshop proceedings for each of the three workshops.
Activity 4: 1994 Forestry Sector Inventory
Sub-Activity 4.1: Collecting land cover and land-use change data since 1949 and validating it using maps,
statistical data, by province and forest type
Output: Database of collated, validated, and mapped data since 1949.
Sub-Activity 4.2: Collecting data on forest soil type and soil carbon content, and estimating changes in soil
carbon due to various disturbances for five Chinese regions
Output: Database of collated, validated and mapped data on soil carbon by region and forest type.
Sub-Activity 4.3: Collecting biophysical data on wood density, carbon content, biomass growth,
decomposition rates, harvest cycles, and other variables that influence GHG flows by province and forest
type.
Output: Database of collated, validated and mapped data on above variables by region and forest type.
Sub-Activity 4.4: Using above data and the IPCC methodology, estimating carbon and other GHG flows
from China’s forests for 1994.
Output: An emissions inventory for forestry sector for 1994.
Sub-Activity 4.5: Organize a workshop to train participants for 3-5 days in data collection, collation and
analysis for the above activities
Output: Participants trained to assist the project in above activities.
Sub-Activity 4.6: Organize a national workshop to increase awareness among policy makers and forestry
practitioners
Output: A summary of the workshop proceedings, and an improved awareness of ways to incorporate
climate change considerations in Chinese forestry practices.
12
Sub-Activity 4.7: Training and technical assistance from abroad
Output: Chinese technicians trained in use of models and soil data collection and measurement
techniques.
Activity 5: 1994 Municipal Solid Waste Sector Inventory
Sub-Activity 5.1: Collecting data on items such as MSW waste generation by region and city,
decomposable organic fraction, methane released and recovered, oxidation factors for 1994.
Output: Database of collated, validated data for 1994.
Sub-Activity 5.2: Estimate lagged emissions from prior waste handling through the development of a model
for this purpose
Output: Model estimated lagged emissions by climate conditions, and components of MSW.
Sub-Activity 5.3: Estimating methane emissions from wastewater handling systems based on volume by
city and region, and percentage of flared methane
Output: Methane emissions from this source by city and region.
Sub-Activity 5.4: Compiling a 1994 inventory for methane emission from municipal solid waster and waste
water handling systems of China
Output: A 1994 inventory of methane emissions from MSW and waste water for China.
Sub-Activity 5.5: Organize a workshop to train 10 participants for 3-5 days in data collection, collation and
analysis
Output: Participants trained to assist the project in above activities.
Sub-Activity 5.6: Two Chinese technicians will be trained abroad to learn about measurement and modeling
techniques discussed above with continued technical assistance.
Output: Two trained technicians in methane production from MSW and waste water.
Component 2: General Description of Steps
Enable China to fulfill its reporting obligations with respect to options for a general description of steps
taken, including determining how to best implement sector-specific adaptation options and strategies in a
manner that is consistent with national development strategies and priorities; this will include building the
capacity of national and provincial experts and institutions to undertake this work.
Enable China to fulfill its reporting obligations with regard to the development of a plan to implement the
UNFCCC and to take the relevant steps to ensure the plan is integrated appropriately with national
development strategies.
Enable China to fulfill its reporting obligations with respect to communicating information under Article
12 of the UNFCCC (National Communications).
Component 3: Public Awareness
Enable China to strengthen and expand its activities designed to increase public and political awareness
and action related to climate change, including the use of radio, television, school-based education
programmes and national and provincial public and political awareness and action workshops; the
programme will be designed in such a way as to be integrated into all activities of the full project, to raise
understanding and awareness of climate change issues at national levels in order to participate effectively at
regional and international level and to promote international cooperation with relevant experts and
communication among researchers, policy makers and other key stakeholders.
Activity: Compile and publish literature, audiovisual products, a website and conduct seminars for
increasing awareness on climate change issues
Output: A set of books, pamphlets, brochures, and newsletters, web sites, audio and video products,
distributed to increase awareness among policymakers, particularly those from sectors that are likely to
13
be most vulnerable, and the general public. Also summary proceedings of seminars and workshops for
the above purpose.
4
Risks and Sustainability
47. Every Party to the UNFCCC is required to submit an initial national communication (INC), and the
requested funding will allow China to prepare its INC to the fullest extent possible. Institutional
sustainability is encouraged through a multi-sectoral approach which encourages the participation of
multiple sectors and all relevant government agencies in the preparation and submission of China’s
National Communications. Capacity building should ensure institutional sustainability.
48. The risks of not completing the INC are minimal. China maintains some research capacity in this area,
and the proposed project will strengthen it. The primary data will be gathered through surveys and
measurements. and protocols for these will have to be carefully developed in order to ensure uniformity
across regions, and to ensure that survey responses and measurements are properly entered, tabulated,
and analyzed for statistical accuracy and precision. The secondary data collection will rely on national
and provincial government sources and these too should be accessible to the participating institutions
since the work will be managed and/or coordinated through the inter-ministerial Climate Change
Steering Committee (see below for details of the management structure).
