1
Appendix 1
2
Literatures used for compiling butterfly richness data
3
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Chen Y, Li Y, Dou T, Wang C. (2006) Investigation on butterfly resource in Shunhuangshan Mountain
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National Forest Park of Dong’an County in Hunan. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University
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(Natural Science), 32: 398-401.
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Ding D. (1996) Faunistic Structure and vertical distribution of butterflies in Jiangxi Wuyi Mountain
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Fan J, Han D, Fang J, Zhang S. (2008) Study on butterfly fauna in Yaoluoping Anhui province. Journal
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China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 35: 220-226.
Gu Y, Jiang S, Zhi L. (2008) The newest report on butterfly resources of Tiantangzhai in Luotian
County of Hubei. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 36: 3294-3295.
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Hong F, Jiang G, Zhou S. (2004) A composition analysis of the butterfly fauna of Shiwandashan M
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ountain in Guangxi. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science), 27: 87-90.
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Xinyang Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 16: 58-61.
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Guangxi Plant Protection, Guangxi. 17: 3-4.
Jiang S, Zhang L. (2000) Composition and fauna analysis of butterflies in the Ziwu Mountains of east
Gansu Province. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Science), 36: 112-117.
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and Natural Resource Study, 3: 65-67.
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Li C, Huang C, Yu W, et al. (2007) Study on the Diversity and Fauna of Butterflies in Yuntai Low
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Mountain, Jiangsu Province. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 31:
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122-124.
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Li L. (2005) Inventory on biodiversity in Weichang Hongsongwa National Nature Reserve. Science
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Li P. (2003) Report of scientific research in Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Xiamen University
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Li P. (2003) Report of scientific research in Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve. Xiamen University
Press, Xiamen.
Li P. (2003) Report of scientific research in Mangdang Mountain Nature Reserve. Xiamen University
Press, Xiamen.
Li S, Hou J. (2001) Composition of butterflies and its evolution in the Jinfo Mountain Nature Reserve
area. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University (Natural Science), 23: 22-25.
Li S, Hou J. (2004) Studies on butterfly fauna in the Simian Mountains in Chongqing Municipality.
Journal of Southwest Agricultural University (Natural Science), 26: 405-408.
Li S. (2003) Vertical distribution and diversity of butterflies in the Dabashan Mountain Nature Reserve,
Chongqing. Entomological Knowledge, 40: 63-67.
Li X, Cheng S, Xiong Z, et al. (2002) Butterfly species in Maolan Nature Reserve. Guizhou Forestry
Science and Technology, 30: 6-17.
Li X, Zan Y, Wang Y. (1992) Research of butterfly resource in Shennongjia Nature Reserve. Henan
Science, 10: 376-383.
Liu J, Jiang G. (2003) Faunal composition and vertical distribution of butterflies in Yuanbao Mountain
Nature Reserve of Guangxi, China. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 22: 162-165.
Liu W, Hu S. (1997) The list of butterflies in Emei, Sichuan. Journal of Southwest Agricultural
Univeristy, 19: 472-474.
Lu D, Wang J, Huang Y. (2000) Record of butterflies in the Xinyang region of Henan. Journal of
Xinyang Teacher’s College, 13: 115-121.
65
Ma R, Ma X, Yang Z, et al. (2012) Community characteristics of butterflies in the Gansu Taitong-
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Kongtongshan National Nature Reserve. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 49: 1010-1024.
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67
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Mao B, Yang Z, Bai X, et al. (2009) The Fauna and Distribution Pattern of Butterflies in Cangshan
Erhai National Nature Reserve. Journal of Dali University, 8: 49-58.
Song C. (1994) Report of scientific research in Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve. China forestry
publishing house, Beijing.
Song C. (1996) Report of scientific research in Dongzhai Bird Nature Reserve. China forestry
publishing house, Beijing.
Song C. (1996) Report of scientific research in Taihang Mountain Nature Reserve. China forestry
publishing house, Beijing.
Wang C, Liu S, Meng Q, et al. (2007) Diversity of butterfly in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve.
Journal of Beihua University (Natural Science), 8: 434-438.
Wang H, Gao L. (1994) The butterflies in the Nature Reserve of Baishuijiang, Gansu. Journal of
Lanzhou University (Natural Science), 30: 87-95.
Wang M, Huang G, Fan X, et al. (2003) Species diversity of butterflies in Shim entai Nature Reserve，
Guangdong. Biodiversity Science, 11: 441-453.
Wang S, Bao F, Bao C, Mei B. (2010) The community diversity of butterflies in Jiushan National
Forest Park, Anhui. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 47: 183-189.
Wang S, Li Y, Bao F. (2001) Studies on resource and fauna of butterflies in Huangfu Mountain. Journal
of Biology, 18: 24-26.
Wang Y, Mao X, Wong G, Wu H. (2009) Butterfly diversity and evaluation of forest environmental
health in Wuyanling of Zhejiang. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 31: 14-19.
Wang Z, Wang Z, Ma X, et al. (1987) Species list of butterflies in Neixiang Baotianman Nature
Reserve. Henan Science, 5: 40-50.
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92
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94
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100
Wu H, Xu Y, Chen D, et al. (1997) Haiquan．On the insect fauna of Baishanzu Nature Reserve in
Zhejiang. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 14: 267-272.
Wu Y, Zhao J, Cheng J. (2006) Report of scientific research in Maojingba Nature Reserve. Science
Press, Beijing.
Xie S, Li S, Shi F. (2004) Fauna and diversity of butterflies in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve of Sichuan.
Journal of Southwest Agricultural University (Natural Science), 26: 584-588.
Xie S, Li S. (2007) The fauna, vertical distribution and diversity of butterflies in Labahe Nature
Reserve of China. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition), 29: 111-117.
