CURRICULUM VITAE Date Prepared: keb 07-07-2011 Name: Bruce D. Walker, M.D. Office Address: 149 13th Street, Room 5212D, Charlestown, MA 02129 Home Address: 7 Valley Road, Nahant, MA 01908 Work Phone: 617-724-8332 Work Email: bwalker@partners.org Work FAX: 617-726-4691 Place of Birth: Champaign, Illinois Education 1976 1980 B.A. M.D. Chemistry University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH Postdoctoral Training 1980-1981 1981-1983 1983-1984 1984-1987 1985-1987 Intern Resident Resident Clinical Fellow Research Fellow Medicine Medicine Pathology Infectious Disease Infectious Disease Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Faculty Academic Appointments July 1988 - June 1989 July 1989 - June 1992 July 1992 - June 1999 July 1999 - present Instructor Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Medicine Medicine Medicine Medicine Harvard Medical School, Boston MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA Appointments at Hospitals/Affiliated Institutions Past 1988-1989 1989-1992 1992-1996 1996-2001 Clinical Assistant Assistant Assistant Physician Assistant Physician Medicine Medicine Medicine Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA Physician Senior Physician Investigator Medicine Medicine Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD Present 2001-present 2002-present 2002-present 1 Other Professional Positions 1997-2005 1998-present 1998 1998 1999-2001 2000-present 2000-present 2001-present Scientific Advisory Board Scientific Advisory Board Scientific Advisory Board Scientific Advisory Committee Scientific Advisory Board Scientific Steering Committee Scientific Advisory Board External Advisory Board 2001-2006 2008-present Scientific Advisory Board Scientific Advisory Board Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Partners/Genzyme Scientific Advisory Board Dana Farber Cancer Institute University of Alabama Scientific Advisory Board Women & Infant’s Transmission Study HIV Vaccine Trials Network Objectif Recherche Vaccin Sida (ORVACS) Albert Einstein College of Medicine Center for AIDS Research University of Colorado Center for AIDS Research Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa Major Administrative Leadership Positions Local 1988-present 1988-present Member, AIDS Clinical Trials Group Attending Physician, ID Consult Service Acting Director, Clinical Virology Laboratory Assistant Director, Advanced Basic Science Course on AIDS Pathogenesis Director, Partners AIDS Research Center Co-Director, AIDS Postgraduate Course Co-Director, “AIDS Medicine: An Intensive Course” Director, Division of AIDS Director, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research Director Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 2002-present Visiting Professor 2006-2009 Visiting Professor Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa University of Oxford, Oxford, England 1989-1990 1992-1994 1995-2008 1995-2003 1996-2003 2001-2005 2006-present 2008-present Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard International Committee Service Local 1989-present 1989 Member, Committee on Research Member, International Program Committee Massachusetts General Hospital 6th International Conference on AIDS 2 1989-1990 1990 1990 1990-present 1991 1991 1995-present 1997 1998-present 1998-present 1998-present 1999-present 2009-present 2010-present 2010-present 2010-present Chairperson, Workshop on CellMediated Immunity Member, International Program Committee Member, AIDS Curriculum Planning Project Member, Ad Hoc Committee on AIDS Policy NCI/Frederik Member, NIH Site Visit Member, Basic Science Program Member, Executive Committee Training Program Member, AIDS Vaccine Research Member, Academic Council Member, Awards Committee Member, Research Operations Improvement Member, Faculty Development Committee Associate Member Member, Executive Committee on Research Co-Chair, AIDS Vaccine 2012 Co-Chair, Science, Medicine and Public Health, AIDS@30 Conference 2nd and 3rd Annual National Cooperative Vaccine Development Group Meeting 7th International Conference on AIDS Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Research and Development Center 8th International Conference on AIDS Massachusetts General Hospital/ Brigham & Women’s Hospital Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Massachusetts General Hospital Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise Harvard University National 1989 1991 1991 1991 1992-1997 1992-1993 1993 1994-1999 Consultant, AIDS Study Section Invited Participant, U.S. - Japan Hepatitis Panel Invited Participant, Roundtable Against AIDS Chairperson, Immunology Working Group PAF Elizabeth Glaser Scientist Award Think Tank 1992 1996 1997 AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1992 1993 Steering Committee Member, Project Immune Restoration AIDS ARRA Study Section 1994-1998 3 National Institutes of Health US Department of State Institute of Medicine Development of Drugs and Vaccines National Cooperative Vaccine Development Group Pediatric AIDS Foundation Invited Participant Member Member National Institutes of Health. Co-Chair, ACTG Trial 209 Co-Chair, ACTG Trial 214 Project Inform National Institutes of Health Member 1995 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999-2000 1998-1999 Panel Member, Office of AIDS Research Review Member, Immune Restoration Think Tank Member, Panel to Define Principals of Therapy of HIV Infection Clinical Scientist Award, Chair Member, Uganda Vaccine Lab Subgroup Member, NIAID Program Review Chair National Institutes of Health Project Inform National Institutes of Health Doris Duke Charitable Foundation National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health Professional Societies 1989-Present American Association of Immunologists 1992-Present Infectious Diseases Society of America 2000-Present Association of American Physicians 2006-Present Infectious Diseases Society of America 2009-Present Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences 2010-Present American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member Member Member Member/Fellow Member Member Editorial Activities Nature, Science, Nature Medicine, Nature Immunology, Immunity, Journal of Virology, Journal of Immunology, AIDS, Journal of Experimental Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine Other Editorial Roles 1990-Present Associate Editor 1992-Present Associate Editor 1993-1998 Associate Editor 1995-Present Editor 1996-1998 Section Editor 2003-Present Editorial Board 2009-Present Board of Reviewing Editors AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses AIDS Journal of Immunology Immunology Section, Los Alamos HIV Data Base Journal of Immunology Journal of Virology Science Honors and Prizes 1975 1976 1980 1980 1986 1988 1988 Phi Beta Kappa Jacob Van Ek Award for Academic Excellence Alpha Omega Alpha Lubrizol Foundation Award for Excellence in Patient Care Physician Research Training Fellowship Maxwell Finland Young Investigator Award Young Investigator Award in Virology University of Colorado University of Colorado Case Western Reserve University Case Western Reserve University American Cancer Society Infectious Disease Society of Massachusetts Infectious Disease Society of America/Burroughs 4 1993 1994 1994 1999 2002 Selected Member NIH Merit Award Linda Laubenstin Memorial Lecture, Honors Program Lecture John T. Carey Memorial Lecture B. Frank Polk Memorial Lecture Endowed Chair for AIDS Research Gill Lectureship Award Distinguished Clinical Research Scientist Award Jonathan Lax Memorial Lecture Fellow 2003 2008 Honorary Member Honorary Degree 2009 Selected Member 2010 Selected Member 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 Welcome American Society for Clinical Investigation National Institutes of Health New York University Case Western Reserve University Johns Hopkins University, AIDS Research Amsterdam University of Colorado Doris Duke Charitable Foundation The Wistar Institute American Association for the Advancement of Science Ludwig Heilmeyer Society Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences Report of Funded and Unfunded Projects Funding Information Current 11/01/02-08/31/12 07/01/04-07/31/14 02/01/06-01/31/11 01/01/07-06/30/11 NCE AIDS Research Howard Hughes Medical Institute P.I. ($5,199,062 + P.I.'s annual salary; YR5 amount TBD) The specific focus of the HHMI grant is to develop new strategies for immune reconstitution in HIV and HCV infected persons, with funding to support preclinical and clinical development. Harvard Medical School Center for AIDS Research NIH P30 AI60354-04 P.I. ($20,459,814 07/01/04-07/31/11) To consolidate and expand existing collaborations of two existing, highly successful HMS-affiliated CFARs and to promote new interactions and research initiatives capable of more effectively addressing key AIDS research questions. Pathogenesis of Clade C HIV Infection NIH RO1 AI067073-05 P.I. ($2,366,488) Proposal to build on solid preliminary data and outstanding functional collaborations to establish a longitudinal cohort of untreated HIV clade C infected persons with acute and chronic infection to define epitope specific immune responses associated with controlled and uncontrolled infection. Capacitating Clinical Research in Africa DDCF/Demitra Mentoring Award P.I./Mentor ($200,000) 5 09/01/07-08/31/12 09/26/08-08/31/12 09/22/08-08/31/13 01/01/09-12/31/10 01/01/09-12/31/10 02/01/09-01/31/14 Building on the initial successes of the DDMRI to help create the next generation of leaders in translational clinical research in Africa, using a focus on key research questions related to the AIDS and TB epidemics. HIV Controllers: Implications for Immunogen Design Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation P.I. ($19,099,923) To use population based studies of immune responses, viral evolution and host genetics to achieve effective immunogen design for a global HIV vaccine. Acute HIV Infection: Implications for vaccine design 5 PO1 AI074415-03 Project 2 Leader ($455,517) The aims of this Program Project are to expand and maintain an Acute HIV-1 infection cohort, to study innate and adaptive immunology, antigenprocessing, viral evolution and the impact of viral sequence evolution on mDC function. PD-1 expression and HIV specific T cell dysfunction 5 PO1 AI080192-03 P.I. ($2,315,365) The goal of this program is to elucidate the mechanisms of PD-1 function, signaling, and expression in healthy and HIV-infected individuals and in model systems. HIV inhibition: development of a novel high throughput single cell array to define correlates of antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) function Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard Co P.I. ($123,000) Aim of this proposal is to develop a single cell CTL killing assay combined with phenotyping and genetic analyses that will allow us for the first time to define immunologic and genetic correlates of effective antiviral CD8+ T cellmediated immunity Ragon Institute Adaptive Immunity Program Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard P.I. $910,000 The aim of this program is to identify areas of focused research to define the role of adaptive cellular immune responses in HIV control, including the basis for the protective role of HLA B57 on disease outcome, the basis for the association between specific epitope targeting and lower viral load, and the investigation of tissue specific adaptive immune responses; and to expand a cohort of HIV controllers and engage other MIT and Harvard faculty in investigating the basis for durable control. Inhibition of HIV1 Replication by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes NIH/NIAID ROI AI30914-15 P.I. ($1,240,000) Continuation of this study to determine the ability of CTL to inhibit HIV replication, and the mechanisms by which this occurs. It focuses on persons with chronic HIV-1 infection. Specifically, we propose to use established cellular assays to characterize CTL from infected persons in order to determine the importance of epitope specificity and restricting HLA class I 6 08/02/10-08/01/11 Past 03/01/93-02/28/98 01/01/94-12/31/97 07/01/94-06/30/98 09/01/94-05/31/98 02/01/95-01/31/96 09/30/96-07/31/01 01/01/97-12/31/01 05/01/97-04/30/98 07/01/97-06/30/02 alleles on their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication. ARRA Administrative Supplement: Identification of “good” CTL epitopes for vaccine design NIH/NIAID 3 PO1 AI074415-02S1 Project 2 Leader ($100,000) This project serves to identify key targets for vaccine design across HIV by characterizing the impact of specific mutations in the virus on the ability of HIV to replicate. Evolution of HIV ENV antigens & Immune Response NIH The goal of this project was to define cellular immune responses to HIV envelope proteins CD and T cells and maternal-fetal transmission Pediatric AIDS Foundation The goal of this project was to define the potential role of CTL in limiting HIV transmission from mother to child Correlates of immune protection in AIDS vaccine recipients Northwestern Univ. Sub This was a multi-site consortium to examine cellular and humoral immune responses in AIDS vaccine recipients CD4 cell therapy in HIV-1 infection NIH The goal of this project was to define the role of CD4 T cells in HIV pathogenesis Immune responses to live attenuated retroviruses vaccine Harvard Medical Sub The goal of this project was to define immune responses induced by a live attenuated AIDS virus vaccine in monkeys Immunobiology of HHV8 in Kaposi’s Sarcoma NIH R01 CA73580 Co-P.I. The goal of this project was to define cellular immune responses to HHV-8 Countermeasures to Biologic Pathogens and Myelotoxins Agency (DARPA) Defense Advanced Research Projects Co-P.I. The goal of this project was to develop universal antiviral T cell responses Immune reconstitution in AIDS virus infections NIH The goal of this project was to define mechanisms to augment HIV-specific immunity in the setting of chronic infection Immunologic and Virologic Features of Early HIV Infection NIH U01 AI41531 P.I. (Sub) The goal of this project was to define the impact of early treatment of acute 7 09/30/97-08/31/01 07/15/99-06/30/05 12/01/99-03/14/07 06/01/00-05/31/03 05/09/01-11/30/06 06/15/01-04/30/06 02/01/02-07/31/07 03/01/02-02/29/04 03/15/02-03/14/04 03/15/02-04/14/07 HIV infection on the evolution of immune responses to HIV HIV-1-specific CD4 Cells in Disease Pathogenesis NIH R01 AI40873 The goal of this project was to define the role of CD4 T cells in AIDS virus pathogenesis Immune Control of HIV Replication NIH R01 AI44656 The goal of this project was to define the effector mechanisms in CD8 T cells that limit HIV replication Immune Reconstitution in HIV Infection Doris Duke Charitable Foundation 201433 P.I. Focused on HIV-1 immunotherapy, and the use of dendritic cells to boost CD4/CD8 responses to HIV/ HCV. HIV Vaccine Trial Clinical Unit NIH U01 AI48023 P.I. (Sub) The goal of this sub was to assess immune responses in AIDS vaccine recipients HLA Typing and Epitope Mapping to Guide IV Vaccine Design – No Cost Extension NIH/NIAID N01 AI15442 P.I. Contract to determine epitopes and restricting alleles for CTL in persons infected with non-B clade viruses and non-Caucasian individuals infected with B clade viruses. Cell Mediated Immunity in Hepatitis C Virus Infection NIH 1R01 AI31563 The goal of this project was to define the cellular immune responses in HCV infected humans, both in liver and in peripheral blood Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes NIH R01 AI30914 The goal of this project we to define the mechanisms of anviral function of CD8 T cells in persons with chronic HIV infection In Vivo Induction of HIV Specific CTL by Dendritic Cells NIH R01 AI44628 Sub The goal of this project was to develop techniquest to induce HIV-specific CTL using peptide-pulsed dendritic cells Center for Research at the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine Doris Duke Charitable Foundation 20011033 P.I. Established Phase 1 of a custom designed research institute in KwazuluNatal, South Africa. HIV Pathogenesis Program Charitable Foundation Doris Duke Charitable Foundation 20011032 UKZN, S. Africa, PARC-MGH/Harvard Medical School collaboration for a multidisciplinary HIV pathogenesis research initiative: immunology 8 07/01/02-06/30/08 09/30/02-08/31/04 07/01/03-06/30/05 08/01/03-07/31/08 04/01/04-03/31/09 08/17/05-07/31/10 09/01/06-08/31/07 01/01/07-12/31/08 program; a training program and research center infrastructure in Africa. Pathogenesis and treatment of acute HIV infection NIH/NAIAD U01 AI52403-05 Boston & Sydney collaboration demonstrating acute infection is associated with a clinical syndrome; linking severity of acute infection symptoms to long-term progression of infection; demonstrating early treatment enhances critical CD4 cellular immune responses; early intervention can enhance immune control; and immune selection pressure influences viral evolution and cohort studies. Development of a Microarray for CTL Detection NIH R21 AI53911 P.I. The goal of this project was to develop a microarray based mechanism for CTL detection Development of Affordable HIV Diagnostics Using Microchips Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Co-Invest. The goal of this project was to use nanotechnology and microfluidics to develop a point of care diagnostic platform for use in resource constrained settings HLA Typing and Epitope Mapping to Guide HIV Vaccine Design NIH/NIAID N01 AI30024 P.I. Study addresses CTL and Th cell responses and the role of neutralizing antibody immune responses to HIV-1 infection. Subjects in Peru, Thailand and China are HLA typed at hhg resolution and tested with overlapping peptide sets for cellular immune responses to locally circulating virus. HIV-Specific T cell clones NIH/NAIAD 5R01 AI028568-17 P.I. This is a study of HIV-1-specific CTL in terms of epitope specificity and HLA restriction, as well as T cell receptor usage in chronically infected persons. Immune Control and Immune Evasion during Acute HCV Infection. Relinquished 12/14/07 NIH U19 AI066345 The goal of this project was to define the mechanisms and pathways to immune escape from CTL responses in acute HCV infection Planning Grant for Immune Regulation of HIV Infection IAVI Goal was to develp a research program to address an issue of critical importance for vaccine design, namely definition of functional immune responses that exhibit antiviral efficacy, focusing on conditions of spontaneous immune control Immune Regulation of HIV: Providing insights for Improved AIDS Vaccine Design IAVI P.I. 9 05/01/07-04/30/08 Goal is to address an issue of critical importance for vaccine design, namely definition of functional immune responses that exhibit antiviral efficacy, focusing on conditions of spontaneous immune control. Restoring Function in HIV-Specific T-Cells Emory U/CPFA sub The goal of this project was to define immunoregulatory networks in HIV infected persons in an attempt to utilize these to augment immunity