5
Stakeholder Participation and Implementation Arrangements
49. It is envisaged that ECPINC will consist of three separate but fully integrated components. The project
activities will focus on building the capacity to acquire and analyze the information relevant to the
preparation of China’s Initial National Communication and, in parallel on using the newly acquired
capacity to prepare and submit the National Communication. Each component of the project will be
implemented in such a way as to strengthen the capacity of national experts to undertake the work by
conducting their own assessments and analysis.
50. The main beneficiaries are the international society, especial the convention parties, convention
secretary and all country governments. The main stakeholders in this project are all the national and
provincial agencies who have responsibility for economic and other sectors that will be impacted
adversely by climate change, and who may be able to play a key role in abating climate change.
51. China has established an inter-ministerial working group to coordinate national activities relating to
climate change. This Committee, called the National Coordination Committee on Climate Change
Policy, has 14 members and is charged with overseeing all activities related to climate change in China.
Its members include the State Development and Planning Commission, the State Economic and Trade
Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the China Meteorological Administration, the
State Environment Protection Administration, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance,
the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Transportation, the Ministry of Water Resources, the
Ministry of Agriculture, the State Bureau of Forests, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the State
Oceanic Administration.
52. The SDPC chairs the Committee. Sitting inside SDPC is the Office of the National Coordination
Committee on Climate Change Policy, which acts as the secretariat to the Committee.
53. During the preparatory phase, a Steering Committee has been established. This Steering Committee
will continue to work as the full Project’s Steering Committee for preparing Initial National
Communication. The Project Steering Committee, chaired by SDPC, has 6 members, including
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China Meteorological Administration, Ministry of Finance, State
Environmental Protection Administration, Ministry of Science and Technology, and State Economic
and Trade Commission. The Steering Committee will be in charge of all activities relating to the
preparation of Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC.
14
54. In consultations conducted by the National Climate Change Steering Committee, the main priorities for
future climate change work for China were recognized as: (i) further institutional strengthening and
other capacity building activities required to ensure the highest possible quality of information for
China’s Initial National Communication; and (ii) identification of climate change abatement and
adaptation strategies that are consistent with national plans for sustainable development. This project
responds to these consultations in three ways.
55. First, a strengthened Project Steering Committee will be reconfirmed as a sub-committee of the
National Coordinating Committee on Climate Change Policy and expanded to include technical and
policy experts from the including agencies and community. As assisted by ECPINC and the
international agencies, the Project Steering Committee is responsible for undertaking the tasks that will
culminate in the preparation and submission of China’s Initial National Communication.
56. Second, ECPINC will draw on an appropriate mix of national and provincial and regional resources,
expertise, information and institutional support, in order to undertake the diverse range of enabling
activities. In addition to contributing to the timely and efficient completion of China’s Initial National
Communication, this approach will contribute to a strengthening of national and provincial institutions,
thus building a solid foundation for future activities. Efforts will also be made to share the results of
these activities with researchers and experts from the surrounding countries and the international
community.
57. Finally, ECPINC facilitates the explicit linking of technical activities and policy development, planning
and implementation. The members of the Project Steering Committee will help promote a dialogue
between technical experts and policy makers, during all steps that lead to the preparation and
submission of the Initial National Communication. Care will be taken to ensure the policy relevance of
all technical activities. Other ECPINC activities, such as workshops and consultative meetings, will be
designed deliberately to bring together policy makers and technical experts. These, along with the
strong and direct links to the National Coordinating Committee on Climate Change Policy, will help
ensure the political support for, and endorsement of, the Initial National Communication.
Executing Arrangements
58. ECPINC will be executed by China’s State Development Planning Commission. The Commission has
the mandate for the coordinating and leading national activities related to climate change and chairs the
National Coordinating Committee on Climate Change Policy. The State Development Planning
Commission will ensure frequent consultation and close collaboration with relevant national and
provincial agencies and with appropriate regional and international organizations and institutions. For
certain components which involve the participation of international experts and agencies, the service of
UNOPS for recruitment and related financial management may be required.
Implementing Arrangements
59. At the national level, the National Coordinating Committee on Climate Change Policy will have
ultimate responsibility for implementation of ECPINC, working through the Project Steering
Committee and the State Development Planning Commission.
60. A ECPINC Project Office will be established by the State Development Planning Commission, which
will be responsible for the administration of the project. The National Project Director (NPD) will be
designated to lead this office. On behalf of SDPC, he/she will be responsible for effective management
of the project, and oversees the performance of the functions of staffing, planning and implementation
of project activities and reporting to the related agencies officially on project status. Under the NPD, a
Project Manager will be recruited by the State Development Planning Commission. The manager will
be responsible for the day-to-day management of the project. He/she will plan and manage project
15
activities. The Manager will obtain guidance from and report to the NPD. Full-time staff will be
recruited for the office. The State Development Planning Commission and other government agencies
will make available, on a part-time basis, various staff with expertise in areas related to climate change
to assist on project activities.