Xu M, Xu J. (2010) Fauna and vertical distribution of butterflies in Xiaokeng National Forest Park,
Guangdong Province. Journal of Guangzhou University(Natural Science Edition), 9: 83-88.
Xu Q, Jiang F. (2003) The faunal study on the butterflies of Huboliao Nature Reserve. Wuyi Science
Journal, 19: 126-133
101
Xu Z, He J, Yang S, et al. (2009) Faunistic structure and vertical distribution of butterflies in Yunnan
102
Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Nature Conserve. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,
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22: 847-856.
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105
106
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108
109
110
Yang L, Tu C, Shi H, Gao Z. (2009) Butterfly diversity in An County, Sichuan Province. Jiangsu
Agriculture Science, 5: 297-299.
Yang M. (2001) Resource of butterflies in the Niutou River valley. Journal of Gansu Agricultural
University, 36: 156-158.
Yang S, Cheng A. (2000) Report on butterflies in Mountain Tianmu. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry
College, 17: 255-261.
Zha Y, Luo Q, Huang D, et al. (2004) Species and fauna of butterflies in Houhe National Nature
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111
112
113
114
115
Reserve. Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Science), 38: 215-219.
Zhang Y, Liu Z, Yu G. (2007) Faunistic structure and vertical distribution of butterflies in Hupingshan
National Nature Reserve, Hunan. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 26: 892-897.
Zhang Y, Yan Z, Liu Z. (2011) Faunal characteristics of butterflies in Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve
of Hunan, China. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition), 33: 84-79.
116
Zhu L, Sun H. (2002) Faunistic structure and vertical distribution of butterflies in the Qingliang
117
Mountain Nature Conserve in Anhui Province. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 25:
118
115-118.
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120
121
122
Zhu L. (2005) Butterfly species in Anhui Tiantangzhai National Nature Reserve. Sichuan Journal of
Zoology, 24: 47-49.
Zhu X. (2004) Faunistic structure and vertical distribution of butterflies in Nanyue. Entomological
Knowledge, 41: 64-69.
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Appendix 2
Table S1 Correlation matrix for environmental variables (Pearson's r). Significant correlations are
determined by Dutilleul (1993)’s method, and are written in bold.
AREA
ELER
TEM
PET
PRE
AET
TEMsd
PETcv
ELER
0.422
TEM
-0.157
0.012
PET
-0.133
0.244
0.842
PRE
-0.214
0.133
0.718
0.823
AET
-0.212
0.135
0.895
0.895
0.894
TEMsd
-0.022
-0.401
-0.682
-0.836
-0.606
-0.771
PETcv
0.033
-0.402
-0.765
-0.882
-0.692
-0.837
0.891
PREcv
0.197
-0.101
-0.661
-0.661
-0.764
-0.773
0.601
0.687
AETcv
0.152
-0.145
-0.734
-0.725
-0.787
-0.798
0.654
0.787
PREcv
0.822
126
AREA: area size of the geographic unit in km2, ELER: elevational range (m), TEM: mean annual
127
temperature, PET: potential evapotranspiration (mm/yr), PRE: mean annual precipitation (mm), AET:
128
actual evapotranspiration (mm/yr), standard deviation of TEM (TEMsd), monthly coefficient of
129
variation of precipitation (PREcv), actual evapotranpiration (AETcv), and potential evapotranspiration
130
(PETcv. AREA and ELER were ln-transformed).
131
132
133
134
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135
Table S2 Moran’s I of butterfly richness (ln-transformed) and residual butterfly richness of multiple
136
ordinary least squares regression models on environmental, energy, seasonality and heterogeneity
137
variables from Table 2. The significance of Moran’s I from zero was determined by permutation (999
138
times).
Moran’s I of residual butterfly richness of models
Distance (km)
Butterfly richness
Environmental
139
0.010
Energy
0.132*
Seasonality
0.023
Heterogeneity
196.6
0.235***
0.270***
462.9
0.079
-0.010
-0.063
-0.108
-0.022
630.7
0.051
-0.028
-0.021
-0.061
0.088
788.2
0.135**
0.026
0.036
-0.033
0.056
935.7
0.058
0.049
0.027
0.056
-0.023
1097.6
0.160**
0.018
0.029
0.000
0.086
1277.7
0.066
-0.041
-0.07
-0.063
0.053
1490.4
-0.163*
0.000
-0.072
0.045
-0.177*
1810.4
-0.228**
-0.035
-0.021
0.012
-0.308***
2841.5
-0.565***
0.000
-0.06
-0.021
-0.202***
*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001.
140
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141
Table S3 Summary of the Simultaneous autoregressive models (SAR) evaluating the effect of energy,
142
seasonality and heterogeneity on butterfly richness. The standardized regression coefficients are written
143
in brackets. Df. = degree of freedom corrected by Dutilleul (1993)’s method.
Predictor set
Variables in model
R2adj
F
Df.
P
AIC
Energy
PET (3.137), PET2 (－2.609)
45.8
12.9
11.4
<0.001
75.1
Seasonality
TEMsd(－0.494)
40.9
34.9
10.2
<0.001
73.1
Heterogeneity
ELER(0.390)
31.5
17.4
16.3
<0.001
79.7
Environment
PET(2.268), PET2(－1.771), TEMsd(－0.087),
53.1
14.9
12.6
<0.001
69.0
ELER(0.301)
144
Abbreviations of environment variables are the same as in Table S1.
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145
Appendix 3
Ln-Transformed BR
6.5
a
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
R2 = 0.091
P = 0.151
3.5
100
Ln-Transformed BR
6.5
110
120
Longitude (o)
130
b
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
R2 = 0.373
P = 0.015
4.0
3.5
20
30
35
40
45
50
Latitude (o)
146
147
25
Fig. S1
10