Report of Local Teaching and Training Teaching of Students in Courses 1989-1993 HST040, Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis 2nd year HST students/30 attendees 1990 AIDS Pathogenesis 2nd year medical students/30 attendees 1990-1992 Mechanisms of Infection, Medicine 513M.J 2nd year medical students/40 attendees Advanced Basic Science (ABS) Course “Pathogenesis of AIDS” 1992-1994 4th year students/8 attendees Harvard Medical School 3 hours of preparation per year Harvard Medical School 3 hours of preparation Harvard Medical School 3 hours of preparation per year Harvard Medical School 15 hours of preparation per year Formal Teaching of Residents, Clinical Fellows and Research Fellows (post-docs) 1990 Infectious Disease Seminar Series Boston City Hospital Faculty and Students/40 attendees 2 hours of preparation 1991, 1995 Pathology Seminar Series Massachusetts General Hospital Pathology Residents, Fellows and 2 hours of preparation Staff/30 attendees 1992 Immunology Seminar Series University of Massachusetts Graduate Students/50 attendees 2 hours of preparation 1992 AIDS Provider Group Beth Israel Hospital Physicians/80 attendees 2 hours of preparation 1992 Allergy & Immunology Seminar Massachusetts General Hospital Faculty, Residents and Medical 2 hours of preparation Students/30 attendees 1993, 1995, 1997 Immunology Seminar Boston University Graduate students and physicians/40 2 hours of preparation attendees 1993 AIDS Pathogenesis New England Deaconess Hospital Physicians/50 attendees 2 hours of preparation 1995-1998 “Contemporary Topics in Harvard Medical School Immunology”, Immunology 200 Immunology graduate students/20 3 hours of preparation per year attendees 1997 Immunology Seminar Massachusetts General Hospital Faculty and Fellows/25 attendees 4 hours of preparation 1997 Arthur Ashe Program in AIDS Care Harvard AIDS Institute Seminar Series All levels of medical students/30 2 hours of preparation attendees 10 1998 1999 2005 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 HST-175: Cellular and Molecular Immunology Immunology graduate students/20 attendees Immunology Seminar Series Faculty and Students/100 attendees Cellular and Molecular Immunology AIDS Lecture Harvard Medical School Students Harvard-MGH Infectious Diseases of Adults Post-Graduate Ph.D supplementary training Global Health Course Medical students/30 attendees HIV Immunology Lecture Medical students/30 attendees Center for Population & Development Studies Medical students/30 attendees Introduction to Global Medicine Graduate students /40 attendees Chemical and Biological Thermodynamics Graduate Students/40 attendees Harvard Medical School 3 hours of preparation Harvard Medical School 4 hours of preparation Massachusetts General Hospital 4 hours of preparation Massachusetts General Hospital 8 hours of preparation Harvard Medical School 2 hours of preparation Harvard Medical School 2 hours of preparation Harvard University School of Public Health 2 hours of preparation Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology 2 hours of preparation Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 hours of preparation Clinical Supervisory and Training Responsibilities 1988-present Attending Physician, Infectious Disease Service / Massachusetts General Hospital 4 Fellows per year 1 month per year @ 6 hrs/day Laboratory and Other Research Supervisory and Training Responsibilities Formally Supervised Trainees 1987-1991 V. Johnson, Associate Professor, University of Alabama Research Training Fellowship Mentor 1989-1992 R. P. Johnson, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor 1990-1996 M. Koziel, Staff Scientist, Vertex Research Training Fellowship Mentor 1990-1995 C. Jassoy, Professor, University of Wurzburg, Germany Research Training Fellowship Mentor 1991-1994 S. Kalams, Associate Professor, Vanderbilt University Research Training Fellowship Mentor 1991-1994 T. Harrer, Professor, University of Erlangen, Germany Research Training Fellowship Mentor 11 1991-1994 1992-1995 1993-1999 1994-1997 1994-1997 1994-1998 1994-1999 1995-1999 1995-1997 1996 1996-2000 1996 1996-1999 1996-1999 1997-2000 1997-2000 1997-1999 1997-1998 1997-1998 1997-1999 1997-2001 1998-1999 1998 1998-2002 T. Curiel, Associate Professor, Tulane University Research Training Fellowship Mentor C. Wilson, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Research Training Fellowship Mentor O. Yang, Associate Professor, UCLA Research Training Fellowship Mentor N. Sipsas, Assistant Professor, Athens Research Training Fellowship Mentor S. Threlkeld, Physician, University of Tennessee Research Training Fellowship Mentor C. Brander, Professor, Barcelona Research Training Fellowship Mentor D. Wong, McMaster University Medical Centre, Canada Research Training Fellowship Mentor H. Cao, Scientist, California Department of Health Services Research Training Fellowship Mentor J. Walter, Assistant Professor, Gesellschaft fur Molekulare Medizin, Germany Research Training Fellowship Mentor Jean-Louis Sankale, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Thesis Reviewer Fidencio Saldana, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Faculty Advisor Efi Kokkotou, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Thesis Reviewer M. C. Hay, Assistant Professor, Columbia University Research Training Fellowship Mentor E. Rosenberg, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor Glenda Callendar, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Faculty Advisor Fatema Aziz, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Thesis Advisor P. Goulder, Professor, Oxford University Research Training Fellowship Mentor R. Klein, Assistant Professor, Washington University School of Medicine Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Severino, Scientist, Merck Research Laboratories Research Training Fellowship Mentor J. Mukherjee, Medical Director, Partners in Health Research Training Fellowship Mentor R. Geiben, Biotechnology Research Training Fellowship Mentor Mischo Kursar, Freie Universitat Berlin Thesis Advisor Linda Tremblay, Tufts University Thesis Reviewer G. Lauer, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor 12 1999-2000 1999-2000 1999-2001 1999-2003 1999-2003 1999-2003 1999-2003 2000-2003 2001-2002 2001-2002 2001-2003 2001-2003 2001-present 2002-2003 2002-2004 2002-Present 2002-Present 2002-Present 2002-Present 2003-2004 2003-Present 2003-2006 2003-Present 2004-2005 F. Lee, Staff Physician, MGH Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Altfeld, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor G. Cohen, Instructor, New England Regional Primate Research Center Research Training Fellowship Mentor P. Norris, Senior Scientist, Blood Systems Research Institute Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Addo, Instructor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Feeney, Associate Professor, University of California San Francisco Research Training Fellowship Mentor C. Day, Assistant Professor, Emory Research Training Fellowship Mentor W. Rodriguez, Instructor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor T. Allen, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor A. Kim, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor R. Draenert, Physician, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Germany Research Training Fellowship Mentor X. Yu, Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor Y. Tang, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor S. Le Gall, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor J. Timm, Physician, Ruhr-University Bocheim, Germany Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Brockman Associate Professor, Simon Frasier University Research Training Fellowship Mentor K. Dong, Lecturer, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Lichterfeld Instructor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor J. Wiesch, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor G. Tanzi, Consultant, Private Industry Research Training Fellowship Mentor G. Alter, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor T. Koibuchi, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor B. Ojikutu, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor N. Lin, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor 13 2004-Present 2004-Present 2005-Present 2006-Present 2007-Present 2007-Present 2008-Present 2009-Present 2009-Present 2010-Present 2010-Present F. Pereyra, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor T. Miura, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor H. Chen, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor Z. Brumme, Associate Professor, Simon Frasier University Research Training Fellowship Mentor D. Kwon, Instructor, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor B. Juelg, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor G. Gaiha, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor Z. Ndhlovu, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor M. Leshwedi, Research Fellow, University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Training Fellowship Mentor D. Shasha, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor N. Holt, Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School Research Training Fellowship Mentor Formal Teaching of Peers (e.g., CME and other continuing education courses) "No presentations below were sponsored by outside entities" 1989-2003 Infectious Disease Postgraduate Course Harvard Medical School 1990-1995 Lecture on AIDS Anesthesia Postgraduate Course, Harvard Medical School 1995 Pulmonary Postgraduate Course Harvard Medical School 1994 Aids Pathogenesis Postgraduate Course, Boston University 1998 Aids Pathogenesis Harvard Retrovirology Dinner Club, Harvard Medical School 1998 Virology Seminar Series Harvard Medical School 1998-2000 AIDS Postgraduate Course Harvard Medical School 2009 Computational Immunology Symposium Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Boston, MA Lecture Cambridge, MA Local Invited Presentations 1989, 1992 Gastroenterology Grand Rounds, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 1990 Hematology Grand Rounds, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 1994 Pathology Department Grand Rounds, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 14 1995, 1998 1996 1998 2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 Medical Grand Rounds, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Medical Grand Rounds, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA Harvard AIDS Institute Think Tank, Harvard Medical School, Dedham, MA Partners Physician’s Day, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Partners Health Care Senior Management Retreat, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School Scientific Symposium, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Medical Service Alumni Reunion, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Transfusion Medicine Grand Rounds, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA Infectious Diseases of Adults - 2001, MGH Infectious Disease Division, Cambridge, MA Harvard University Virology Seminar Series, Harvard University, Boston, MA Partners HealthCare System, Inc. Annual Meeting, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA HIV and Women: Epidemiology, Immunology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology Seminar Series, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School Pasteur Clinical Champions Seminar Series, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School/Brigham & Women’s Hospital Transfusion Medicine Grand Rounds, Boston, MA Harvard-MIT Hippocratic Society’s 2002 Conference on Infectious Disease, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Harvard Programs on AIDS in Africa: A University Responds, Harvard University, Boston, MA MGH Chief of Service Conference on Pediatric HIV, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA HMS Virology Seminar, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Brigham & Women’s Hospital Partners AIDS Research Center HIV Update Symposium, Brigham and Women's, Cambridge, MA Harvard Medical School Pasteur Case Study Series, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Medicine Academic Council Faculty Seminar Series, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA "Facing the Challenges of Global Health Today", Harvard University Committee on University Resources Annual Meeting, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School Physicians for Human Rights, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA “AIDS 2004,” Massachusetts General Hospital Division of Primary Care, Boston, MA “Immunology of AIDS,” Harvard School of Public Health Division of Biostatistics, Boston, MA Center for AIDS Research 8th Annual National Symposium, Harvard University, Boston, MA “AIDS Pathogenesis,”Consul General of France and Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA “Building research capacity in resource scarce settings,” Harvard University Office of International Programs, Boston, MA Invited Speaker Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 15 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 Partners Physician’s Day, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA “Immune Control of HIV,” Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA Immune Control of HIV: a perspective from studies in Africa, Harvard Medical School Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA “Immune Control and Immune Failure in HIV Infection,” Program for Evolutionary Dynamics at Harvard, Cambridge, MA 8th Annual Partners Physicians Day - Keynote Speaker, Massachustts General Hospital, Boston, MA Brigham and Women’s Hospital Research Conference, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Harvard Medical School Committee on Immunology Seminar, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA AIDS Medicine: An Intensive Case-Based Course, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA HOPE Conference, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA Global Health Delivery Seminar Series, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard University Centers for AIDS Research Annual Symposium, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA “HIV/AIDS and Global Health", MGH Center for Global Health, Boston, MA "Missing Medicines, Harvard's Response to the Challenge of Global Neglected Diseases", Harvard Global Health and AIDS Coalition, Cambridge, MA Pasteur Case Study, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA Harvard Medical School Committee on Immunology Seminar, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Training, Funding and Focus areas for Translation Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA “T-cell mediated immunity to HIV plus human genetic polymorphisms affecting HIV progression”, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA AIDS in Africa: Long-Term Effects of ARV Therapy Symposium, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA ECOR Celebration of Science, HIV Conference Series “How HIV Causes Disease: A 2009 Perspective”, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Harvard Virology Program “Immune Control and Immune Failure in HIV Infection”, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA The Challenges of Developing Vaccines to HIV/AIDS Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA Seminar for SURF Students Harvard Institute of Global Health, Cambridge, MA Practicing Global Health across Disciplines: Snapshots of Success, Global Health Symposium MGH Center for Global Health, Boston, MA “Immununology of HIV/AIDS” Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA “Unraveling the Genetic Basis of HIV Control” Brigham and Womens Hospital Pathology Grand Rounds Boston, MA Global Health: South Africa Center for Global Health Advisory Board meeting, MGH, Boston, MA 16 Report of Regional, National and International Invited Teaching and Presentations Invited Presentations and Courses Regional 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1993 1993 1996 1997 1997, 2000, 2008 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 Dartmouth College Immunology Seminar Series Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Medical Grand Rounds Addison Gilbert Hospital, Gloucester, MA Medical Grand Rounds Repligen Corporation, Cambridge, MA Brown University Immunology Seminar Brown University, Providence, RI Medical Grand Rounds West Roxbury VA Hospital, Boston, MA Contemporary Topics in Immunology Boston, MA Immunology Seminar Series Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Hepatitus C and Beyond Keystone Symposia, Burlington, VT Infectious Disease Grand Rounds Boston University, Boston, MA Invited Speaker Milton Academy, Milton, MA Invited Speaker Search for a Cure, Boston, MA Invited Speaker International AIDS Society-USA, Boston, MA Invited Speaker Harvard AIDS Institute Think Tank, Dedham, MA Invited Speaker Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA World AIDS Conference Review AIDS Action Committee, Boston, MA Invited Discussant Project Inform, Boston, MA Invited Speaker Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA BIO 2000 TechTransfer Forum Boston, MA Grand Rounds Lowell General Hospital, Lowell, MA Invited Speaker Dimmock Community Health Center, Boston, MA 17 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 Invited Discussant Waterford Project Meeting, Boston, MA Invited Lecturer Infectious Diseases of Adults – 2001, Cambridge, MA Boston Living Center’s 14th Annual Thanksgiving Dinner Boston Living Center, Boston, MA Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies Meeting Boston, MA Wyeth Research/Genetics Institute Cambridge, MA HIV and Women: Epidemiology, Immunology and Metabolism Boston, MA Pediatric Vaccine Immunology Workshop Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Dedham, MA International Health Organization 3rd AIDS in India Symposium Boston, MA Children’s Hospital Senior Rounds Boston, MA 47th Annual Meeting of the Plastic Surgery Research Council Boston, MA BMS Metabolic & Cardiovascular Complications of HIV Preceptor Series Boston, MA Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Medical Research Program Clinical Scientist Meeting Newport, RI Children’s Hospital Senior Rounds Children’s Hosptial, Boston, MA Grand Rounds New England Medial Center, Boston, MA 10th Conference on Retrovirus & Opportunistic Infection Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, Boston, MA American Transplant Congress 5th Joint American Transplant Meeting American Transplant Congress, Boston, MA Boston Living Center’s GlaxoSmithKline Dinner Series Boston Living Center, Boston, MA IDEAS Boston Conference Series IDEAS Boston, Boston, MA Howard Hughes Medical Institute Exceptional Research Opportunities Program Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA New England Cytometry Users Group Presentation New England Cytometry Users Group, Boston, MA “Elite Control of