61. International consultants will be recruited to help ensure the effective transfer of international
guidelines, methodologies and approaches, and help ensure that the enabling activities are implemented
to international standards.
Coordination arrangements between proposed and other relevant projects
62. Through the National Coordinating Committee on Climate Change Policy and the State Development
Planning Commission, ECPINC will be closely coordinated with all other relevant climate change
activities in the China. This includes the pipeline GEF project (prepared using the same preparatory
funds) to build China’s capacity to estimate, measure, and monitor future GHG emissions and to better
understand the potential impacts of climate change on Chinese society.
63. As detailed in Annex E (Table 2), UNDP is implementing some 11 projects related to climate change
and/or energy management in China. In addition, UNDP is also working on sustainable agriculture and
forestry management. In order to maximize the impact of international support and develop possible
synergies among this projects with the proposed project, major findings and technical outputs generated
by the project could be shared with the proposed project experts and management staff. Experts from
the proposed project could be invited to join the workshops organized by the other UNDP projects, or
vice versa.
6
Incremental Costs and Project Financing
64. See Annex B for further details of the Incremental Cost calculation. In the absence of the UNFCCC, there
would be no requirement for China to prepare a National Communication to the UNFCCC. Consequently,
the baseline for the enabling activities for this project is zero and all costs are incremental (i.e. funding for
the agreed full costs of the activities will be requested from GEF).
Table 2 Incremental Costs of National Communications
BENEFITS/COSTS
BASELINE ALTERNATIVE
INCREMENT
(1)
(2)
(3)
(ALTERNATIVE-BASELINE)
(4)
Global Environmental
Benefits
None
A full, initial national
communication will be submitted
in a timely manner to the
UNFCCC from the Chinese
Government
Global commitment to
implementing the UNFCCC
will be increased, as a key
measure to manage and
mitigate climate change
16
Domestic Benefits
Costs
None
None
Strengthened Gov’t agencies and Enhanced capacity to respond
institutions
to the UNFCCC
Increased awareness of climate
change
$3.5 million
$3.5 million
65. During the project formulation phase, UNDP, together with SDPC, with the help of the international
and national experts, has prepared the draft brief, requiring the GEF financial support. If the project
proposal is approved by the GEF, a UNDP project document will be further developed. A more detailed
description of project activities as well as budget allocation and work plan will be prepared. A signed
UNDP project document will be a legal document which confirms the commitment of full project
financing. For GEF funds, payment for project activities will be arranged based on standard UNDP
project management procedures. Government co-financing will be arranged by the respective
government or research agencies based on their internal rules and procedures.
A full project budget with details is provided in Section 8 below.
7
Monitoring, Evaluation and Dissemination
66. The project will be monitored and evaluated in accordance with UNDP rules and procedures and the
GEF guidelines for M&E. UNDP will undertake this activity with cooperation with China’s
SDPC/ECPINC. UNDP’s extensive experience in monitoring large programs will be drawn to ensure
that the project activities are carefully documented. Data will be collected on the key performance
indicators and results of the monitoring and evaluation survey will be used, as needed, in order to
implement changes to the project.
67. The project implementation team will undertake continuous, self monitoring of project activities. They
will also carefully monitor external conditions related to the critical assumptions listed in the logical
project framework (Annex A). At the outset, detailed and measurable performance indicators for each
project sub-activity will be developed by the project team in consultation with UNDP, and other
stakeholders. The progress of the project will be assessed against these performance indicators every
quarter (three months) in consultation with UNDP.
68. Based on the overall project objectives, and the performance indicators, quarterly workplans will be
prepared. The workplan will also indicate the extent to which the previous quarter’s activities have
contributed to the project’s overall objectives.
69. In addition, ECPINC will comply any other Implementing Agency reporting requirements. These
would include an annual review, mid-term review, and final evaluation of the project’s performance.
The purpose of these reviews will be to ensure that the project is conforming with all GEF, UNDP and
State Development Planning Commission project requirements. All relevant stakeholders will be
involved in project monitoring and evaluation. This includes relevant national agencies and
institutions, the GEF, UNDP and the State Development Planning Committee.
70. Project results will be disseminated as noted in Component 3 on public outreach and policy guidance.
Public outreach will be carried out through various public media, newspapers, and audio and visual
transmissions. Policy-makers will be kept informed throughout the project life about its performance
and salient results that may have a bearing on formulation of government programs and policies. In
addition, the project activities include national and international workshops to share project results and
exchange ideas with participants from within China and other countries.
17
8.