HIV” Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA CENTRA Users Conference Boston, MA Invited Speaker Counsel on Foreign Relations, Cambridge, MA Invited Speaker UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA 18 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2010 2010 Infectious Disease of Adults HIV Pathogenesis, Boston, MA Invited Speaker Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA IAP Lecture Series - "The Molecular Basis of Infectious Disease" Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, MA AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA Tuberculosis Retreat Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA Improving Vaccination for Chronic Viral Infections –A Case for Emerging Immune Modulatory Therapies Satellite Symposium Clinical Immunology Society, Boston, MA Amherst College Public Health Collaborative Amherst College, Amherst, MA Keynote: Immunogenetics of HIV Infection, FOCIS 2010 Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies, Boston, MA Viruses and The Host Response, 50th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society of Microbiology, Boston, MA National 1987 1987 1988 1998 1998 1990 1991 1992 1992 1992 1992 1993 Keystone Symposium on AIDS Pathogenesis Keystone Symposia, Keystone CO Invited Speaker 3rd International AIDS Conference, Washington, D.C. University of California Immunology Seminar Series University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA HIV Information Network Publication University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama First National Cooperative Vaccine Development Group for AIDS National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Norfolk, VA University of Alabama Immunology Seminar Series University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama Invited speaker Clinical Immunology Society, Washington, DC Stanford University Immunology Seminar Series Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA University of Washington Immunology Seminar Series University of Washington, Seattle, WA Invited Speaker University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CA Invited Speaker Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA NIH Research Conference on Immunologic & Host Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection & Disease National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 19 1993, 1995, 1998 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1997 1998 1998 Immune Reconstitution Think Tank Project Inform, Napa Valley, CA Invited Speaker American Association of Allergy & Immunology, Milwaukee, WI Ad Hoc Review Panel/HIV Immunopathogenesis Program National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD Grand Rounds Hanneman Medical School, Philadelphia, PA NIH Conference on HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Southwestern University Immunology Seminar Southwestern University School of Medicine, Dallas, TX Molecular Aspects of Viral Immunity University of California at Los Angeles, Keystone, CO Invited Speaker New York Blood Center , New York, NY International Immunology Congress American Association of Immunologists, San Francisco, CA Molecular Aspects of Infectious Diseases Cold Spring Harbor, NY Invited Speaker Cell Genesys, San Francisco, CA Merck Immunology Lecture Merck & Co, Rahway, NJ Vanderbilt University Immunology Seminar Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Mt. 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Sinai Hospital, New York, NY National Symposium on Basic Aspects of Immunology National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting American Association for the Advancement of Science, Baltimore, MD University of North Carolina Immunology Seminar University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC New Insights in HIV Infection and Disease Cambridge Symposia, Hilton Head, SC Invited Speaker The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA Invited Speaker Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 4th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections Washington, DC AIDS Clinical Trials Group Meeting National Institutes of Health, Arlington, VA Keystone Symposium Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Keystone Symposia, Park City, UT UCSF Center for AIDS Research Annual Symposium 20 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 5th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, Chicago, IL 7th International Conference on Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation University of California, Newport Beach, CA Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Opening Session American Society for Microbiology, San Diego, CA 5th International Conference on Dendritic Cell Biology NIH, Pittsburgh, PA Invited Speaker Infectious Disease Society of America, Denver, CO University of Alabama Center for AIDS Research Lecture Series University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL Immune Reconstitution in HIV Disease Project Inform, New York, NY University of Pennsylvania Immunology Seminar Series University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Invited Speaker Center for AIDS Research, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 10th B. Frank Polk Symposium Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD John T. Carey Memorial Lecture Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH Invited Speaker International AIDS Society, New York, NY Duke University Virology Seminar Duke University, Durham, NC Allegheny University AIDS Seminar Series Allegheny University, Pittsburgh, PA Chicago Center for AIDS Research Clinic Dedication University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL AIDS Vaccine Research Council National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA Co-Organizer and Presenter IAS-USA HIV Symposium, Aspen, CO Grand Rounds University of Colorado Medical, Denver, CO Invited Speaker Physicians Research Network, New York, NY Invited Lecturer Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NY Invited Speaker Georgetown University, Washington, DC Cornell University Immunology Seminar Series Cornell University, New York, NY Invited Speaker Institute for Human Virology, Baltimore, MD Keystone Symposium on HIV Vaccine Development 21 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO HIV Eradication Symposium Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA Invited Symposium Speaker University of California at Los Angeles, Palm Springs, CA Keystone Symposium on Molecular and Cellular Biology Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO Invited Discussion Group Leader, IAVI Meeting International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY John F. Kennedy School of Government/Commonwealth Fund Bipartisan Congressional Health Policy Conference, Aventura, FL Invited speaker Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Bethesda, MD Invited Lecturer Scripps Research Institute, CA Invited Speaker Immune Response Corporation, CA University of Washington Division of Virology University of Washington, Seattle, WA Invited Speaker University of Washington Center for AIDS Research, Seattle, WA CFAR Symposium University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA CFAR Symposium University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota Invited Discussant Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY Palm Springs Symposium on HIV/AIDS Palm Springs, CA San Francisco Immunology Program Series University of California at San Francisco, CA GlaxoSmithKline Speaker Program GlaxoSmithKline, Sacramento, CA Invited Speaker Bristol-Myers Squibb Immunology HIV Speakers’ Bureau, Sonoma, CA Keystone Symposium on HIV Vaccine Development Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO 12th Annual Virology Symposium University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Invited Panelist, 11th Annual Clinical Care Options for HIV Symposium Laguna Niguel, CA Merck National HIV Consultants Meeting Merck & Co, San Antonio, TX Special Briefing to the United States Congress: “Solving the HIV/AIDS Drug Access Crisis in Africa: Meeting the Challenge to Save Millions of Lives & to Mitigate the Orphan Crisis” United States Congress , Washington, DC Invited Moderator 22 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002, 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care Sessions 2001, Chicago, IL “Rationale for Therapeutic Vaccines” AIDS Vaccine 2001, Philadelphia, PA Keystone Symposium on Immune Reconstitution and Therapeutic Vaccination Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO Improving the Management of HIV Disease Chicago, IL Keynote Speaker, First Annual Meeting of the Doris Duke Clinical Fellows Doris Duke Foundation, St. Louis, MO International Meeting of the Institute of Human Virology Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD Merck MESA Meeting Merck & Co, Denver, CO HIV Vaccine Trials Network Full Group Meeting HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, WA IDSA Fellows’ Day Program/40th Meeting of the IDSA Infectious Diseases Society of America, Chicago, IL 6th National Symposium on the NIH Centers for AIDS Research National Institutes of Health, Seattle, WA Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seminar Series Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY Third HIV DRP Symposium on Antiviral Drug Resistance HIV Drug Resistance Program, Chantilly, VA Merck MESA Lecture Series Merck & Co, Houston, TX University of Alabama at Birmingham Centers for AIDS Research Dinner Lecture University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL Immunopathogenesis/Interactive Case Challenges 13th Annual Clinical Care Options for HIV Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ Invited Panelist, HVTN Scientific Agenda Review Meeting HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Bethesda, MD Institute of Medicine Antiretroviral Drug Use Workshop Institutes of Medicine, Washington DC Confronting the Global HIV Epidemic Physicians Research Network, New York, NY 11th Annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections San Francisco, CA Stop the Silence HIV/AIDS Symposium University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Conference on World Affairs University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Invited Speaker New York University Center for AIDS Research, New York, NY Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 10th National Symposium Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD Acute Infection Early Disease Research Program International Workshop National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC Invited Speaker 23 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005-Present 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD Invited Speaker Merck & Co., Denver, CO Duke University HIV Meeting Duke University. Durham, NC Invited Speaker Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD Invited Speaker National Institute of Health Division of AIDS, Bethesda, MD HHMI Global Health Symposium Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington, DC HHMI Science Meeting Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD Invited Speaker University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 23rd Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS Research NIH, Portland, OR Vanderbilt University Grand Rounds Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN Invited Speaker Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY Keystone Symposia on Integrating Knowledge Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO Scott Thaler Memorial Lecture at Merck & Co. Merck & Co., West Point, PA Clinical Care Options Symposium Key Biscayne, FL Los Angeles Intercity HIV Rounds AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 7th Annual HIV/AIDS Conference Cedars Sinai Hospital, Los Angeles, CA Arthur Ashe Endowment Lecture: "An Academic Response to the Global AIDS Crisis" Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY Immunology Club Seminar Series New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY Albert Einstein CFAR symposium NYC Medical School, New York, NY 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Los Angeles, CA Invited Speaker Scripps Green Hospital, San Diego, CA Scientific Advisory BoardMeeting GlobeImmune , Denver, CO International AIDS Society – USA International AIDS Society, New York, NY Keystone Symposium on HIV Pathogenesis Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO Invited Speaker 24 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY St. Vincent’s Comprehensive HIV Medical Center Grand Rounds St. Vincent’s Comprehensive HIV Medical Center, New York, NY Invited Speaker, Immune Control and Immune Failure in HIV Infection The Library of Congress, Washington, DC Invited Speaker Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies (FOCIS), San Diego, CA Invited Speaker New York University, New York, NY Collaborative Institute of Virology Directors Meeting Collaborative Institute of Virology, Chicago, IL Fifth Annual Clinical Investigator Student Trainee Forum National Institutes of Health, Bethsada, MD National Center for AIDS Research Directors Meeting University of California Centers for AIDS Research, San Diego, CA Stanford Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection Stanford Institute, Stanford, CA Penn Center for AIDS Research Seminar Series University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA IAVI-R&D Retreat International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY HIV Vaccine Strategy Meeting Merck Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Branchburg, New Jersey “Why do we not yet have an HIV vaccine?” Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Invited Speaker Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA Invited Speaker International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY Enders lecture Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy/Infectious Dissease Society of America, Washington, DC Immune regulation of HIV infection Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO Keystone Symposium on Prevention of HIV/AIDS (X3) “HIV Controllers: A Model for T Cell Vaccination?“ Keystone Symposia, Keystone, CO Invited Speaker/Opening Remarks HIV Management 2009: The New York Course, New York, NY Immune Control and Immune Failure in HIV Infection National Jewish Health, Denver, CO HIV Exposed and Uninfected: Time for a Collaborative Approach? NIH/NIAID, Rockville, MD IV Elite Controllers: Implications for prophylatic and therapeutic vaccines, Leon Smith Honorary Lecture ID Care, Newark, NJ 25 International 1987 1989 1991 1992 1993 1993 1993 1994 1994 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 1995 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 AIDS Pathogenesis Cent Gardes Meeting on AIDS Pathogenesis Pasteur Merrieux, Paris, France Invited Speaker Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK Invited Speaker African AIDS Conference, Dakar, Senegal Invited Speaker US-Japan Hepatitis Panel, Kofu, Japan Invited Speaker International AIDS Meeting, Berlin, Germany International Meeting on the Biology, Immunology & Clinic of Hepatitis Viruses [Parma, Italy Immunology Seminar University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany "Pathogenesis of AIDS MRC" Medical Research Council of Great Britain, London, UK Invited Speaker University of Zurich, Switzerland “AIDS, From Basic Science to Diagnosis and Therapy" Florence, Italy Cent Gardes AIDS Meeting/Pasteur Merrieux Pasteur Insitute, Paris, France Harold Neu ID Conference Toronto, Canada Zurich University Immunology Seminar Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland Invited Speaker Pasteur Institute, Paris, France "Setting a New AIDS Agenda" CIBA Foundation, London, England Invited Speaker Gesellschaft fur Virologie, Hamburg, Germany 12th World AIDS Conference Geneva, Switzerland Oxford University Immunology Seminar Series Oxford, England VII Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research Quebec, Canada 2nd International Symposium of the EU Concerted Action Oxford, England Nobel Forum Conference on AIDS Pathogenesis Stockhold, Sweden Invited Speaker University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Puerto Rico AIDS Symposium San Juan, Puerto Rico Invited Lecturer 26 1999 2000 2000 2000, 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France 13th Swiss GlaxoSmithKline Workshop “Challenge in Virology” Saanen, Switzerland Wurzburg Symposium on Infectious Diseases University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany 4th Modeling Panel Meeting Oxford University, Oxford, England Colloque Manon Lescaut Manon Scientific Research Program, Paris, France Programa VII Simposio SITGES 2001 Barcelona, Spain German AIDS Meeting Frankfurt, Germany First IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Buenos Aires, Argentina Invited Speaker Tokyo Medical Science Institute Invited Speaker National Institutes of Health Japan, Tokyo, Japan Invited Speaker Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Invited Speaker Shenyang University, Shenyang, China 19th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS San Juan, Puerto, Rico Welcome Workshop on HIV & TB University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa International Symposium on Therapeutic Vaccines Against HIV & Cancers Fondation Merieux, Annecy, France XIV International AIDS Conference Barcelona, Spain Virology: A New Perspective GlaxoSmithKline, Queensland, Australia Keystone Symposium Keystone Symposia, Banff, Canada 5th International Congress of the Federation of African Immunological Socieities Federation of African Immunological Societies, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe 8th International Meeting of the GEMHEP Groupe Francais D’Etudes Moléculaires des Hépatites, Paris, France 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment International AIDS Society, Paris, France Keystone Conference on HIV Vaccine Development Keystone Symposia, Whistler, Canada European Primary HIV Infection Symposium Abbot Virology, Berlin, Germany Keynote Speaker, 15th Annual Vietnam National Immunity Conference Harvard Medical School, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam Co-Chair, AIDS Vaccine Science Secretariat 2004 Symposium on Therapeutic Vaccines 27 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007, 2008 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 AIDS Vaccine Science Secretariat, Laussanne, Switzerland Keystone Conference on HIV Pathogenesis Keystone Symposia, Banff Springs, Canada Vienna Vaccines 2nd Annual Symposium Semmering, Austria Elite Control of HIV: Humoral, cellular and virologic factors 5th Intl Summit of Protection from HIV Infection and Disease, Amsterdam, Netherlands Controllers of HIV: Implications for Vaccines 5th AIDS Vaccine Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands 3rd Annual Scientific Advisory Meeting National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China Scientific Board Meeting Objectif Recherche Vaccins SIDA (ORVACS), Paris, France HIV CHE Meeting Gilead Sciences Canada, Montreal, Quebec / Toronto, Ontario 4th IAS Conference International AIDS Society, Sydney, Australia Keystone HIV Pathogenesis Symposium Keystone Symposia, Banff, Alberta, Canada "25 Years of HIV" Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Axel Key Symposium Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Third Bernard Halpern Symposium of Immunology Collège de France, Paris, France "Elite control of HIV: Implications for vaccine design” - AIDS Vaccine 2008 Conference University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Invited Speaker Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keynote Speaker, 100th anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany “Philanthropy and the Fight against AIDS” Barcelona, Spain Creating Cohorts: Experiences from the International HIV Controllers Study International Centre for Infectious Diseases, Winnepeg, Manitoba Keynote Speaker: Durable Control of HIV Infection:Implications for Vaccine Design Keystone Symposia, Banff, Alberta, Canada Plan for Looking at Correlates Center for the AIDs Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa Eradication and Vaccine: the Two Goals in HIV Research, IrsiCaize 15th Anniversary Event, Barcelona, Spain Beyond the Intellectual Silos: A new Model of Scientific Collaboration to Make the World a Better Place Prince de Girona Foundation, Barcelona, Spain Keynote Speaker “Unraveling the Genetic Basis of HIV Control” Annual Meeting for the Society for Virology, Freiberg Germany 28 Report of Clinical Activities and Innovations Current Licensure and Certification 1980 Massachusetts Medical License Practice Activities 1980 - present Patients with HIV/AIDS Infectious Disease Outpatient Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Innovations Development of immunotherapeutic approaches to HIV treatment. Report of Education of Patients and Service to the Community Activities Those activities below sponsored by outside entities are so noted and the sponsor(s) is (are) identified. HHMI Holiday Lecture “AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) Series of lectures given to high school students and filmed for DVD. 2007 Recognition 2003 2003 2003 2010 Illuminator Award Commitment to Children Award Outstanding Citizen Award Presidents Award for Service Cambridge Cares About AIDS Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Boston Living Center Greater Boston Business Council Report of Scholarship Publications Peer reviewed publications in print or other media Original Articles: 1. Walker BD, Chakrabarti S, Moss B, Paradis TJ, Flynn T, Durno AG, Blumberg RS, Kaplan JC, Hirsch MS, Schooley RT. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive inidividuals. Nature. 1987;328(6128):345-8. 2. Walker BD, Kowalski M, Goh WC, Krieger M, Rosen CR, Rohrschneider L, Haseltine WA, Sodroski J. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus syncytium formation and virus 29 replication by castanospermine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:8120-8124. 3. Fisher RA, Bertonis JM, Meier W, Johnson VA, Costopoulos DS, Liu T, Tizard R, Walker BD, Hirsch MS, Schooley RT, Flavell RA. HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4. Nature 1988;331:76-78. 4. Hussey RE, Richardson NE, Kowalski M, Brown NR, Chang HC, Siliciano RF, Dorfman T, Walker BD, Sodroski J, Reinherz EL. A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation. Nature 1988;331:78-81. 5. Walker BD, Flexner C, Paradis TJ, Fuller T, Hirsch MS, Schooley RT, Moss B. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a target for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infected individuals. Science 1988;240:6466. 6. Johnson VA, Walker BD, Barlow MA, Paradis TJ, Chou T-C, Hirsch MS. Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 replication in vitro by castanospermine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:53-57. 7. Johnson VA, Barlow MA, Chou T-C, Fisher RA, Walker BD, Hirsch MS, Schooley RT. Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4 and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. J Infect Dis 1989;159:837-844. 8. Walker BD, Flexner C, Birch-Limberger K, Fisher L, Paradis TJ, Aldovini A, Young R, Moss B, and Schooley RT. Long-term culture and fine specificity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones reactive with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:9514-9518. 9. Goldfeld A, Birch-Limberger K, Schooley RT and Walker B. HIV-1 infection does not induce tumor necrosis factor- or interferon- gene transcription. JAIDS 1991;4:41-47. 10. Poznansky MC, Walker BD, Haseltine WA, Sodroski J, Langhoff E. A rapid method for quantitating the frequency of peripheral blood cells containing HIV-1 DNA. JAIDS 1991;4:368373. 11. Johnson RP, Trocha A, Yang L, Mazarra GP, Panicalli DL, Buchanan TM, Walker BD. HIV-1gag-specific CTL recognize multiple highly conserved epitopes: Fine specificity of the gagspecific response defined using unstimulated PBMC and cloned effector cells. J Immunol 1991;147:1512-1521. 12. Tsomedis TJ, Walker BD, Eisen H. An optimal viral peptide recognized by CD8+ T cells binds very tightly to the restricting class I major histocompatibnility complex protein on intact cells but not to the purified class I protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:11276-11280. 13. Johnson RP, Trocha A, Buchanan TM, Walker BD. Identification of overlapping HLA class Irestricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in a conserved region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein: Definition of minimum epitopes and analysis of the effects of sequence variation. J Exp Med 1992;175:961-971. 30 14. Jassoy C, Johnson RP, Navia BA, Worth J, Walker BD. Detection of a vigorous HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in cerebrospinal fluid from infected persons with AIDS dementia complex. J Immunol 1992;149:3113-3119. 15. Koziel MJ, Dudley D, Wong J, Houghton M, Ralston R, Walker BD. Intrahepatic cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for hepatitis C virus in persons with chronic hepatitis. J Immunol 1992;149:3339-3344. 16. Johnson RP, Trocha A, Buchanan TM and Walker BD. Recognition of a highly conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type I gp120 by a HLA-Cw4-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone. J Virol 1993;67:438-445. 17. Curiel TJ, Wong JT, Gorczyca PF, Schooley RT, Walker BD. CD4+ HIV-1 envelope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes derived from the peripheral blood cells of an HIV-1 infected individual. AIDS Res Hum Retro 1993;9:61-68. 18. Jassoy C, Harrer T, Rosenthal T, Navia BA, Worth J, Johnson RP, Walker BD. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes release interferon, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) and TNF- when they encounter their target antigen. J Virol 1993;67:2844-2852. 19. Zweerink HJ, Gammon MC, Utz U, Sauma SY, Harrer T, Hawkins JC, Johnson RP, Sirotina A, Hermes JD, Walker BD, Biddison WE. Presentation of endogenous peptides to MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in transport deletion mutant T2 cells. J Immunol 1993;150:1763-1771. 20. Harrer T, Jassoy C, Harrer E, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Induction of HIV-1 replication in a chronically infected T cell line by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. JAIDS 1993;6:865-871. 21. Koziel MJ, Dudley D, Afdhal N, Choo Q-L, Houghton M, Ralston R, Walker BD. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize epitopes in the core and envelope proteins of HCV. J Virol 1993;67:7522-7532. 22. Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Trocha AK, Dynan MJ, Ngo HS, D'Aquila RT, Kurnick JT, Walker BD. Longitudinal analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage by HIV-1 envelope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes clones reveals a limited TCR repertoire. J Exp Med 1994;179:1261-1271. 23. Johnson RP, Hammond SA, Trocha A, Siliciano RF, Walker BD. Induction of MHC class Irestricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to a highly conserved region of (HIV-1) gp120 in seronegative humans immunized with a candidate HIV-1 vaccine. J Virol 1994;68:3145-3153. 24. Tsomides TJ, Aldovini A, Johnson RP, Walker BD, Young RA, Eisen HN. Naturally processed viral peptides recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on cells chronically infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Exp Med 1994;180:1283-1293. 25. Delwart EL, Sheppard HW, Walker BD, Goudsmit J, Mullins JI. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays. J Virol 1994;68:66726683. 31 26. Jassoy C, Heinkelein M, Klinker H, and Walker BD. HIV Type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulate HLA class I and intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 expression, and increase 2-microglobulin levels in vitro. AIDS Res Human Retro 1994;10:1685-1693. 27. Price P, Johnson RP, Scadden DT, Jassoy C, Rosenthal T, Kalams S, Walker, BD. Cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes reactive with HIV-1 produce GM-CSF and variable amounts of interleukins 2, 3 and 4 following stimulation with the cognate epitope. Clin Immunol & Immunopath 1995;74:100-106. 28. Wilson C, Wong JT, Girard DD, Merrill DP, Dynan M, An DD, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Hirsch MS, D'Aquila RT, Walker BD. Ex vivo expansion of CD4 lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons in the presence of combination antiretroviral agents. J Infect Dis 1995;172:88-96. 29. Iversen AK, Shpaer EG, Rodrigo AG, Hirsch MS, Walker BD, Sheppard HW, Merigan TC, Mullins JI. Persistence of attenuated rev genes in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1infected asymptomatic individual. J Virol 1995;69:5743-5753. 30. Koziel MJ, Dudley D, Afdhal N, Grakoui A, Rice C, Choo Q-L, Houghton M, Walker BD. HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for hepatitis C virus: identification of multiple epitopes and characterization of patterns of cytokine release. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2311-2321. 31. Hammond SA, Johnson RP, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Takiguchi M, Safrit JT, Koup RA, Siliciano RF. An epitope-selective, transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)1/2-independent pathway and a more general TAP-1/2-dependent antigen-processing pathway allow recognition of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein by CD8+ CTL. J Immunol 1995;154:6140-6156. 32. Heinkelein M, Schneider-Schaulies J, Walker BD, Jassoy C. Inhibition of cytotoxicity and cytokine release of CD8+ HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by pentoxifylline. JAIDS 1995;10:417-424. 33. Harrer E, Harrer T, Barbosa P, Feinberg M, Johnson RP, Buchbinder S, Walker BD. Recognition of the highly conserved YMDD region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from an asymptomatic long-term nonprogressor. J Infect. Dis 1996;173:476-479. 34. Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Dynan M, Hartman K, Harrer T, Harrer E, Trocha AK, Buchbinder S, Walker BD. T-cell receptor (TCR) usage and fine specificity of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones: analysis of quasispecies recognition reveals a dominant response directed against a minor in vivo variant. J Exp Med 1996;183:1669-1679. 35. Harrer T, Harrer E, Kalams SA, Barbosa P, Trocha AK, Johnson RP, Elbeik T, Feinberg M, Buchbinder S, Walker BD. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in asymptomatic long-term non-progressing HIV-1 infection: breadth and specificity of the response and relation to in vivo viral quasispecies in a person with prolonged infection and low viral load. J Immunol 1996;156:2616-2623. 36. Harrer T, Harrer E, Kalams SA, Elbeik T, Feinberg M, Cao Y, Ho DD, Yilma T, Caliendo AM, Johnson RP, Buchbinder S, Walker BD. Strong cytotoxic T cell and weak neutralizing antibody 32 responses in a subset of persons with stable non-progressing HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retro 1996;12:585-592. 37. Yang OO, Kalams SA, Rosenzweig M, Trocha A, Jones N, Koziel M, Walker BD, Johnson RP. Efficient lysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1996;70:5799-5806. 38. Yang OO, Kalams SA, Trocha A, Cao H, Luster A, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by CD8+ cells: Evidence for HLA class Irestricted triggering of cytolytic and noncytolytic mechanisms. J Virol 1997;71:3120-3128. 39. Walter JB, Brander C, Mammen M, Garboczi DN, Kalams SA, Whitesides GM, Walker BD, Eisen HN. Stimulation of human cytotoxic T cells with HIV-1-derived peptides presented by recombinant HLA-A2 peptide complexes. International Immunol 1997;9:451-459. 40. Sipsas NV, Kalams SA, Trocha A, He S, Blattner WA, Walker BD, Johnson RP. Identification of type-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to homologous viral proteins in laboratory workers accidentally infected with HIV-1. J Clin Invest 1997;99:752-762. 41. Cao Y, Krogstad P, Korber BT, Koup RA, Muldoon M, Macken C, Song J-L, Zhao J-Q, Clapp S, hen ISY, Ho DD, Ammann AJ, & The Ariel Project Investigators. Maternal HIV-1 viral load and vertical transmission of infection: The Ariel Project for the prevention of HIV transmission from mother to infant. Nat Med 1997;3:549-552. 42. Wilson CC, Kalams S, Wilkes B, Ruhl D, Gao F, Hahn BH, Wolinsky S, Koup R, Johnson P, Walker BD. Overlapping epitopes in HIV-1 gp120 presented by HLA A, B and C molecules: Effects of viral variation on cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition. J Virol 1997;71:1256-1264. 43. Koziel MJ, Wong DKH, Dudley D, Houghton M, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte and T helper cell responses in seronegative persons. J Infect Dis 1997;176:859866. 44. Threlkeld SC, Wentworth PA, Kalams SA, Wilkes BM, Ruhl DJ, Keogh E, Sidney J, Southwood S, Walker BD, Sette A. Degenerate and promiscuous recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) of peptides presented by the MHC class I A3-like superfamily: Implications for vaccine development. J Immunol 1997;159:1648-1657. 45. Cao, H, Kanki P, Sankale J-L, Dieng-Sarr A, Mazzara GP, Kalams SA, Korber B, MBoup S, Walker BD. CTL cross-reactivity among different HIV-1 clades: Implications for vaccine development. J Virol 1997;71:8615-8623. 46. Yang OO, Tran-Chen A, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Roberts MR, Walker BD. Lysis of HIV-1infected cells and inhibition of viral replication by universal receptor T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:11478-11483. 47. Rosenberg ES, Billingsley JM, Caliendo AM, Boswell SL, Sax P, Kalams SA, Walker BD. Vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses correlate with control of viremia. Science 1997;278:1447-1450. 33 48. Delwart El, Mullins JI, Gupta P, Learn GH, Holodniy M, Katzenstein D, Walker BD and Singh MK. Human immunodeficiency virus type I populations in blood and semen. J Virol 1998;72:617-623. 49. Collins K, Chen BK, Kalams S, Walker BD, Baltimore D. HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary humans cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 1998;391:397-401. 50. Wong DKH, Dudley DD, Afdhal NH, Dienstag J, Rice CM, Wang L, Houghton M, Walker BD, Koziel MJ. Liver-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes in hepatitis C virus infection: Breadth and specificity of responses in a cohort of persons with chronic infection. J Immunol 1998;160:14791488. 51. Wagner L, Yang OO, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Ge Y, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Pasternack MS, Luster AD. -chemokines are released from HIV-1-specific cytolytic T-cell granules complexed to proteoglycans. Nature 1998;391:908-911. 52. Connor RI, Korber BTM, Graham BS, Hahn BH, Ho DD, Walker BD, Neumann AU, Vermund SH, Mestecky J, Jackson S, Fenamore E, Cao Y, Gao F, Kalams S, Kunstman KJ, McDonald D, McWilliams N, Trkola A, Moore JP, Wolinsky SM. Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines. J Virol 1998;72:1552-1576. 53. Brander C, Hartman KE, Trocha AJ, Jones NG, Johnson RP, Korber B, Wentworth P, Buchbinder SP, Wolinsky S, Walker BD, Kalams SA. Lack of strong immune selection pressure by the immunodominant, HLA-A*0201 restricted CTL response in chronic HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 1998;101:2559-2566. 54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report of the NIH panel to define principles of therapy of HIV infection and guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR 1998;47 (No. RR-5):1-91. 55. Jin X, Roberts CGP, Nixon DF, Cao Y, Ho DD, Walker BD, Muldoon M, Korber BTM, Koup RA, and the Ariel Project Investigators. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and their relationship to vertical human immunodeficiency virus transmission. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1317-1326. 56. Harrer T, Harrer E, Barbosa P, Weber C, Halden JR, Feinberg M, Johnson RP, Buchbinder S, Walker BD. Recognition of two overlapping CTL epitopes in HIV-1 p17 by CTL from a longterm non-progressing HIV-1 infected individual. J Immunol 1998;161:4875-4881. 57. Walter JB, Garboczi DN, Fan QU, Zhou X, Walker BD, Eisen HN. A mutant human beta2microglobulin can be used to generate diverse multimeric class I peptide complexes as specific probes for T cell receptors. J Immunol Methods 1998;214(102):41-50. 58. Merrill DP, Martinez-Picado J, Tremblay C, Sax PE, Boswell SL, Wong JT, D’Aquila RT, Walker BD, Hirsch MS. Improved CD4 Lymphocyte Outgrowth in response to effective antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1999;179:345-351. 34 59. Van Dyke RB, Korber BT, Popek E, Macken C, Widmayer SM, Bardeguez A, Hanson IC, Wiznia A, Luzuriaga K, Viscarello RR, Wolinsky S, and the Ariel Core Investigators. The Ariel Project: A prospective cohort study of maternal-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the era of maternal antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1999;179:319-328. 60. Wagner R, Leschonsky B, Harrer E, Paulus C, Weber C, Walker BD, Buchbinder S, Wolf H, Kalden JR, Harrer T. Molecular and functional analysis of a conserved CTL epitope in HIV-1 p24 recognized by a long-term non-progressor: Constrains on immune escape associated with targeting a sequence essential for viral replication. J Immunol 1999;162:3727-3734. 61. Rodrigo AG, Shpaer EG, Delwart EL, Iversen AKN, Gallo MV, Brojatsch J, Hirsch MS, Walker BD, Mullins JI. Coalescent estimates of HIV-1 generation time in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:2187-2191. 62. Wilson CC, Brown RC, Korber BT, Wilkes BM, Ruhl DJ, Sakamoto D, Kunstman K, Luzuriaga K, Hanson IC, Widmayer SM, Wiznia A, Clapp S, Ammann AJ, Koup RA, Wolinsky SM, Walker BD, an the Ariel Project Investigators. Frequent detection of escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 transmission: the Ariel Project for the prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to infant. J Virol 1999;73:39753985. 63. Brander C, Goulder PJR, Luzuriaga K, Yang OO, Hartman KE, Jones NG, Walker BD, Kalams SA. Persistent HIV-1-specific CTL clonal expansion despite high viral burden post in utero HIV1 infection. J Immunol 1999;162:4796-4800. 64. Hay CM, Ruhl BJ, Basgoz NO, Wilson CC, Billingsley JM, DePasquale MP, D’Aquila RT, Wolinsky SM, Crawford JM, Montefiori DC, Walker BD. Lack of viral escape and defective in vivo activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rapidly progressive infection. J Virol 1999;73:5509-5519. 65. Kalams SA, Buchbinder SP, Rosenberg ES, Billingsley JM, Colbert DS, Jones NG, Shea AK, Trocha AK, Walker BD. Association between virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and helper responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 1999;73:6715-6720. 66. Yang OO, Swanberg SL, Lu Z, Dziejman M, McCoy J, Luster AD, Walker BD, Herrmann SH. Enhanced inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by Met-stromal derived factor 1 correlates with down-modulation of CXCR4. J Virol 1999;73:4582-4589. 67. Kalams SA, Goulder PJ, Shea AK, Jones NG, Trocha AK, Ogg GS, Walker BD. Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effector and memory responses decline after suppression of viremia with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Virol. 1999 Aug; 73(8): 6721-8 68. Little SJ, Daar ES, D’Aquila RT, Keiser PH, Connick E, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Petropoulos CJ, Sutton L, Pitt JA, Rosenberg ES, Koup RA, Walker BD, Richman DD. Reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection. JAMA 1999;282(12):1142-1149. 35 69. Rosenberg ES, Caliendo AM, Walker BD. Acute HIV infection among patients tested for mononucleosis. NEJM 1999;340(12):969. 70. Lori F, Rosenberg E, Lieberman J, Foli A, Maserati R, Seminari E, Alberici F, Walker B, Lisziewicz J. Hydroxyurea and Didanosine long-term treatment prevents HIV breakthrough and normalizes immune parameters. AIDS Res Hum Retro 1999;(15):1333-1338. 71. Finzi D, Blankson J, Siliciano JD, Margolick JB, Rosenberg E, Walker B, Gange S, Gallant J, Siliciano RF, et al. Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1. Nat Med 1999;5(5):512-517. 72. Lisziewicz J, Rosenberg E, Lieberman J, Jessen H, Lopalso L, Siliciano R, Walker B, Lori F. Control of HIV despite the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. NEJM 1999;340:1683-4. 73. Brander C, Yang OO, Jones N, Lee Y, Goulder P, Johnson RP, Trocha A, Colbert D, Hay C, Buchbinder S, Bergmann C, Zweerink H, Wolinsky S, Blattner W, Kalams S, Walker. BD. Efficient processing of the immunodominant, HLA-A *0201-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope despite multiple variations in the epitope flanking sequences. J Virol 1999;73:10191-10198. 74. Goulder P, Brander C, Annamalais K, Mngqundaniso N, Govender U, Tang Y, He S, Hartman KE, O’Callaghan CA, Ogg GS, Altfeld MA, Rosenberg E, Cao H, Kalams SA, Hammond M, Bunce M, Pelton SI, Burchett SA, McIntosh K, Coovadia HM, Walker B. Differential narrow focusing of immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic Tlymphocyte responses in infected African and Caucasoid adults and children. J Virol 2000;74(12):5679-5690. 75. Alexander L, Weiskopf E, Greenough T, Gaddis N, Auerbach M, Salim M, O’Brien S, Walker B, Sullivan J, Desrosiers R. Unusual polymorphisms in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 associated with nonprogressive infection. J Virol 2000 May; 74(9):4361-4376. 76. Lechner F, Wong DKH, Dunbar PR, Chapman R, Chung RT, Dohrenwend P, Robbins G, Phillips R, Klenerman P, Walker BD. Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med 2000;(191):1499-1512 77. Tremblay CL, Giguel F, Merrill DP, Wong JT, Rosenberg E, Kalams S, Walker BD, D’Aquila RT, Hirsch MS. Marked differences in quality of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in persons with controlled plasma viremia by a simple enhanced culture method. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4246-8. 78. Brander C, Suscovich T, Lee Y, Nguyen PT, O’Connor P, Seebach J, Jones NG, van Gorder M, Walker BD, Scadden DT. Impaired CTL recognition of cells latently infected with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. J Immunol 2000;165:2077-83. 79. Martinez-Picado J, DePasquale MP, Kartsonis N, Hanna GJ, Wong J, Finzi D, Rosenberg E, Gunthard HF, Sutton L, Savara A, Petropoulos CJ, Hellmann N, Walker BD, Richman DD, Siliciano R, D’Aquila RT. Antiretroviral resistance during successful therapy of HIV type 1 36 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:10948-53. 80. Cao H, Mani I, Vincent R, Mugerwa R, Mugyenyi P, Kanki P, Ellner J, Walker BD. Cellular immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades: relevance to HIV-1 vaccine trials in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2000;182 (5):1350-6. 81. Le Gall S, Buseyne F, Trocha A, Walker BD, Heard JM, Schwartz O. Distinct trafficking pathways mediate Nef-induced and clathrin-dependent major histocompatibility complex class I down-regulation. J Virol 2000;74:9256-66. 82. Schooley RT, Spino C, Kuritzkes D, Walker BD, Valentine FA, Hirsch MS, Cooney6 E, Friedland G, Kundu S, Merigan Jr TC, McElrath MJ, Collier A, Plaeger S, Mitsuyasu R, Kahn J, Haslett P, Uherova P, deGruttola V, Chiu S, Zhang B, Jones G, Bell D, Ketter N, Twadell T, Chernoff D, Rosandich M. Two double-blinded, randomized, comparative trials of 4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope vaccines in HIV-1 infected individuals across a spectrum of disease severity. ACTG 209 and 214. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1357-64. 83. Severino ME, Sipsas NV, Nguyen PT, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Johnson RP, Yang OO. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 2000; 74:6695-9. 84. Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Poon SH, Phillips MN, Wilkes BM, Eldridge RL, Robbins GK, D’Aquila RT, Goulder PJ, Walker BD. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 2000;407(6803):523-6. 85. Altfeld MA, Trocha A, Eldridge RL, Rosenberg ES, Phillips MN, Addo MM, Sekaly RP, Kalams SA, Burchett SA, McIntosh K, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. Identification of dominant optimal HLAB60- and HLA-B61 restriced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes: rapid characterization of CTL responses by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. J Virol 2000;74(18) 8541-8549. 86. Goulder PJ, Tang Y, Brander C, Betts MR, Altfeld M, Annamalai K, Trocha A, He S, Rosenberg ES, Ogg G, O'Callaghan CA, Kalams SA, McKinney RE, Jr., Mayer K, Koup RA, Pelton SI, Burchett SK, McIntosh K, Walker BD. Functionally inert HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes Do not play a major role in chronically infected adults and children. J Exp Med 2000;192(12):1819-32. 87. Goulder PJ, Lechner F, Klenerman P, McIntosh K, Walker BD. Characterization of a novel respiratory syncytial virus-specific human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope. J Virol 2000;74(16):7694-7. 88. Goulder PJ, Tang Y, Pelton SI, Walker BD. HLA-B57-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in a single infected subject toward two optimal epitopes, one of which is entirely contained within the other. J Virol 2000;74:5291. 89. Ostrowski M, Justement S, Ehler L, Mizell S, Lui S, Mican J, Walker BD, Thomas E, Seder R, Fauci A. The role of CD4+ T cell help and CD40 ligand in the in vitro expansion of HIV-1 specific memory cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. J Immunol 2000;165:6133-6. 37 90. Goulder PJ, Altfeld MA, Rosenberg ES, Nguyen T, Tang Y, Eldridge RL, Addo MM, He S, Mukherjee JS, Phillips MN, Bunce M, Kalams SA, Sekaly RP, Walker BD, Brander C. Substantial Differences in Specificity of HIV-specific Cytotoxic T Cells in Acute and Chronic HIV Infection. J Exp Med 2001;193:181-94. 91. Goulder PJ, Addo MM, Altfeld MA, Rosenberg ES, Tang Y, Govender U, Mngqundaniso N, Annamalai K, Vogel TU, Hammond M, Bunce M, Coovadia HM, Walker BD. Rapid Definition of Five Novel HLA-A*3002-Restricted Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxic TLymphocyte Epitopes by Elispot and Intracellular Cytokine Staining Assays. J Virol 2001;75:1339. 92. Altfeld MA, Livington B, Reshamwala N, Nguyen PT, Addo MM, Shea A, Newman M, Fikes J, Sidney J, Wentworth P, Chesnut R, Eldridge RL, Rosenberg ES, Robbins GK, Brander C, Sax PE, Boswell S, Flynn T, Buchbinder S, Goulder PJ, Walker BD, Sette A, Kalams SA. Identification of novel HLA-A2-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes predicted by theHLA-A2 supertype peptide-binding motif. J Virol. 2001 Feb;75(3):130111. 93. Altfeld M, Rosenberg ES, Shankarappa R, Mukherjee JS, Hecht FM, Eldridge RL, Addo MM, Poon SH, Phillips MN, Robbins GK, Sax PE, Boswell S, Kahn JO, Brander C, Goulder PJ, Levy JA, Mullins JI, Walker BD. Cellular Immune Responses and Viral Diversity in Individuals Treated during Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. J Exp Med 2001; 169-80. 94. Wong DK, Dudley DD, Dohrenwend PB, Lauer GM, Chung RT, Thomas DL, Walker BD. Detection of Diverse Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Specific cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in peripheral blood of infected persons by screening for responses to all translated proteins of HCV. J Virol 2001;75:1229. 95. Flores-Villanueva PO, Yunis EJ, Delgado JC, Vittinghoff E, Buchbinder S, Leung JY, Uglialoro AM, Clavijo OP, Rosenberg ES, Kalams SA, Braun JD, Boswell SL, Walker BD, Goldfeld AE. Control of HIV-1 viremia and protection from AIDS are associated with HLA-Bw4 homozygosity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:5140-5. 96. Brander C, Matter-Reissmann UB, Jones NG, Walker BD, Sachs DH, Seebach JD. Inhibition of human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by exposure to ammonium chloride. J of Immunol Methods 2001; 252 (1-2):1-14. 97. Day CL, Shea AK, Altfeld MA, Olson DP, Buckbinder SP, Hecht FM, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Kalams SA. Relative Dominance of Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Persons with Shared HLA Alleles. J Virol 2001;75(14):6279-91. 98. Brander C, O'Connor P, Suscovich T, Jones NG, Lee Y, Kedes D, et al. Definition of an optimal cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in the latently expressed Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus kaposin protein. J Infect Dis 2001;184(2):119-26. 99. Addo MM, Altfeld M, Rosenberg ES, Eldridge RL, Philips MN, Habeeb K, Khatri A, Brander C, Trocha A, Mazzara GP, Goulder PJ, Walker BD. Analysis of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) 38 responses against the regulatory HIV-1 proteins Rev and Tat in HIV-1-infected individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2001; 98(4):1781-6. 100. Goulder PJ, Brander, C, Tang Y, Tremblay C, Colbert RA, Addo MA, Rosenberg ES, Nguyen T, Allen R, Trocha A, Altfeld M, He S, Bunce M, Funkhouser R, Pelton SI, Burchett SK, McIntosh K, Korber BTM, Walker BD. Evolution and transmission of stable CTL escape mutations in HIV infection. Nature. 2001;412(6844):334-8. 101. Walensky RP, Rosenberg ES, Ferraro MJ, Losina E, Walker BD, Freedberg KA. Investigation of primary human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients who test positive for heterophile antibody. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(4):570-2. 102. Geiben-Lynn R, Kursar M, Brown NV, Kerr EL, Luster AD, Walker BD. Noncytolytic Inhibition of X4 Virus by Bulk CD8(+) Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)Infected Persons and HIV-1- Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Is Not Mediated by betaChemokines. J Virol 2001;75(17):8306-16. 103. Altfeld M, Addo MM, Eldridge RL, Yu XG, Thomas S, Khatri A, Strick D, Phillips MN, Cohen GB, Islam SA, Kalams SA, Brander C, Goulder PJ, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD. Vpr is preferentially targeted by CTL during HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2001;167(5):2743-52. 104. Norris PJ, Sumaroka M, Brander C, Moffett HF, Boswell SL, Nguyen T, Sykulev Y, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Multiple effector functions mediated by human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones. J Virol. 2001 Oct;75(20):9771-9. 105. Montefiori DC, Hill TS, Vo HT, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Neutralizing antibodies associated with viremia control in a subset of individuals after treatment of acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol. 2001 Nov;75(21):10200-7. 106. Goulder PJ, Pasquier C, Holmes EC, Liang B, Tang Y, Izopet J, Saune K, Rosenberg ES, Burchett SK, McIntosh K, Barnardo M, Bunce M, Walker BD, Brander C, Phillips RE. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection and CTL escape through HLA-A2-SLYNTVATL epitope sequence variation. Immunol. Letters 2001 Nov 1;79(1-2):109-16. 107. Yang OO, Nguyen PT, Kalams SA, Dorfman T, Gottlinger HG, Stewart S, Chen IS, Threlkeld S and Walker BD. Nef-mediated resistance of human immunodeficiency virust type 1 to antiviral cytotoxic T lympocytes. J Virol. 2002;76(4):1626-31. 108. Yu XG, Shang H, Addo MM, Eldridge RL, Phillips MN, Feeney ME, Strick D, Brander C, Goulder PJR, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Altfeld M, HIV Study Collaboration. Important contribution of p15 Gag-specific responses to the total Gag-specific CTL responses. AIDS. 2002 Feb 15;16(3):321-8. 109. Lauer GM, Nguyen TN, Day CL, Robbins GK, Flynn T, McGowan K, Rosenberg ES, Lucas M, Klenerman P, Chung RT, Walker BD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection: Intraindividual Comparison of Cellular Immune Responses against Two Persistent Viruses. J Virol. 2002;76(6):2817-26. 39 110. Altfeld M, van Lunzen J, Frahm N, Yu XG, Schneider C, Eldridge RL, Feeney ME, Meyer-Olson D, Stellbrink HJ, Walker BD. Expansion of pre-existing, lymph node-localized CD8+ T cells during supervised treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:837-43. 111. Yang OO, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Walker BD, Luster AD. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (CC chemokine ligand 8) inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 via CC chemokine receptor 5. J Infect Dis. 2002 Apr 15;185(8):1174-8. 112. Addo MM, Altfeld M, Rathod A, Yu M, Yu XG, Goulder PJR, Rosenberg ES. HIV-1 Vpu represents a minor target for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2002 May 3;16(7):1071-3. 113. Lauer GM, Ouchi K, Chung RT, Nguyen TN, Day CL, Purkis DR, Reiser M, Kim AY, Lucas M, Klenerman P, Walker BD. Comprehensive analysis of CD8(+)-T-cell responses against hepatitis C virus reveals multiple unpredicted specificities. J Virol. 2002 Jun;76(12):6104-13. 114. Brander C, Raje N, O'Connor PG, Davies J, Chauhan D, Hideshima T, Martin J, Osmond D, Kedes DH, Walker BD, Scadden DT, Anderson KC. Absence of biologically important Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene products and virus-specific cellular immune responses in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2002 Jul 15;100(2):698-700. 115. Yu XG, Addo MM, Rosenberg ES, Rodriguez WR, Lee PK, Fitzpatrick CA, Johnston MN, Strick D, Goulder PJR, Walker BD, Altfeld M. Consistent patterns in the development and immunodominance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) specific CD8+ T-cell responses following acute HIV-1 infection. J. Virol. 2002 Sept;76(17):8690-701. 116. Addo MM, Yu XG, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Altfeld M. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Responses Directed against Regulatory and Accessory Proteins in HIV-1 Infection. DNA Cell Biol. 2002 Sept 21(9);671-8. 117. Geiben-Lynn R, Brown N, Walker BD, Luster AD. Purification of a Modified Form of Bovine Antithrombin III as an HIV-1 CD8+ T-cell Antiviral Factor. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 1;277(44):42352-7. 118. Altfeld M, Allen TM, Yu XG, Johnston MN, Agrawal D, Korber BT, Montefiori DC, O'Connor DH, Davis BT, Lee PK, Maier EL, Harlow J, Goulder PJR, Brander C, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD. HIV superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of the primary virus. Nature. 2002 Nov 28;420:434-9. 119. Day CL, Lauer GM, Robbins GK, McGovern B, Wurcel AG, Gandhi RT, Chung RT, Walker BD. Broad specificity of virus-specific CD4+ T-helper-cell responses in resolved hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol. 2002 Dec;76(24):12584-95. 120. Geiben-Lynn R, Kursar M, Brown NV, Addo MM, Shau H, Lieberman J, Luster AD, Walker BD. HIV-1 antiviral of recombinant natural killer cell enhancing factors, NKEF-A and KNEF-B, members of the peroxiredoxin family. J. Biol. Chem. 2003 Jan 17; 278(3): 1569-74. 40 121. Addo MM, Yu XG, Rathod A, Cohen D, Eldridge RL, Strick D, Johnston MN, Corcoran C, Wurcel AG, Fitzpatrick CA, Feeney ME, Rodriguez WR, Basgoz N, Draenert R, Stone DR, Brander C, Goulder PJ, Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Walker BD. Comprehensive epitope analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific T-cell responses directed against the entire expressed HIV-1 genome demonstrate broadly directed responses, but no correlation to viral load. J Virol. 2003 Feb;77(3):2081-92. 122. Bobbitt KR, Addo MM, Altfeld M, Filzen T, Onafuwa AA, Walker BD, Collins KL. Rev Activity Determines Sensitivity of HIV-1-Infected Primary T Cells to CTL Killing. Immunity. 2003 Feb;18(2):289-99. 123. Severino ME, Sarkis PT, Walker BD, Yang OO. Chimeric immune receptor T cells bypass class I requirements and recognize multiple cell types relevant in HIV-1 infection. Virology. 2003 Feb 15;306(2):371-5. 124. Cao H, Kaleebu P, Hom D, Flores J, Agrawal D, Jones N, Serwanga J, Okello M, Walker C, Sheppard H, El-Habib R, Klein M, Mbidde E, Mugyenyi P, Walker B, Ellner J, Mugerwa R. Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Canarypox Vaccine in HIV-Seronegative Ugandan Volunteers: Results of the HIV Network for Prevention Trials 007 Vaccine Study. J Infect Dis. 2003 Mar 15;187(6):887-95. 125. Montefiori DC, Altfeld M, Lee PK, Bilska M, Zhou J, Johnston MN, Gao F, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Viremia Control Despite Escape from a Rapid and Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response After Therapy Cessation in an HIV-1-Infected Individual. J Immunol. 2003 Apr 1;170(7):3906-14. 126. Draenert R, Altfeld M, Brander C, Basgoz N, Corcoran C, Wurcel AG, Stone DR, Kalams SA, Trocha A, Addo MM, Goulder PJ, Walker BD. Comparison of overlapping peptide sets for detection of antiviral CD8 and CD4 T cell responses. J Immunol Methods. 2003 Apr 1;275(12):19-29. 