Budget Governing GEF Contribution Categorized by Activities (1000$)
GEF Funding (US$’000)
Component
Component 1
Activity 1 Energy Sector
Activity 2: Industrial Processes
Sector
Activity 3: Agriculture Sector
Activity 4: Forestry and Land Use
Change Sector
Activity 5: Municipal Solid
Wastes Sector
Component 2
General Description of Steps
Component 3
Public Outreach
Total Costs
910
470
850
370
400
400
100
3,500
The government will provide in-kind support to the project implementation, in the form of officers,
experts, facilities, information, transport, operations and maintenance. This in-kind support is
estimated in nTable 9 below:
Table 9 Budget Governing Government of China Counterpart Contribution
Expenditure Category
Value (US$000 in-kind)
Personnel (members of National Coordinating
100
Committee, Project Steering Committee, National
Project Director, Experts):
Operations and Facilities
Local Transport
Administrative and Financial Mgt Costs
Total Costs
50
20
70
240
This will be further elaborated for the Project Document.
18
List of Annexes
Annex A: Project Planning Matrix
Annex B: Incremental Cost Analysis
Annex C: STAP Review and Response
Annex C-1 Response to STAP Technical Review
Annex D: Government Endorsement Letter
Annex E: Background Tables
Annex A: Project Planning Matrix
PROJECT PLANNING MATRIX
Summary
Objectively
Verifiable Indicators
Means of Verification
Critical
Risks
Assumptions
and
Objectives
UNDP/GEF:
Support
sustainable Initial National Communication approved and UNFCCC files
measures that minimize climate damage submitted to UNFCCC.
by reducing the risk, or the adverse
effects, of climate change.
National plan to implement the UNFCCC GOC and SDPC records
prepared, approved and implemented, and
China: Meet commitments to UNFCCC; integrated with national development strategies
enhance capacity to manage climate and actions.
change and meet commitments to
UNFCCC.
Capacity: experts, models, scenarios etc.
See sections below
GEF funding and international
cooperation is necessary for China to
strengthen its capacity in relation to
implementation of the UNFCCC and
for preparation of its Initial National
Communication.
Outcomes:
China’s technical and policy-making
capacity
to
prepare
national
communications will have been
strengthened, its vulnerability to climate
change will have been assessed, and its
ability to integrate climate change issues
into national and sectoral development
enhanced.
Enhanced capacity of China to develop policy Project monitoring outputs and Current high level commitment is
options and response strategies and to prepare its reports.
maintained.
Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC.
International community continues to
Greater awareness in decision-makers and public
support China in its endeavours.
regarding climate change issues.
Reports of project awareness raising
component
Models and information related to climate change, Project outputs
Global understand and knowledge of vulnerability and adaptation over China region.
climate change and related issues will
have been enhanced.
A-1
Results:
Component 1: Prepare the initial national A 1994 GHG inventory for China.
communication.
Activity 1: Prepare 1994 Energy Sector Inventory:
- Collect and identify combustion activity data of fossil
fuel by energy type and type of device;
- Determine emissions factors for carbon dioxide from
coal combustion and other fossil fuels;
- Estimate GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion;
- Determine GHG emissions and leakages from coal
mining, biomass burning, oil and gas systems.
Activity 2: Prepare 1994 Industrial Processes Inventory,
covering emissions from cement, lime, iron and steel,
calcium carbide, adipic acid production.
Activity 3: Prepare 1994 Agriculture Sector Inventory
by:
Estimating 1994 methane and nitrous oxide emissions
from rice fields, other crops, enteric fermentation and
animal wastes. Steps include collection and analysis of
data; database preparation; modeling and validating
models; calculating emission factors; incorporating
activity levels and regional variations,;training etc.
Project outputs
1994 China national inventory of GHGs Project Outputs
emission inventory from energy sector by
device and energy type.
Inventory of Carbon dioxide and Nitrous oxide Project outputs
emissions
1994 inventories of GHG from agriculture, Project outputs
broken down by field type, cropping system,
crop type, region, animal, waste management
system as appropriate.
A-2
Data can be gathered
efficiently and agreement
reached between all parties
on best factors and best
scientific approximations.
Activity 4: Prepare 1994 Forestry Sector Inventory by:
- Collecting and validating data on: land cover and
land-use change data since 1949; forest soil type and
soil carbon content; biophysical issues such as wood
density, carbon content, biomass growth, decomposition
rates; harvest cycles.
- Using IPCC methodology, estimate carbon and other
GHG flows.
- Training, workshops etc.
Activity 5: Preparing a 1994 Municipal Solid Waste
Sector Inventory by:
-Collecting data on items such as MSW waste
generation by region and city, decomposable organic
fraction, methane released and recovered, oxidation
factors,
-Estimating lagged emissions through developing
models,
-Estimating methane emissions from wastewater
handling systems;
-training and workshops.
Component 2: Appraise, approve and submit the initial
National Communication, including:
- development of sector specific plans,
- developing a plan to implement UNFCCC,
- integration into development plans and strategies.
Component 3: Increase public and political awareness
and action
An emissions inventory for forestry sector for Project outputs
1994, broken down by region.