127. Tremblay CL, Hicks JL, Sutton L, Giguel F, Flynn T, Johnston M, Sax PE, Walker BD, Hirsch MS, Rosenberg ES, D'Aquila RT. Antiretroviral resistance associated with supervised treatment interruptions in treated acute HIV infection. AIDS. 2003 May 2;17(7):1086-9. 128. Yang OO, Sarkis PT, Ali A, Harlow JD, Brander C, Kalams SA, Walker BD. Determinant of HIV-1 mutational escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 2003 May 19;197(10):136575. 129. Robbins GK, Addo MM, Troung H, Rathod A, Habeeb K, Davis B, Heller H, Basgoz N, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Augmentation of HIV-1-specific T helper cell responses in chronic HIV-1 infection by therapeutic immunization. AIDS. 2003 May 23:17(8):1121-6. 130. Somsouk M, Lauer GM, Casson D, Terella A, Day CL, Walker BD, Chung RT. Spontaneous resolution of chronic hepatitis C virus disease after withdrawal of immunosuppression. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jun;124(7):1946-9. 131. Altfeld M, Addo MM, Shankarappa R, Lee PK, Allen TM, Yu XG, Rathod A, Harlow J, 41 O'Sullivan K, Johnston MN, Goulder PJ, Mullins JI, Rosenberg ES, Brander C, Korber B, Walker BD. Enhanced detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific T-cell responses to highly variable regions by using peptides based on autologous virus sequences. J Virol. 2003 Jul;77(13):7330-40. 132. Feeney ME, Roosevelt KA, Tang Y, Pfafferott KJ, McIntosh K, Burchett SK, Mao C, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. Comprehensive screening reveals strong and broadly directed human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD8 responses in perinatally infected children. J Virol. 2003 Jul;77(13):7492-501. 133. Day CL, Seth NP, Lucas M, Appel H, Gauthier L, Lauer GM, Robbins GK, Szczepiorkowski ZM, Casson DR, Chung RT, Bell S, Harcourt G, Walker BD, Klenerman P, Wucherpfennig KW. Ex vivo analysis of human memory CD4 T cells specific for hepatitis C virus using MHC class II tetramers. J Clin Invest. 2003 Sept;112(6):831-42. 134. Yang OO, Sarkis PT, Trocha A, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Impacts of avidity and specificity on the antiviral efficiency of HIV-1-specific CTL. J Immunol. 2003 Oct 1;171(7):371824. 135. Delgado JC, Leung JY, Baena A, Clavijo OP, Vittinghoff E, Buchbinder S, Wolinsky S, Addo M, Walker BD, Yunis EJ, Goldfeld AE. The -1030/-862-linked TNF promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with the inability to control HIV-1 viremia. Immunogenetics. 2003 Oct;55(7):497-501. 136. Altfeld M, Addo MM, Rosenberg ES, Hecht FM, Lee PK, Vogel M, Yu XG, Draenert R, Johnston MN, Strick D, Allen TM, Feeney ME, Kahn JO, Sekaly RP, Levy JA, Rockstroh JK, Goulder PJ, Walker BD. Influence of HLA-B57 on clinical presentation and viral control during acute HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2003 Dec 5;17(18):2581-91. 137. Feeney ME, Draenert R, Roosevelt KA, Pelton SI, McIntosh K, Burchett SK, Mao C, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. Reconstitution of virus-specific CD4 proliferative responses in pediatric HIV-1 infection. J Immunol. 2003 Dec 15;171(12):6968-75. 138. Gandhi RT, Wurcel A, Rosenberg ES, Johnston MN, Hellman N, Bates M, Hirsch MS, Walker BD. Progressive reversion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance mutations in vivo after transmission of a multiply drug-resistant virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Dec 15;37(12):1693-8. 139. Draenert R, Verrill CL, Tang Y, Allen TM, Wurcel AG, Boczanowski M, Lechner A, Kim AY, Suscovich T, Brown NV, Addo MM, Walker BD. Persistent recognition of autologous virus by high-avidity CD8 T cells in chronic, progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol. 2004 Jan;78(2):630-41. 140. Lucas M, Varga-Cuero AL, Lauer GM, Barnes E, Willberg CB, Semmo N, Walker BD, Phillips R, Klenerman P. Pervasive influence of hepatitis C virus on the phenotype of antiviral CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2004 Feb 1;172(3):1744-53. 141. Leslie AJ, Pfafferott KJ, Chetty P, Draenert R, Addo MM, Feeney M, Tang Y, Holmes EC, Allen T, Prado JG, Altfeld M, Brander C, Dixon C, Ramduth D, Jeena P, Thomas SA, St. John A, Roach 42 TA, Kupfer B, Luzzi G, Edwards A, Taylor G, Lyall H, Tudor-Williams G, Novelli V, MartinezPicado J, Kiepiela P, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission. Nat Med. 2004 Mar;10(3):282-9. 142. Frahm N, Korber BT, Adams CM, Svinger JJ, Draenert R, Addo MM, Feeney ME, Yusim K, Sango K, Brown NV, SenGupta D, Piechocka-Trocha A, Simonis T, Marincola FM, Wurcel AG, Stone DR, Russell CJ, Adolf P, Cohen D, Roach T, St. John A, Khatri A, Davis K, Mullins J, Goulder PJ, Walker BD, Brander C. Consistent cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte targeting of immunodominant regions in human immunodeficiency virus across multiple ethnicities. J Virol. 2004 Mar;78(5):2187-200. 143. Norris PJ, Moffett HF, Brander C, Allen TM, O'Sullivan KM, Cosimi LA, Kaufmann DE, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Fine specificity and cross-clade reactivity of HIV type 1 Gag-specific CD4+ T cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 Mar;20(3):315-25. 144. Hess C, Altfeld M, Thomas SY, Addo MM, Rosenberg ES, Allen TM, Draenert R, Eldridge RL, van Lunzen J, Stellbrink HJ, Walker BD, Luster AD. HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cells with an effector phenotype and control of viral replication. Lancet. 2004 Mar 13;363(9412):863-6. 145. Draenert R, Brander C, Yu XG, Altfeld M, Verrill CL, Feeney ME, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. Impact of intrapeptide epitope location on CD8 T cell recognition: implications for design of overlapping peptide panels. AIDS. 2004 Apr 9;18(6):871-6. 146. Draenert R, Le Gall S, Pfafferott KJ, Leslie AJ, Chetty P, Brander C, Holmes EC, Change SC, Feeney ME, Addo MM, Ruiz L, Ramduth D, Jeena P, Altfeld M, Thomas S, Tang Y, Verrill CL, Dixon C, Prado JG, Kiepiela P, Martinez-Picado J, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. Immune Selection for Altered Antigen Processing Leads to Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Escape in Chronic HIV-1 Infection. J Exp Med. 2004 Apr 5;199(7):905-15. 147. Kaufmann DE, Bailey PM, Sidney J, Wagner B, Norris PJ, Johnston MN, Cosimi LA, Addo MM, Lichterfeld M, Altfeld M, Frahm N, Brander C, Sette A, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Comprehensive Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD4 Responses Reveals Marked Immunodominance of gag and nef and the Presence of Broadly Recognized Peptides. J Virol. 2004 May 1;78(9):4463-4477. 148. Brainard DM, Tharp WG, Granado E, Miller N, Trocha AK, Ren XH, Conrad B, Terwilliger EF, Wyatt R, Walker BD, Poznansky MC. Migration of antigen-specific T cells away from CXCR4binding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J Virol. 2004 May;78(10):5184-93. 149. Rodriguez WR, Addo MM, Rathod A, Fitzpatrick CA, Yu XG, Perkins BA, Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Walker BD. CD8+ T lymphocyte responses target functionally important regions of Protease and Integrase in HIV-1 infected subjects. J Transl Med. 2004 May 21;2 (1):15 150. Yu XG, Addo MM, Perkins BA, Wej F, Rathod A, Geer SC, Parta M, Cohen D, Stone DR, Russell CJ, Tanzi G, Mei S, Wurcel AG, Frahm N, Lichterfeld M, Heath L, Mullins JI, Marincola F, Goulder PJ, Brander C, Allen T, Cao Y, Walker BD, Altfeld M. Differences in the Expressed HLA Class I Alleles Effect the Differential Clustering of HIV Type 1-Specific T Cell Responses in Infected Chinese and Caucasions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 May;20(5):557-64. 43 151. Suscovich TJ, Paulose-Murphy M, Harlow JD, Chen Y, Thomas SY, Mellott TJ, Walker BD, Scadden DT, Zeichner S, Brander C. Defective Immune Function of Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells is Associated with Distinct KSHV Gene Expression Profiles. Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2004 June;45(6):1223-38. 152. Allen TM, Altfeld M, Yu X, O'Sullivan KM, Lichterfeld M, Le Gall S, John M, Mothe BR, Lee PK, Kalife ET, Cohen DE, Freedberg KA, Strick DA, Johnston MN, Sette A, Rosenberg ES, Mallal SA, Goulder PJ, Brander C, Walker BD. Selection, transmission and reversion of an antigen-processing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol. 2004 Jul;78(13):7069-78. 153. Lichterfeld M, Yu XG, Waring MT, Mui SK, Johnston M, Cohen D, Addo MM, Zaunders J, Alter G, Pae E, Strick D, Allen TM, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Altfeld M. HIV-1-specific cytotoxicity is preferentially mediated by a subset of CD8+ T cells producing both interferon-{gamma} and tumor-necrosis factor-{alpha}. Blood. 2004 Jul 15;104 (2): 487-94 154. Lichterfeld M, Yu XG, Cohen D, Addo MM, Malenfant J, Perkins B, Pae E, Johnston MN, Strick D, Allen TM, Rosenberg ES, Korber B, Walker BD, Altfeld M. HIV-1 Nef is preferentially recognized by CD8 T cells in primary HIV-1 infection despite a relatively high degree of genetic diversity. AIDS. 2004 Jul 2;18(10):1383-1392. 155. Feeney ME, Tang Y, Roosevelt KA, Leslie AJ, McIntosh K, Karthas N, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. Immune escape precedes breakthrough human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia and broadening of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in an HLA-B27-positive long-termnonprogressing child. J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(16):8927-30. 156. SenGupta D, Norris PJ, Suscovich TJ, Hassan-Zahraee M, Moffett HF, Trocha A, Draenert R, Goulder PJ, Binder RJ, Levey DL, Walker BD, Srivastava PK, Brander C. Heat shock proteinmediated cross-presentation of exogenous HIV antigen on HLA class I and class II. J Immunol. 2004 Aug 1;173(3):1987-93. 157. Zavala-Ruiz Z, Strug I, Walker BD, Norris PJ, Stern LJ. A hairpin turn in a class II MHC-bound peptide orients residues outside the binding groove for T cell recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 7;101(36):13279-84. Epub 2004 Aug 26. 158. Lauer GM, Barnes E, Lucas M, Timm J, Ouchi K, Kim AY, Day CL, Robbins GK, Casson DR, Reiser M, Dusheiko G, Allen TM, Chung RT, Walker BD, Klenerman P. High resolution analysis of cellular immune responses in resolved and persistent hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2004 Sep;127(3):924-36. 159. Lichterfeld M, Kaufmann DE, Yu XG, Mui SK, Addo MM, Johnston MN, Cohen D, Robbins GK, Pae E, Alter G, Wurcel A, Stone D, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Altfeld M. Loss of HIV-1specific CD8+ T cell proliferation after acute HIV-1 infection and restoration by vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med. 2004 Sep 20;200(6):701-12. 160. Kaufmann DE, Lichterfeld M, Altfeld M, Addo MM, Johnston MN, Lee PK, Wagner BS, Kalife ET, Strick D, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD. Limited Durability of Viral Control following Treated 44 Acute HIV Infection. PLoS Med. 2004 Nov;1(2):e36. Epub 2004 Oct 26. 161. Hess C, Means TK, Autissier P, Woodberry T, Altfeld M, Addo MM, Frahm N, Brander C, Walker BD, Luster AD. IL-8 responsiveness defines a subset of CD8 T cells poised to kill. Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3463-71. [Epub 2004 Aug 3]. 162. Lebedeva T, Anikeeva N, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Gaidarov I, Keen JH, Sykulev Y. Major histocompatibility complex class I-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 association on the surface of target cells: implications for antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunology. 2004 Dec;113(4):460-71. 163. Kiepiela P, Leslie AJ, Honeyborne I, Ramduth D, Thobakgale C, Chetty S, Rathnavalu P, Moore C, Pfafferott KJ, Hilton L, Zimbwa P, Moore S, Allen T, Brander C, Addo MM, Altfeld M, James I, Mallal S, Bunce M, Barber LD, Szinger J, Day C, Klenerman P, Mullins J, Korber B, Coovadia HM, Walker BD and Goulder PJR. Dominant influence of HLA-B in mediating the potential coevolution of HIV and HLA. Nature. 2004 Dec 9;432(7018):769-75. 164. Timm J, Lauer GM, Kavanagh DG, Sheridan I, Kim AY, Lucas M, Pillay T, Ouchi K, Reyor LL, Zur Wiesch JS, Gandhi RT, Chung RT, Bhardwaj N, Klenerman P, Walker BD, Allen TM. CD8 epitope escape and reversion in acute HCV infection. J Exp Med. 2004 Dec 20;200(12):1593-604. 165. Kim AY, Lauer GM, Ouchi K, Addo MM, Lucas M, Wiesch JS, Timm J, Boczanowski M, Duncan JE, Wurcel AG, Casson D, Chung RT, Draenert R, Klenerman P, Walker BD. The magnitude and breadth of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells depend on absolute CD4+ T-cell count in individuals coinfected with HIV-1. Blood. 2005 Feb 1;105(3):1170-8. Epub 2004 Sep 30. 166. Zhai S, Kang WZ, Yu X, Wang SY, Walker BD, Altfeld M, Sun YT. [Specific immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag, Tat, Rev and Nef proteins.] Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Mar;21(2):175-9. Chinese. 167. Leslie A, Kavanagh D, Honeyborne I, Pfafferott K, Edwards C, Pillay T, Hilton L, Thobakgale C, Ramduth D, Draenert R, Le Gall S, Luzzi G, Edwards A, Brander C, Sewell AK, Moore S, Mullins J, Moore C, Mallal S, Bhardwaj N, Yusim K, Phillips R, Klenerman P, Korber B, Kiepiela P, Walker B, Goulder P. Transmission and accumulation of CTL escape variants drive negative associations between HIV polymorphisms and HLA. J Exp Med. 2005 Mar 21;201(6):891-902. 168. Altfeld M, Allen TM, Kalife ET, Frahm N, Addo MM, Mothe BR, Rathod A, Reyor LL, Harlow J, Yu XG, Perkins B, Robinson LK, Sidney J, Alter G, Lichterfeld M, Sette A, Rosenberg ES, Goulder PJ, Brander C, Walker BD. The majority of currently circulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B viruses fail to prime cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against an otherwise immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted epitope: implications for vaccine design. J Virol. 2005 Apr;79(8):5000-5. 169. Feeney ME, Tang Y, Pfafferott K, Roosevelt KA, Draenert R, Trocha A, Yu XG, Verrill C, Allen T, Moore C, Mallal S, Burchett S, McIntosh K, Pelton SI, St. John MA, Hazra R, Klenerman P, Altfeld M, Walker BD, Goulder PJ. HIV-1 Viral Escape in Infancy Followed by Emergence of a Variant-Specific CTL Response. J Immunol. 2005 Jun 15;174(12):7524-30. 45 170. Koibuchi T, Allen TM, Lichterfeld M, Mui SK, O'Sullivan KM, Trocha A, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Limited Sequence Evolution within Persistently Targeted CD8 Epitopes in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J Virol.2005 July;79(13):8171-81. 171. Rodriguez WR, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Graham S, Mohanty S, Dixon M, Hsiang M, Peter T, Zavahir S, Thior I, Romanovicz D, Bernard B, Goodey AP, Walker BD, McDevitt JT.A microchip CD4 counting method for HIV monitoring in resource-poor settings.PLoS Med. 2005 Jul;2(7):e182. Epub 2005 Jul 19. 172. Frahm N, Adams S, Kiepiela P, Linde CH, Hewitt HS, Lichterfeld M, Sango K, Brown NV, Pae E, Wurcel AG, Altfeld M, Feeney ME, Allen TM, Roach T, St John MA, Daar ES, Rosenberg E, Korber B, Marincola F, Walker BD, Goulder PJ, Brander C. HLA-B63 presents HLA-B57/B58restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and is associated with low human immunodeficiency virus load. J Virol. 2005 Aug; 79(16):10218-25. 173. Woodberry T, Suscovich TJ, Henry LM, Martin JN, Dollard S, O'Connor PG, Davis JK, Osmond D, Lee TH, Kedes DH, Khatri A, Lee J, Walker BD, Scadden DT, Brander C.Impact of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) burden and HIV coinfection on the detection of T cell responses to KSHV ORF73 and ORF65 proteins.J Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 15;192(4):622-9. Epub 2005 Jul 15. 174. Yu XG, Lichterfeld M, Perkins B, Kalife E, Mui S, Chen J, Cheng M, Kang W, Alter G, Brander C, Walker BD, Altfeld M.High degree of inter-clade cross-reactivity of HIV-1-specific T cell responses at the single peptide level. AIDS. 2005 Sep 23;19(14):1449-56. 175. Zaunders JJ, Munier ML, Kaufmann DE, Ip S, Grey P, Smith D, Ramacciotti T, Quan D, Finlayson R, Kaldor J, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD. Early proliferation of CCR5+ CD38+++ antigen-specific CD4+ Th1 effector cells during primary HIV-1 infection. Blood. 2005 Sep 1;106(5):1660-7. 2005 May 19; [Epub ahead of print]. 176. Lauer GM, Lucas M, Timm J, Ouchi K, Kim AY, Day CL, Wiesch JS, Paranhos-Baccala G, Sheridan I, Casson DR, Reiser M, Gandhi RT, Li B, Allen TM, Chung RT, Klenerman P, Walker BD.Full-breadth analysis of CD8+ T-cell responses in acute hepatitis C virus infection and early therapy.J Virol. 2005 Oct;79(20):12979-88. 177. Allen TM, Yu XG, Kalife ET, Reyor LL, Lichterfeld M, John M, Cheng M, Allgaier RL, Mui S, Frahm N, Alter G, Brown NV, Johnston MN, Rosenberg ES, Mallal, SA, Brander C, Walker BD, Altfeld M.. “De novo generation of escape variant-specific CD8+ T-cell responses following cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape in chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.” J. Virol 2005 Oct; 79(20):12952-60. 178. Ramduth D, Chetty P, Mngquandaniso NC, Nene N, Harlow JD, Honeyborne I, Ntumba N, Gappoo S, Henry C, Jeena P, Addo MM, Altfeld M, Brander C, Day C, Coovadia H, Kiepiela P, Goulder P, Walker B.Differential Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Clade C Proteins in Eliciting CD8+ and CD4+ Cell Responses.J Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1;192(9):1588-96. 179. Woodberry T, Suscovich TJ, Henry LM, Davis JK, Frahm N, Walker BD, Scadden DT, Wang F, 46 Brander C.Differential Targeting and Shifts in the Immunodominance of Epstein-Barr VirusSpecific CD8 and CD4 T Cell Responses during Acute and Persistent Infection.J Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1;192(9):1513-24. Epub 2005 Sep 26. 180. Allen, T.M., M. Altfeld, S.C. Geer, E.T. Kalife, C. Moore, M. O’Sullivan K, I. Desouza, M.E. Feeney, R.L. Eldridge, E.L. Maier, D.E. Kaufmann, M.P. Lahaie, L. Reyor, G. Tanzi, M.N. Johnston, C. Brander, R. Draenert, J.K. Rockstroh, H. Jessen, E.S. Rosenberg, S.A. Mallal, and B.D. Walker.. Selective escape from CD8+ T-cell responses represents a major driving force of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- 1) sequence diversity and reveals constraints on HIV-1 evolution. J Virol 2005; Nov 79:13239-13249. 181. Frahm N, Kiepiela P, Adams S, Linde C, Hewitt H, Sango K, Feeney M, Addo M, Lichterfeld M, Lahaie M, Pae E, Wurcel A, Roach T, St. John M, Altfeld M, Marincola F, Moore C, Mallah S, Carrington M, Heckerman D, Allen T, Mullins J, Korber B, Goulder P, Waker B, Brander C. Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes targeting subdominant Epitopes. Nat. Immuno. 2006 Feb.; 7 (2):173-78. 182. Komatsu H, Lauer G, Pybus OG, Ouchi K, Wong D, Ward S, Walker BD, Klenerman P. Do antiviral CD8+ T cells select hepatitis C virus escape mutants? Analysis in diverse epitopes targeted by human intrahepatic CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Viral Hepat. 2006 Feb;13(2):121-30. 183. Brockman MA, Tanzi GO, Walker BD, Allen TM. Use of a novel GFP reporter cell line to examine replication capacity of CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 by flow cytometry. J Virol Methods. 2006 Feb;131(2):134-42. 184. Zuniga R, Lucchetti A, Galvan P, Sanchez S, Sanchez C, Hernandez A, Sanchez H, Frahm N, Linde CH, Hewitt HS, Hildebrand W, Altfeld M, Allen TM, Walker BD, Korber BT, Leitner T, Sanchez J, Brander C. Relative Dominance of Gag p24-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Is Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Control. J Virol. 2006 Mar;80(6):3122-5. 185. Draenert R, Allen T, Yang L, Wrin T, Chappey C, Verrill C, Guillem S, Eldridge R, Lahaie M, Ruiz L, Bonaventura C, Petropoulos C, Walker B, Martinze-Picado J. Constraints on HIV-1 evolution and immunodominance revealed in monozygotic adult twins infected with the same virus. JEM. 2006 Mar 20; 203 (3): 529-39. 186. Kavanagh DG, Kaufmann DE, Sunderji S, Frahm N, Le Gall S, Boczkowski D, Rosenberg ES, Stone DR, Johnston MN, Wagner BS, Zaman MT, Brander C, Gilboa E, Walker BD, Bhardwaj N. Expansion of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding cytoplasm- or lysosome-targeted Nef Blood. 2006 Mar 1;107(5):1963-9. 187. Meyer-Olson, D., K.W. Brady, M.T. Bartman, K.M. O’Sullivan, B.C. Simons, J.A. Conrad, C.B. Duncan, S. Lorey, A. Siddique, R. Draenert, M. Addo, M. Altfeld, E. Rosenberg, T.M. Allen, B.D. Walker, and S.A. Kalams. 2006. Fluctuations of functionally distinct CD8+ T-cell clonotypes demonstrate flexibility of the HIV-specific TCR repertoire. Blood 2006 Mar 15; (6)107:23732383. 188. Martinez-Picado J, Prado JG, Fry EE, Pfafferott K, Leslie A, Chetty S, Thobakgale C, Honeyborne I, Crawford H, Matthews P, Pillay T, Rousseau C, Mullins JI, Brander C, Walker BD, 47 Stuart DI, Kiepiela P, Goulder P. Fitness cost of escape mutations in p24 Gag in association with control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(7):3617-23. 189. Bihl F, Frahm N, Di Giammarino L, Sidney J, John M, Yusim K, Woodberry T, Sango K, Hewitt HS, Henry L, Linde CH, Chisholm JV 3rd, Zaman TM, Pae E, Mallal S, Walker BD, Sette A, Korber BT, Heckerman D, Brander C. Impact of HLA-B alleles, epitope binding affinity, functional avidity, and viral coinfection on the immunodominance of virus-specific CTL responses. J Immunol. 2006 Apr 1;176(7):4094-101. 190. Kassutto S., Maghsoudi K., Johnston M.N., Robbins GK., Burgett NC., Sax PE., Cohen., Pae E., Davis B., Zachary K., Basgoz N., D’agata EM., DeGruttola V., Walker B.D., Rosenberg ES. Longitudinal analysis of clinical markers following antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute or early HIV type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 1;42(7):1024-31. 191. Honeyborne I, Rathod A, Buchli R, Ramduth D, Moodley E, Rathnavalu P, Chetty S, Day C, Brander C, Hilderbrand W, Walker BD, Kiepiela P, Goulder PJ. Motif inference reveals optimal CTL epitiopes presented by HLA class I alleles highly prevalent in southern Africa. J Immunol. 2006 Apr 15;176(8):4699-705. 192. Rousseau CM, Birditt BA, McKay AR, Stoddard JN, Lee TC, McLaughlin S, Moore SW, Shindo N, Learn GH, Korber BT, Brander C, Goulder PJ, Kiepiela P, Walker BD, Mullins JI. Large-scale amplification, cloning and sequencing of near full-length HIV-1 subtype C genomes. J Virol Methods. 2006 May 13; 136(1-2):118-25. Epub 2006 May 15. 193. McGovern BH, Wurcel A, Kim AY, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Bica I, Zaman MT, Timm J, Walker BD, Lauer GM. Acute hepatitis C virus infection in incarcerated injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun15;42(12):1663-70. Epub 2006 May 11. 194. Lichterfeld M., Williams K.L., Mui SK., Shah S.S., Mothe BR., Sette A., Kim A., Johnston M.N., Burgett N., Frahm N., Cohen D., Brander C., Rosenberg ES., Walker B.D., Altfeld M., Yu X.G. T cell receptor cross-recognition of an HIV-1 CD8+ T cell epitope presented by closely related alleles from the HLA-A3 superfamily. Int Immunol. 2006 Jul;18(7):1179-88. 195. Martinez-Hackert E., Anikeeva N., Kalams S.A., Walker B.D., Hendrickson W.A., Sykulev Y. Structural basis for degenerate recognition of natural HIV peptide variants by cytotoxic lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 21;281(29):20205-12. 196. Wang S., Zhuang Y., Zhai S., Zhao S., Kang W., Li X., Yu X.G., Walker B.D., Altfeld M.A., Sun Y. Association between HIV Type 1-specific T cell responses and CD4+ T cell counts or CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratios in HIV Type 1 subtype B infection in China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 Aug;22(8):780-787. 197. 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Singh R, Gaiha G, Werner L, McKim K, Mlisana K, Luban J, Walker BD, Abdool Karim SS, Brass AL, Ndung'u T; the CAPRISA Acute Infection Study Team. Association of TRIM22 with Type 1 Interferon Response and Viral Control during Primary HIV-1 Infection. J Virol. 2010 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20980524. 62 321. Chevalier MF, Julg B, Pyo A, Flanders M, Ranasinghe S, Soghoian DZ, Kwon DS, Rychert J, Lian J, Mueller M, Cutler S, McAndrew E, Jessen H, Pereyra F, Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Walker BD, Streeck H. HIV-1-specific IL-21+ CD4+ T cell responses contribute to durable viral control through the modulation of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell function. J Virol. 2010 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21047960 322. Rodríguez-García M, Porichis F, de Jong OG, Levi K, Diefenbach TJ, Lifson JD, Freeman GJ, Walker BD, Kaufmann DE, Kavanagh DG. Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on human macrophages is up-regulated by HIV-1 and differentially modulated by IL-10. J Leukoc Biol. 2010 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21097698 323. Pereyra F, Jia X, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, De Bakker P, Walker BD. The Major Genetic Determinants of HIV-1 Control Affect HLA Class I Peptide Presentation; The International HIV Controller Study. Science 2010 Dec 10; 330(6010):1551-1557. [Epub ahead of print] 2010 Nov 4 PubMed PMID: 21051598 324. Addo MM, Altfeld M, Brainard DM, Rathod A, Piechocka-Trocha A, Fideli U, Mulenga J, Shutes E, Alvino DM, Hunter E, Allen SA, Walker BD. Lack of detectable HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in Zambian HIV-1-exposed seronegative partners of HIV-1-positive individuals. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 15;203(2):258-62. Epub 2010 Dec 9. PubMed PMID: 21288826; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3071055. 325. Brumme ZL, Li C, Miura T, Sela J, Rosato PC, Brumme CJ, Markle TJ, Martin E, Block BL, Trocha A, Kadie CM, Allen TM, Pereyra F, Heckerman D, Walker BD, Brockman MA. Reduced replication capacity of NL4-3 recombinant viruses encoding reverse transcriptase-integrase sequences from HIV-1 elite controllers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Feb 1;56(2):100-8. PubMed PMID: 21124229; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3078702. 326. Julg B, Moodley ES, Qi Y, Ramduth D, Reddy S, Mncube Z, Gao X, Goulder PJ, Detels R, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Carrington M. Possession of HLA class II DRB1*1303 associates with reduced viral loads in chronic HIV-1 clade C and B infection. J Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 15;203(6):803-9. Epub 2011 Jan 21. PubMed PMID: 21257739; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3071131. 327. Thobakgale CF, Streeck H, Mkhwanazi N, Mncube Z, Maphumulo L, Chonco F, Prendergast A, Tudor-Williams G, Walker BD, Goulder PJ, Altfeld M, Ndung'u T. CD8(+) T Cell Polyfunctionality Profiles in Progressive and Nonprogressive Pediatric HIV Type 1 Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011 Mar 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21288139. 328. Wright JK, Novitsky V, Brockman MA, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Carlson JM, Heckerman D, Wang B, Losina E, Leshwedi M, van der Stok M, Maphumulo L, Mkhwanazi N, Chonco F, Goulder PJ, Essex M, Walker BD, Ndung'u T. Influence of Gag-protease-mediated replication capacity on disease progression in individuals recently infected with HIV-1 subtype C. J Virol. 2011 Apr;85(8):3996-4006. Epub 2011 Feb 2. PubMed PMID: 21289112; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3126116. 329. Rodríguez-García M, Porichis F, de Jong OG, Levi K, Diefenbach TJ, Lifson JD, Freeman GJ, Walker BD, Kaufmann DE, Kavanagh DG. Expression of PD-L1 and PD L2 on human 63 macrophages is up-regulated by HIV-1 and differentially modulated by IL-10. J Leukoc Biol. 2011 Apr;89(4):507-15. Epub 2010 Nov 19. PubMed PMID: 21097698; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3058820. 330. Li JZ, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Wang H, Spritzler J, Robertson MN, Lederman MM, Carrington M, Walker BD, Schooley RT, Kuritzkes DR; AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5197 Study Team. Factors associated with viral rebound in HIV-1-infected individuals enrolled in a therapeutic HIV1 gag vaccine trial. J Infect Dis. 2011 Apr 1;203(7):976-83. PubMed PMID: 21402549; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3068025. 331. Chen H, Li C, Huang J, Cung T, Seiss K, Beamon J, Carrington MF, Porter LC, Burke PS, Yang Y, Ryan BJ, Liu R, Weiss RH, Pereyra F, Cress WD, Brass AL, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. CD4+ T cells from elite controllers resist HIV-1 infection by selective upregulation of p21. J Clin Invest. 2011 Apr 1;121(4):1549-60. doi: 10.1172/JCI44539. Epub 2011 Mar 14. PubMed PMID: 21403397; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3069774. 332. Hersperger AR, Martin JN, Shin LY, Sheth PM, Kovacs CM, Cosma GL, Makedonas G, Pereyra F, Walker BD, Kaul R, Deeks SG, Betts MR. Increased HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic potential in HIV elite controllers is associated with T-bet expression. Blood. 2011 Apr 7;117(14):3799-808. Epub 2011 Feb 2. PubMed PMID: 21289310. 333. Novitsky V, Ndungʼu T, Wang R, Bussmann H, Chonco F, Makhema J, De Gruttola V, Walker BD, Essex M. Extended high viremics: a substantial fraction of individuals maintain high plasma viral RNA levels after acute HIV-1 subtype C infection. AIDS. 2011 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21505307. 334. Huang KH, Goedhals D, Carlson JM, Brockman MA, Mishra S, Brumme ZL, Hickling S, Tang CS, Miura T, Seebregts C, Heckerman D, Ndung'u T, Walker B, Klenerman P, Steyn D, Goulder P, Phillips R; Bloemfontein-Oxford Collaborative Group, van Vuuren C, Frater J. Progression to AIDS in South Africa is associated with both reverting and compensatory viral mutations. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 22;6(4):e19018. PubMed PMID: 21544209; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3081339. 335. Kulkarni S, Savan R, Qi Y, Gao X, Yuki Y, Bass SE, Martin MP, Hunt P, Deeks SG, Telenti A, Pereyra F, Goldstein D, Wolinsky S, Walker B, Young HA, Carrington M. Differential microRNA regulation of HLA-C expression and its association with HIV control. Nature. 2011 Apr 28;472(7344):495-8. Epub 2011 Apr 17. PubMed PMID: 21499264; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3084326. 336. Mureithi MW, Cohen K, Moodley R, Poole D, Mncube Z, Kasmar A, Moody DB, Goulder PJ, Walker BD, Altfeld M, Ndung'u T. Impairment of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in chronic HIV type 1 clade C infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011 May;27(5):501-9. doi: 10.1089/aid.2010.0237. Epub 2010 Dec 13. PubMed PMID: 20942750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3083726. 337. Streeck H, Kwon DS, Pyo A, Flanders M, Chevalier MF, Law K, Jülg B, Trocha K, Jolin JS, Anahtar MN, Lian J, Toth I, Brumme Z, Chang JJ, Caron T, Rodig SJ, Milner DA Jr, PiechokaTrocha A, Kaufmann DE, Walker BD, Altfeld M. Epithelial adhesion molecules can inhibit HIV64 1-specific CD8⁺ T-cell functions. Blood. 2011 May 12;117(19):5112-22. Epub 2011 Mar 14. PubMed PMID: 21403126. 338. Ndhlovu ZM, Piechocka-Trocha A, Vine S, McMullen A, Koofhethile KC, Goulder PJ, Ndung'u T, Barouch DH, Walker BD. Mosaic HIV-1 Gag Antigens Can Be Processed and Presented to Human HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells. J Immunol. 2011 Jun 15;186(12):6914-24. Epub 2011 May 16. PubMed PMID: 21576505; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3129742. 339. Dahirel V, Shekhar K, Pereyra F, Miura T, Artyomov M, Talsania S, Allen TM, Altfeld M, Carrington M, Irvine DJ, Walker BD, Chakraborty AK. Coordinate linkage of HIV evolution reveals regions of immunological vulnerability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 20. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21690407. Non-peer reviewed scientific or medical publications/materials in print or other media Proceedings of Meetings 1. Zolla-Pazner S, Mathieson BJ, Walker MC, Walker BD. NCVDG Summary: Clinical Immunology Working Group. AIDS Res Hum Retro 1992;8:1300-4. 2. Johnson RP, Hammond SA, Trocha A, Siliciano RF, Walker BD. Epitope specificity of MHC restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by candidate HIV-1 vaccine. AIDS Res Human Retro 1994;10 Suppl 2:S73-75. 3. Harrer T, Harrer E, Buchbinder B, Mann DL, Feinberg M, Yilma T, Johnson RP, Walker BD. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in healthy, long-term nonprogressing seropositive persons. AIDS Res Human Retro 1994;10 Suppl 2:S77-78. 4. Harrer T, Harrer E, Kalams S, Walker BD. HIV-1 specific immune responses in asymptomatic long-term nonprogressing infection. Vaccines 1996;273-277. 5. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Report of the NIH panel to define principles of therapy of HIV infection and guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agent sin HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR 1998;47 (No. RR-5): 1-91. 6. Walker B. Advances in the Understanding of HIV Pathogenesis. Highlights from the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 1999. In: Improving the Management of HIV Disease 1999;7:10-14. 7. Walker BD. Cellular immune response in HIV-1 infection and effects of therapy on immunologic parameters. In: Improving the Management of HIV Disease 1999;Volume 7, Issue 1:4-8. 8. Walker BD. Immune Reconstitution: Is there a potential role for filgrastim (r-metHuG-CDSF)? Hum Gene Therapy 1999 (suppl 1)8:S1-S2. 9. Goulder PJR, Rowland-Jones SL, McMichael AJ, Walker BD. Anti-HIV cellular immunity: Recent advances towards vaccine design. AIDS 1999;13(suppl A):S121-S136. 65 10. Walker BD. HIV Pathogenesis and Prospects for Vaccine Development. Topics in HIV Medicine 2001; Volume 9, Issue 2:4-9. Reviews, Chapters, and Editorials 1. Walker BD, Paradis TJ, Charkabarti S, Moss B, Schooley RT. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the HIV-1 polymerase gene product. In: Girard M, editor. Retroviruses of Human AIDS and Related Animal Diseases. Pasteur Vaccines; 1987. 2. Walker BD, Flexner C, Paradis TJ, Wong J, Hirsch MS, Moss B, Schooley RT. Characterization of the cytotoxic T cell response to HIV-1 gene products. In: Oldstone and Brachiale, editors. Cell Biology of Virus Entry, Replication and Pathogenesis. Alan R. Liss, Inc.; 1989. 3. Walker, BD, Plata F. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against HIV. AIDS 1990;4(3):188-84. 4. Walker BD. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV-1. In: Putney and Bolognesi, editors. AIDS Vaccines: Basic Research and Clinical Trials. New York: Marcel Decker; 1990. p. 179194. 5. Johnson VA, Walker BD. HIV-infected cell fusion assay. In: Aldovini A, Walker BD, editors. Techniques in HIV Research. New York: Stockton Press; 1990. p. 92-95. 6. Walker BD. HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. In: Aldovini A, Walker BD, editors. Techniques in HIV Research. New York: Stockton Press; 1990. p. 201-210. 7. Johnson RP, Walker BD. Identification of HIV-1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and implications for vaccine development. Biotechnol Ther 1991;2:137-46. 8. Zolla-Pazner S, Mathieson BJ, Walker MC, Walker BD. Summary: Clinical Immunology Working Group. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(8):1441-3. 9. Walker BD. Immunology Related to AIDS. In: Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1992. 10. Walker BD. Studies of HIV-1-Specific CTL: Recognition of Multiple Highly Conserved Epitopes in the Gag and RT Proteins. In: Koff W, Wong-Staal F, editors. Annual Review of AIDS Research. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1992; 2:349-360. 11. Koziel MJ, Walker BD. Viruses, chemotherapy and immunity. Parasitology 1992;105 (Suppl):S85-92. 12. Walker MC, Walker BD, Mestecky J, Mathieson BJ. Conference on the advances in AIDS vaccine development—1993. Summary: Cytotoxic T-cell Immunity Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(Suppl 2):S177-9. 13. Mestecky J, Walker MC, Mathieson BJ, Walker BD. Conference on advances in AIDS vaccine development—1993. Summary: Mucosal Immunity Workshop. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(Suppl 2):S165-70. 14. Venet A, Walker BD. Cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in HIV/SIV Infection. AIDS 1993;7(Suppl 1): 66 S117-26. 15. Johnson RP and Walker BD. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection: responses to structural proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994;189:35-63. 16. Kalams SA and Walker BD. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in HIV-1 infection. Clin Lab Med 1994;14(2):271-99. 17. Walker BD. Immunology Related to AIDS. In: Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. 18. Harrer T, Harrer E, Kalams SA, Buchbunder S, Johnson RP, Walker BD. Longitudinal analysis of HIV-1-specific CTL responses. In: Biotechnology Against AIDS: From Science to Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy; 1994. Firenze. 63-86. 19. Walker BD. HIV-1-specific CTL response and TCR usage in HIV-1 infection. In: Retroviruses of Human AIDS and Related Animal Diseases. Neuvieme Colloque Des Cent Gardes, Paris, France; 1994. 21-8. 20. McMichael AJ and Walker BD. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes: Implications for AIDS vaccines. AIDS 1994;8 Suppl 1:155-173. 21. Walker BD. The rationale for immunotherapy in HIV-1 infection. JAIDS 1994; Suppl 1:S6-13. (Review). 22. Walker BD. A new agenda for AIDS research. BMJ 1995 Dec 2; 311(7018):1448-1449. 23. Jassoy C, Walker BD. T lymphocytes and their cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: implications for associated neoplasias. Crit Rev in Oncog 1995; 6(3-6):275-89. 24. Kalams SA, Walker BD. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and HIV-1-Related Neurologic Disorders. Curr Top in Microbiol Immunol 1995; 202:79-88. 25. Brander C, Walker BD. The HLA-class 1 Restricted CTL Response in HIV-1 Infection: Identification of Optimal Epitopes. In: Korber BTM, Brander C, Walker BD, Koup R, Moore JP, Haynes BF, Myers G, editors. HIV Molecular Immunology Database. New Mexico: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 1995. 