Detailed and validated and aggregated
databases; Trained experts and technicians
related to measuring emissions from forests.
A 1994 inventory of methane emissions from Project outputs
MSW and waste water for China.
Databases and models:
National Communication
UNFCCC files
A general description of steps to be taken to Project
implement the Convention
reports
outputs,
government
Increased public and political awareness and Media; government papers and
action related to climate change.
programmes
A-3
Annex B – Incremental Cost Analysis and Matrix
Baseline
There is no baseline. China would not undertake any of these activities without an obligation under
the UNFCCC.
Alternative
The alternative involves preparation and submission of China’s Initial National Communication.
The costs of the preparation of the initial national communication, US$3.50, are considered to be
completely incremental.
Domestic Benefits (of the Alternative, of the Baseline)
For the Initial National Communication, the objectives are to (a) enhance capability of China to
prepare and develop the national information communication; (b) improve public awareness to
climate change and help enhance policy awareness to take into account climate change in national
development planning; and (c) formulate response strategies to moderate climate change based on
information provided by 1994 emission inventory.
Global Benefits (of the Alternative, of the Baseline)
Initial National Communication: Global commitment to implementing the UNFCCC will be
increased, as a key measure to manage and mitigate climate change.
B-1
Table B-1 Incremental Cost Matrix
BENEFITS/COSTS
BASELINE
ALTERNATIVE
INCREMENT
(1)
(2)
(3)
(ALTERNATIVE-BASELINE) (4)
Global Environmental
Benefits
-
Domestic Benefits
-
A full, initial national communication will be submitted in a
Global commitment to implementing the
timely manner to the UNFCCC from the Chinese Government UNFCCC will be increased, as a key measure to
manage and mitigate climate change
-
Component 1
Activity 1: Energy
Sector
None
Inventory of energy sector is a very important component of
US $0.91 million
INC whose primary benefits are global. Reducing high
uncertainty indicated by previous studies would complete and
perfect the methodology used by IPCC to develop inventory in
developing countries and its default data. All these would
accelerate taking climate change issues into China national
development planning and contribute to global environmental
protection. $0.91millions
Activity 2: Industrial
Processes Sector
None
The Activity 2 of Component 1 will consist of a GHG
US$0.47million
emissions inventory for industrial processes whose primary
benefits are global. It will provide data and information for the
1994 base year. The 1994 base year information will help
China develop steps to abate future emissions. $0.47million
Activity 3: Agriculture None
Sector
The Activity 3 of Component 1 will consist of a GHG
US$0.85 million
emissions inventory for agriculture sector, which will primarily
benefit the global environment. It will provide data and
information for the 1994 base year. $0.85million
B-2
Activity 4: Forestry
and Land Use Change
Sector
None
The Activity 4 of Component 1 will consist of a GHG
US$0.37 million
emissions inventory for Forestry and Land Use Change Sector,
which will primarily benefit the global environment. It will
provide data and information for the 1994 base year.
US$0.37million
Activity 5: Municipal
Solid Wastes Sector
None
The Activity 5 of Component 1 will consist of a GHG
emissions inventory for municipal solid waste sector, which
will primarily benefit the global environment. It will provide
data and information for the 1994 base year. US$0.4million
All activities
None
Components 2 and 3 will help to implement the activities of
US$0.50 million
Component 1 and perform the activities to improve public and
political awareness and action. US$0.5million
Total Costs
(Components 1 – 3)
None
$3.5 million
US$0.40 million
Component 2 & 3
$3.50 million
B-3
Annex C1 Technical Review of China Enabling Activity
Daniel H. Bouille
Project Brief
Enabling China to Prepare Initial National Communication (ECPINC), to be executed by State
Development Planning Commission of China, for a period of three years, beginning in 2000, with a
total project Cost of U$S 15,15 including a national support of 5,742 M and U$S 9,084 M from GEF
and 0.324 M as a preparatory project, is an activity “to enable China to comply with her obligations
related to Article 4.1, and other relevant commitments,...”.
The proposal is divided in 6 chapters.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Project Context
Rational and Objective
Project Activities/Component and Expected Results
Risks and Sustainability
Stakeholder participation and Implementation Arrangements
Incremental Cost and Project Financing.
In general terms and having in mind the size and importance of the country involved, this is a good
proposal with a reasonable budget and very important results not only in relation with the Initial
National Communication but also in relation with a very important program of targeted research that
would be of interest not only for the country but also at a regional and international level.
In this regard it would be important to stress the possibilities of cooperation with other countries in
the region and the sharing of the results of the project at the regional level.
In what follows we make some particular suggestions/remarks in order to improve the report.
1) Project Context, page 3, 5th. Paragraph ... to the future of the country and the world, China...