26. Brander C, Walker BD. The HLA class I restricted CTL response in HIV-1 infection: Systematic identification of optimal epitopes. In: Korber BTM, Brander C, Walker BD, Koup R, Moore JP, Haynes BF, Myers G, editors. HIV Molecular Immunology Database. New Mexico: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory 1996. 27. Jassoy C, Walker BD. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the control of HIV-1 replication. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 1997;18 (3):341-54. 28. Koziel MJ, Walker BD. Characteristics of the intrahepatic cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 1997; 19 (1):69-83 29. Yang OO, Walker BD. CD8+ cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pathogenesis: 67 cytolytic and non-cytolytic inhibition of viral replication. Adv Immunol 1997;66:273-311. 30. Koziel MJ, Walker BD. Characteristics of the intrahepatic CTL response in chronic HCV infection. Seminars in Immunology 1997;19(1):69-83. Review 31. Brander C, Walker BD. Optimal HLA class I restricted CTL epitopes in HIV-1 infection: 1997 update. In: Korber BTM, Brander C, Walker BD, Koup R, Moore JP, Haynes BF, Myers G, editors. HIV Molecular Immunology Database. New Mexico: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 1997. 32. Rosenberg ES, Walker BD. HIV type 1 specific helper T cells: a critical host defense. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14(Suppl 2):S143-7. 33. Walker BD. HIV pathogenesis. In: Richman DD, Benson CA, Fischl MA, Kessler HA, Saag MS, Schooley RT, Volberding PA, editors. Improving the Management of HIV Disease. International AIDS Society-USA, San Francisco, CA. 1998;6:11-13. 34. Rosenberg ES, Walker BD. HIV Type 1-specific helper T cell: A critical host defense. AIDS Res Hum Retro 1998;12:143-147. 35. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. NEJM 1998 Jul 2;339 (1):33-39. 36. Walker BD, Rosenberg ES, Hay CM, Basgoz N, Yang OO. Immune Control of HIV-1 Replication. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;452:159-67. 37. Walker BD, Basgoz N. Treat HIV-1 infection like other infections -- treat it. JAMA 1998; 280(1):91-93. 38. Kalams SA, Walker BD. The critical need for CD4 help in maintaining effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Exp Med 1998 Dec 21; 188(12):2199-204. 39. Wong DKH, Walker, BD. Hepatitis C Virus. In: McCance, editor. Human Tumor Viruses. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology Press; 1998:301-29 40. Walker BD, Rosenberg ES, Hay CM, Basgoz N, Yang OO. Immune control of HIV-1 replication. Adv. Exp. Med. Boil. 1998; 452:159-67 41. Mani I, Cao H, Hom D, Johnson JL, Mugerwa RD, Travers KU, Caliendo AM, Walker BD, Kanki PJ. Plasma RNA viral load as measured by the bDNA and nucleic acid sequece-based amplification assays of HIV-1 subtypes A and D in Uganda (letter). JAIDS 1999;22:208. NASBA assays of HIV-1 subtypes A and D in Uganda. 42. Brander C, Walker BD. T lymphocyte responses in HIV-1 infection: implications for vaccine development. Current Opinion in Immunol 1999;11:451-459. 43. Goulder P, Walker BD. The Great Escape: AIDS Viruses and Immune Control. Nat Med 1999;(5):1233-1235. 44. Goulder PJ, Walker BD. The great escape - AIDS viruses and immune control. Nat Med 68 1999;5(11):1233-5. 45. Walker BD. Immune resconstitution: is there a potential role for Filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF). J. Hematother Stem Cell Res. 1999; 8 Suppl 1:S1-2 46. Rosenberg ES, LaRosa L, Flynn T, Robbins G, Walker BD. Characterization of HIV-1-specific Thelper cells in acute and chronic infection. Immunol Letters 1999;66(1-3):89-93. 47. D'Aquila R, Walker B. Exploring the benefits and limits of highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 1999;282(17):1668-9. 48. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Primary HIV Infection: Guides to Diagnosis, Treatment, and Managment. In: Cohen PT, Sande MA, Volberding PA, editors. The AIDS Knowledge Base, Third Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1999;195-200. 49. Kahn JO, Hecht FM, Chesney MA, Walker BD. Early Intervention: Acute HIV Infection Syndrome. In: Dolin R, Masur H, Saag MS, editors. AIDS Therapy. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone: 1999; 229-35. 50. Walker, BD. Immunopathogenesis and immune reconstitution in HIV disease. In: Richman DD, Benson CA, Fischl MA, Kessler HA, Saag MS, Schooley RT, Volberding PA, editors. Improving the Management of HIV Disease. International AIDS Society-USA, San Francisco, CA. 1999; 6:4-7. 51. Walker BD. Effects of antiviral therapy on immune responses in HIV infection. In:The PRN Notebook 1999;(4)21-24. 52. Goulder PJ, Rowland-Jones SL, McMichael AJ, Walker BD. Anti-HIV cellular immunity: recent advances towards vaccine design. AIDS 1999; 13 Suppl A:S121-36 53. Walker BD. Plasma RNA viral load as measured by the branched DNA and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays of HIV-1 subtypes A and D in Uganda. JAIDS 1999;22:208212. 54. Rosenberg ES, caliendo AM, Walker BD. Acute HIV infection among patients tested for mononucleosis. 1999 Mar 25; 340 (12): 969 55. Walker BD. Can immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus be preserved, enhanced, or restored? AIDS Clin Rev. 2000:101-14. 56. Walker BD, Goulder PJ. AIDS. Escape from the immune system. Nature 2000;407(6802):313-4. 57. Walker BD, Rosenberg ES. Containing HIV after infection. Nat Med 2000;6(10):1094-5. 58. Cao H, Walker BD. Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Clin Dermatol 2000 JulAug;18(4):401-10. 59. Brander C, Walker BD. Modulation of host immune responses by clinically relevant human DNA and RNA viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2000;3:379. 69 60. Walker BD, Korber BT. Immune control of HIV: the obstacles of HLA and viral diversity. Nat Immunol 2001 Jun;2(6):473-5. 61. Cohen DE, Walker BD. Human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and prospects for immune control in patients with established infection. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(12):1756-68. 62. Letvin NL, Walker BD. HIV versus the immune system: another apparent victory for the virus. J Clin Invest 2001 Feb;107(3):273-5. 63. Cohen, O. J. and Fauci, A. S. (2001). Kuritzkes DR, Walker BD. Pathogenesis and medical aspects of HIV-1 infection. In Fields Virology. 4th ed., pp. 2043–2094. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 64. Cohen DE, Walker BD. Human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and prospects for immune control in patients with established infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001 Jun 15; 31(12): 1756-68 65. Altfeld M, Walker BD. Less is more? The prospects and problems with supervised treatment interruption in acute and chronic HIV infection. Nat Med 2001 Aug;7(8):881-4. 66. Wilson CC, Walker BD. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Shearer WT, Kotzin BL, Schroeder HW Jr., editors. Clinical Immunology: Principles and Practice, Second Edition. England: Mosby International Ltd.; 2001. 38.1-38.28. 67. Lauer G, Walker BD. Medical Progress: Hepatitis C Virus Infection. NEJM. 2001Jul 5;345 (1):41-52. 68. Kalams SA, Walker BD. HIV Vaccines 2000: Prospects and Challenges. In: Emini EA, editor. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Biology, Immunology and Therapy. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2002:481-509. 69. Ward S, Lauer G, Isba R, Walker B, Klenerman P. Cellular immune responses against hepatitis C virus: the evidence base 2002. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 May;128(2):195-203. 70. Gandhi RT, Walker BD. Promises and pitfalls in the reconstitution of immunity in patients who have HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 2002 Aug 14(4):487-94. 71. Walker BD, Krahn AD, Skanes AC, Yee R. Syncope and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Pacing. Clin. Electrophysiol. 2002 Aug; 25(8): 1259-61 72. Goulder PJ, Walker BD. HIV-1 superinfection--a word of caution. NEJM. 2002 Sept 5;347(10):756-8. 73. Allen T, Kelleher A, Zaunders J, Walker B. STI and beyond: the prospects of boosting anti-HIV immune responses. Trends Immunol. 2002 Sept;23(9):456-60. 74. Gandhi RT and Walker BD. Immunologic Control of HIV-1. In: Caskey CT, Austin C, Hoxie J, editors. Annual Review of Medicine: Selected Topics in the Clinical Sciences. Palo Alto, California: Annual Reviews. 2002; 53:149-72. 70 75. Cohen DE and Walker BD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis and Prospects for Immune Control in Patients with Established Infection. In: Mayer KH, editor. Currents Topics in HIV Medicine: Using Basic Science to Inform Best Clinical Practice. Infectious Diseases Society of American, U.S.A.; 2002:4-16. 76. Barnes E, Lauer G, Walker B, Klenerman P. T cell failure in hepatitis C virus infection. Viral Immunol. 2002 15(2):285-93. 77. Bhardwaj N, Walker BD. Immunotherapy for AIDS virus infections: Cautious optimism for cellbased vaccine. Nat Med. 2003 Jan;9(1):13-4. 78. Autran B, Debre P, Walker B, Katlama C. Therapeutic vaccines against HIV need international partnerships. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Jun;3(6):503-8. 79. Letvin NL, Walker BD. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy in AIDS virus infections. Nat Med. 2003 Jul;9(7):861-6. 80. Brander C & Walker BD. Gradual adaptation of HIV to human host populations: good or bad news? Nat Med. 2003 November:9(11);1359-62. 81. Walker BD, Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Skanes AC, Yee R. Drug induced QT prolongation: lessons from congenital and acquired long QT syndromes. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol Disord. 2003 Dec; 3(4): 327-35 82. Day CL, Walker, BD. Progress in defining CD4 helper cell responses in chronic viral infections. J Exp Med. 2003 Dec 15;198(12):1773-7. 83. Deeks SG, Walker BD. The immune response to AIDS virus infection: good, bad or both? J Clin Invest. 2004 Mar;13(6):808-10. 84. Smith DE, Walker BD, Cooper DA, Rosenberg ES, Kaldor JM. Is antiretroviral treatment of primary HIV infection clinically justified on the basis of current evidence? AIDS. 2004 Mar 26;18(5):709-18. 85. Brander C, Frahm N, Walker BD. The challenges of host and viral diversity in HIV vaccine design. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Aug;18(4):430-7. 86. Kaufmann SH, Walker BD. Host-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Aug;18(4):371-3. 87. Walker BD. HIV controllers: an untapped source of clues to overcoming HIV infection. Res Initiat Treat Action. 2007 Winter;12(2):21-2. 88. Walker BD, Burton DR. Toward an AIDS vaccine. Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):760-4. Review. 89. Julg B, Walker BD. The paradox of incomplete CD4+ cell count restoration despite successful antiretroviral treatment and the need to start highly active antiretroviral therapy early. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 15;48(6):795-7. PubMed PMID: 19196173. 71 90. Kaufmann DE, Walker BD. PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitory cosignaling pathways in HIV infection and the potential for therapeutic intervention. J Immunol. 2009 May 15;182(10):5891-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 19414738. 91. Murphy RL, Autran B, Katlama C, Brucker G, Debre P, Calvez V, Clotet B, Clumeck N, Costagliola D, Deeks SG, Dorrell L, Gatell J, Haase A, Klein M, Lazzarin A, McMichael AJ, Papagno L, Schacker TW, Wain-Hobson S, Walker BD, Youle M. A step ahead on the HIV collaboratory. Science. 2009 Jun 5;324(5932):1264-5. PubMed PMID: 19498149. 92. Virgin HW, Walker BD. Immunology and the elusive AIDS vaccine. Nature. 2010 Mar 11;464(7286):224-31.PMID: 20220841. Books, Monographs, and Text Books 1. Aldovini A, Walker BD, editors. Techniques in HIV Research. New York: Stockton Press; 1990. 2. Pantaleo G, Walker BD, editors. Retroviral Immunology: Immune Response and Restoration. New Jersey: Humana Press; 2001. 3. Autran B, Fridman H, Lotze M, Walker B, guest editors. Proceedings of the Therapeutic Vaccines Against HIV and Cancers Meeting; 2002 June 24-26; Les Pensieres, Veyrier-du-Lac, Annecy, France. In: Vaccine. 2002 Dec;20 Suppl 4. 4. Kaufmann, SH, Walker BD, editors. AIDS and Tuberculosis: A Deadly Liaison.Weinheim: WilyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co; 2009 Professional educational materials or reports, in print or other media AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Holiday Lectures on Science, 2008. DVD Abstracts, Poster Presentations and Exhibits Presented at Professional Meetings 2010 #452 Next-generation Sequencing for HLA Typing and MHC Sequence Interrogation for Host Genetics of HIV Infection #93 Plasma Levels of WFDC1/ps20, a Novel Viral Permissivity Factor in CD4 T Lymphocytes, Correlates Directly with CD4 T Cell Count in Chronic HIV-1 Infection #340 Identification of CTL Selection Pressures Associated with HIV-1 Fitness Defects Using a Recombinant Virus Screening Approach #353 DNA Damage and p16-mediated Growth Arrest in HIV-1-specific CD8+ T Cells #454 The HLA Class II Allele DRB1*1303 is Associated With Reduced Viral Loads in Two Independent Cohorts of Different Ethnicity and HIV Clades of Infection 72 #76 Factors Associated with Viral Rebound in HIV-Positive Subjects Receiving a Therapeutic HIV-1 gag Vaccine #343 Rules Defining the Production of HIV Antigenic Peptides #354 HIV-1-specific CD4+ T Helper Signals Are Critical for the Maintenance of CD8+ T Cell Function #466 Gag-Protease-Mediated Fitness is Associated with Viral Set Point in Individuals Acutely Infected with HIV-1 Subtype C #776 Development of a Novel MIG/IP-10 qPCR Assay for Sensitive Detection of Antigen-specific T cells and Its Use in the Identification of Latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) Infection in a HIV-MTB Co-infected Population 2009 #318 Role of CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Interleukin-10-mediated T Cell Impairment in Chronic HIV Infection #541 A Genome-wide Association Study in HIV-1 Controllers #888 Longitudinal Analysis of a Pediatric Cohort Who Failed First-line HAART in an Antiretroviral Roll-out Site in Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa #112 The First Emerging CD8 T Cell Responses Are a Major Determinant of Early Viral Set-Point #549 Missing Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines: No Influence on Disease Progression in Treatment-naïve HIV-1 Clade C-infected South Africans #495 Challenges and Opportunities of Identifying Acute HIV-1 Infections in Resource-poor Settings: Experiences from the HIV Pathogenesis Programme's Acute Infection Study in Durban, South Africa #93LB Accelerated HIV Disease Progression in African Infants Co-infected with Cytomegalovirus #283 HIV-1 Subtype C Diversity in an Adult Cohort of Progressors and Non-progressors Using Single Genome Amplification #409 Immunogenetic and Clinical Biomarkers Discriminate Rates of CD4 Decline in Chronic Untreated HIV-1 Subtype C Infection #415 Compartmentalization of Drug Resistance, Immune Escape, and Co-receptor Tropism in Circulating Plasma Viruses during Late-stage HIV Infection #86LB Vaccine-induced Targeting of Epitopes Associated with Spontaneous Control of HIV Viral Replication is Associated with Lower Set-point Viral Loads in HIV-Infected Participants from the STEP Trial #115 A Molecular Perspective of PD-1 Receptor Function 73 #344 Matrix Metalloprotease Inhibitors Restore Impaired Natural Killer Cell-mediated Antibodydependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in HIV-1 Infection #444 Amino Acid Co-variation and Compensatory Dynamics in HIV-1 Gag Subtype C 2008 #235 Application of 2 Bioinformatic Methods to Assess HIV Evolution in Response to HLA Class-Imediated Selection Pressures Reveals Unprecedented Levels of HLA-associated Escape Mutations across HIV nef #23 Presence of HLA Class I-associated Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Escape Mutations in Chronic Untreated HIV Infection Is Significantly Correlated with Clinical Markers of More Severe Disease Progression #295 An HIV-1 CTL Escape Mutation Leading to ILT4-mediated Functional Inhibition of Dendritic Cells #123 Immunodomination by HLA-B27- and HLA-B57-restricted HIV-1-specific T-cell Responses Results in Abrogation of other HLA-restricted Responses in Primary HIV-1 Infection #324 A Comprehensive Study of the Complexity of Viral Populations in Acute and Chronic HIV-1 Infection #401 An Assay Utilizing Short-term Culture of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Assess CD8 Tcell-mediated Control of HIV-1 Replication in vitro #26 Protective HLA Class I Alleles Select HIV-1 Mutants and Slow Disease Progression #126LB Time to ART Resumption following Treatment Interruption Is Shorter for Individuals Immunized with HIV-Recombinant Canarypox Vaccine (Vcp1452) Compared to Placebo: The Manon-02 Trial #299 HLA Frequency and HIV-1 Divergence #94 Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance after Virologic Failure of First HAART Regimen in South Africa: Initial Results of the South Africa Resistance Cohort Study #486 A Phase II, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity of 2 Schedules of an Homologous Prime-boost with the ALVAC-HIV vCP1452 in Chronically HIV-infected Patients (MANON 02) #176 Gross Viral Genetic Defects Unlikely to Explain Many Spontaneous HIV-1 Viremia Controllers 74 Narrative Report Our laboratory focuses on the cellular immune response to chronic viral infections, including HIV and hepatitis C virus. In 1987 we discovered that HIV infection induces a strong virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in infected individuals, and have subsequently shown that these cells are extremely efficient at controlling virus replication in vitro. We have characterized the precise viral proteins that are targeted by this response, and have been investigating the role of viral sequence variation within CTL epitopes as a means for the virus to evade this arm of the host defense system. More recently, we have been studying CD4 helper cell responses, which are the central orchestrator of immune function against viral infections and had been thought to be absent in people who are HIV infected. We have recently discovered that persons with long-term non-progressing infection and very low viral loads have high levels of helper cell responses directed against HIV, and that these responses are associated with control of viremia. Future efforts in the laboratory are designed to augment virus specific host defenses as a means of controlling these viral infections, and to develop vaccines that induce cellular immune responses. In addition to these efforts in Boston, we have collaborated with the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine in KwaZulu Natal South Africa to build a fully functional biomedical research facility to study the viruses fueling the extensive epidemic there, and to capacitate African researchers and clinicians to become involved in the global fight against HIV. 75