2) Page 4, 3rd. Paragraph. The reference to areas that “lies below 5 m. Elevation” seems a rather high
value, specially considering what is said in page 11 about the impact in “coastal zones to an
estimated rise in sea level by 45-67 centimeters by 2100”.
b) Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
3) It is important to stress the fact that China is the second country in energy consumption at world
level, having surpassed the FSU from 1993, and that this consumption is based 70% on coal, 24%
on Oil and Natural Gas and only 6% with “zero” GHG emissions (Hydropower and
Nuclear).(1998 data).
4) On the other side it is necessary to point out that even if “GHG emissions resulting from energy
consumption will continue to increase”, the emission intensity (CO2/GDP) and the
1
This Technical Review was undertaken of the two projects prepared using the same preparatory resources. This review
therefore refers to a ‘Component 4’, but this Component is no longer a part of this proposal. The activities proposed under
‘Component 4’ will be integrated into future capacity building and targeted research project(s) to be submitted to a later
Council meeting.
C1-1
decarbonization index (CO2/toe) has been decreasing and there are good possibilities to continue
this trend into the future.
5) The changes in power production (increasing share of hydropower, nuclear and natural gas
against coal) can compensate the increase in the transportation sector.
6) the remarks made in page 6 are a good basis for the targeted research program developed in point
3.
c) Related research
7) Previous studies. It would be important to say if from some of these studies included an inventory
of GHG’s and for which years.
8) These studies and the ones related with Vulnerability and Adaptation shows the good Scientific
base of the country and some experience in this subjects. The experience assure a positive result
of the Initial National Communication and the proposed targeted research provided the
availability of funds through the project.
9) As well as in all developing countries, surely there are a very important “gray” literature and
studies developed in Universities and other research centers in China. It would be important, as
part of the initial activities of the targeted research program, to make a survey as deep as possible
of this type of material, in order not to duplicate previous efforts.
Rationale and Objectives
10) In the project proposal there are specific reference to the production of the 1994 GHG Inventory
for China and the importance of the enabling and targeted research activities in order to “help
China prepare its subsequent national communications’. May be it would be possible to save time
and efforts if at the same time the project can produce the GHG inventories for 1990 and 1998 in
order to have as soon as possible not only a “picture” of the situation but also a “movie”, showing
the tendencies and changes in the eight years period.
11) Page 11, 1st. Paragraph. The reference about the increase in total synthetic fertilizer use is
important, but it is also important to make reference to the production increase in the same period
in order to see which is the tendency of the specific consumption (ton fertilizer/ton crap).
12) Page. 11, 1st. Paragraph at the end. The reference to the importance of the V&A research in the
short term for policy formulation seems to be wrong. Even if the consequences or impacts could
be in the long term, the results of research should be used from now in policy formulation.
13) Page 12, 1st. line... in national development plans and in the activities of the research community.
Project Activities/Components and Expected Results.
14) Pages 17/18. Component 2 and 3. It would be important to give some more details in relation of
this two component of the Project Activities.
C1-2
15) Page 19. Sub-activity 1.5. It could be relevant to consider the experience related with the NGV
(Natural Gas Vehicles) in other developing countries, like Argentina, taking into account future
availability of this energy source in the China Energy Matrix.
16) Component 4 (research program). Looking at the activities related with GHG emissions (1 to 3)
we have to call attention to the fact that the power production sector is not included in the research
program, even been one of the main present and future source of GHG emissions and where most
of the efforts to control such emissions could be done. It is not clear if this absence is due to a good
and enough knowledge about this activity or some other reason.
17) Looking at the very important activities to be developed under this component and even
considering that they refer to the particular China situation, we think that it would be very
important to see how to share the results with other developing countries; specially at the regional
level. (This point relates with the question of the “Replicability” of the project and the Linkages to
other programs at regional level).
18) Page 25, 1st. Paragraph after Activity 9. Say in explicit way for which years are the “earlier
inventories of China’s emissions”. The last part of the paragraph (“who are likely...) is not clear.
19) Page 27 2nd. Paragraph. When referring to the main beneficiaries of the project and taking into
account our previous reference to the sharing of results at regional level, we can incorporate in an
explicit way “other developing countries, specially at the regional level”.
Incremental cost and Project Financing.
20) For both, the initial national communication and for targeted research, we consider that in
addition to the Global Environmental Benefits, there are also domestic Benefits for the
Alternative, related with all the information and research results to be obtained in relation with
GHG emissions and the vulnerability and adaptation situation in China.
Main Conclusions

As a synthesis, we can say that the project proposal will have very important benefits at the global
level and in China, in relation with the Climate Change Issue and their consequences in the short
and long term.

In order to increase these benefits at the regional level it would be important to considered how to
share the results of the project with other developing countries.

We think that the risks for the development of the project are low taking into account the good
scientific and technical system in China, the technical support and the availability of funds from
the GEF, as well as the National Government direct involvement in the project.

The global environmental benefits of the project are quite clear taking into account the place of
China at international level both as a producer and consumer of energy and the importance of their
agriculture and cattle raising activities at world level.

As a consequence the project also fit quite importantly in the context of the goals related with
climate change issues.
C1-3

The structure and organization proposed for the project (detailed in point 5) give enough support
to the future sustainability of the proposed activities, provided that economic resources are
available for this type of basic and applied research, related with an issue of interest both for the
international
system
and
for
the
country.
C1-4
Annex C-1 Response to STAP Technical Review
The STAP Roster review concludes that the proposal has very important local and global benefits and
deserves support. He also has made a number of points about the proposal, and for the most part,
these have been incorporated into the brief. For others, it may not be possible to issue a response until
the project document is being finalized. In any event, the responses to the points made by the STAP
reviewer are listed below:
Point 1) Wording change accepted;
Point 2) In discussion with the in-country proponents, they felt that the areas below 5m above sea
level are an integral system and should not be separated. Furthermore, they felt that no substantial
savings would be achieved by reduced the altitude to be covered by this activity. Nevertheless, the
suggestion will be considered during the finalization of the project document and the development of
the workplan.
Point 3) No response needed—merely points to the importance of this activity.
Points 4), 5) and 6) No response needed.
Point 7) Table 1 providing the details of the previous inventories has been moved from a
supplemental annex to the main body of the text.
Point 8) No response needed.
Point 9) Considerable “gray” literature has been reviewed in the preparation of these activities. More
attention will be given to this unpublished research as the project finalization and implementation
proceeds.
Point 10) During project document finalization and the development of the workplan, considerable
attention will be paid to the possibility of developing the “motion picture” of GHG emissions, if it can
be done without significantly increasing the overall costs of the activity.
Point 11) This point will be taken into account during project implementation.
Points 12) and 13) Both of these suggestions have been incorporated into the text.
Point 14) Additional details for the activities have been made available in supplemental annexes, but
due to the excessive length of the proposal, they have not been included in the text of the main
proposal.
Point 15) Experience with other countries’ use of LPG and LNG vehicles will be considered.
Point 16) There is no intention to omit power sector emissions from the activities. Annex X.1, on
Energy Sector emissions discusses the priorities for this sector, which extends to the energy and
power sectors.
Point 17) The question of sharing the results has been strengthened in the brief and will serve as a
continual focus throughout the stage of project document and workplan development.
Point 18) These changes have been made in the brief.
Point 19) Change is made according to reviewer’s suggestions.
Point 20) Benefit discussions have been adjusted according to the reviewer’s suggestion.
NOTE: As indicated in footnote 1 above, Component 4 of the original proposal dealing with capacity
building and targeted research will be reformulated and submitted to a future GEF Council meeting.
C1-1
Annex D Government Endorsement Letter
D1-1
D1-2
Annex E - Background Tables
Table 1. Summary information on previous inventory work
Table 2. List of Related UNDP/China Projects
E1-1
Table 1. Summary information on previous inventory work
1
Response Strategy on Global
Climate Change in China
2
China: Issues and Options in
Greenhouse Gas Control
3
China
Climate Change
Country Study
4
Asian Least Cost GHGs Abatement
Strategy
Current Emissions of GHGs
Estimation of GHGs Emissions and
Sinks in China, 1990
GHG Inventory by Sectors
Sponsor
Performer
ADB
Energy Research Institute
Year of inventory
GHGs
Year of completion
Estimation result
All energy
Fuel comb.
Fugitive fuel emission
Oil and gas
Coal mining
Industrial processes
Agriculture
LUC and forestry
Waste
1990
CO2, CH4, N2O
1993
GEF
Design and Research Institute of
Environmental
Engineering,
Tsinghua University
1985-1990
CO2, CH4, N2O
1994
The
Preliminary
Compilation
of
GHG
Emission Inventories
US DOE
Energy Research Institute
1990
CO2, CH4
1998
1990
CO2, CH4, N2O
1998
609.2 Mt-C
667.64 Mt-C, 1.8-2.6 Mt- CH4
559.56 Mt-C, 2.97 Mt- CH4
559.6 Mt-C, 2.97 Mt- CH4
0.4 Mt- CH4
5.3 Mt- CH4
25.5 Mt-C
20.5 Mt- CH4
x
0.6 Mt- CH4
0.179 Mt- CH4
18.45 Mt- CH4
28.29 Mt-C
20.841 Mt- CH4
―42.53 Mt-C
0.792 Mt- CH4
0.092 Mt- CH4
8.689 Mt- CH4
22 Mt-C
18.2 Mt- CH4
-86 Mt-C
2.5 Mt- CH4
0.092 Mt- CH4
8.78 Mt- CH4
25.59 Mt-C
12.59-20.09 Mt- CH4
-75.93 Mt-C
0.899 Mt- CH4
Title of the general
project or the name of
report or publication
Title of the inventory
E1-3
ADB
Energy Research Institute
Table 2 - List of Related UNDP/China Projects
UNDP/China Energy-Related Projects
As of October 1999, UNDP is implementing some 11 projects related to climate change and/or energy management in China. This is in addition to
many closed and pipeline projects. These projects are supported by UNDP TRAC resources, GEF, bilateral and Chinese government cost-sharing. As
per the following table, total ongoing grant assistance is over $40million.
Where appropriate, UNDP China energy projects adopt a market transformation strategic approach to energy management and the reduction of GHG. In many
cases this is through the development of market-based mechanisms, through the promotion and facilitation of private investment and PPP, and through the
removal of market and policy barriers to sustainable energy in China. In addition, UNDP projects support the removal of technical barriers and the development
of government technical capacity.
Project Title
Project Duration
(Project authority)
Development of Coalbed Methane
Resources in China
(Ministry of Coal Industry)
(& Status)
1992-1998
Landfill
Methane
Recovery
and
Utilization from Mixed Municipal Waste
in China
(SEPA)
Resources Concessions for Sustainable
Development of Renewable Energy
(Tsinghua university)
Capacity
Building
for
Rapid
Commercialization of Renewable Energy
in China
(SETC)
Jilin Biomass Gasification
(Jilin Provincial EPB)
1997-2001
Capacity Building for
Greenlights Programme
the
China
Budget
UNDP+ Cost-sharing)
UNDP/GEF: $10m
(closed)
UNDP/GEF: $5,285,000
(Ongoing)
1997-1999
(ongoing)
1999-2003
(Ongoing)
1999-2002
(Project document just
signed).
1996 – 1999
UNDP SPPD: $125,000
UNDP/GEF: $8.8m
Ausaid: $3m
Dutch : $2.53m
UNDP/UN Foundation: $1.24m
UNDP TRAC: $995,000
(ongoing)
(SETC)
E1-4
Brief Description
Assist China in developing plans to recover and use coalbed
methane as a new energy source from its coal mines; to protect the
global and local environment by reducing greenhouse gases; and to
improve mining safety.
Demonstration project to extract methane and use it directly as fuel
and for electricity generation, prepare national action plan and
support establishment of institutional mechanisms for the sale of
extracted methane for electricity to users of the grid.
Policy study for establishment of a framework on using resources
concessions, including necessary regulatory, financing and
institutional components. Focus is on wind energy.
Barrier-removal project to increase market penetration of the
renewable energy technologies through capacity building
activities and developing
market–based institutions and
/instruments.
Demonstration project launching a sustainable energy technology
in rural village/township in Jilin Province based on the
modernized use of biomass.
Support implementation of China’s National Green Lights
Programme, through issuing national standards for efficient
lighting and designing certification and labeling scheme, and
developing consumer awareness on energy efficient lighting
Management and Energy Efficiency in the
Electric Power Industry
1996 – 1999
UNDP TRAC: $995,000
Govt. C/S: $3.1m
(ongoing)
(State Power Corporation)
Energy Conservation in Township and
Village Enterprises
(Ministry of Agriculture)
Barrier Removal for Commercialization of
Energy efficient Refrigerators
1st phase: 1997-1999
(formulation project
2nd phase:1999-2003
(to be started soon)
1999-2003
1st phase: UNDP/GEF: $1m
2nd phase: UNDP/GEF: $8.9m
UNDP/GEF: $9.6m
(Ongoing)
(SEPA)
Capacity Development for SO2 Emission
and Acid Rain Control in Guiyang
(China
Research
Academy
of
Environment Sciences/ Guiyang EPB)
Power Grid Management Reform
(State Power Corporation)
Mainstreaming Renewable Energy in
Energy Policy
(SDPC)
1997-2000
UNDP TRAC: $609,000
Govt. C/S: $360,000
(Ongoing)
1999- 2001
(operationally started)
UNDP TRAC: $716,000
Govt. C/S $3,000,000
Under formulation
UNDP/TRAC and cost-sharing
to be determined
World Bank User
M:\RAMON\WP3-2000\UNDP\China EA\China National Communication April 4 Final versionII.doc
04/07/00 5:34 PM
E1-5
Support the improvement of energy efficiency in China by
introducing market-oriented utility and power plant management
techniques, such as benchmarking of different power plants
against each other.
Support demonstration and commercialization of energy efficient
and GHG reduction technologies in brick-making, cement,
coking and metal casting sectors for TVEs.
Promote the widespread commercialization of energy-efficient
refrigerators by removing technical, market, commercial,
information and other barriers to increased market penetration of
the technologies and products.
To reduce adverse social, environmental and economic
consequences of air pollution and acid rain in the Guiyang
Province through controlling sulfur dioxide emissions.
Support power grid reform in China by strengthening national
and local capacity, addressing the wide range of technical,
managerial, social and environmental issues involved.
Establish a more appropriate planning methodology to formulate
the overall energy development plan under China’s 10th Five Year
Plan, and provide policy recommendations to the Government to
promote renewable energy development and use of other clean
technologies.