The Executive Editor,
Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
Pakistan Counsil for Scientific and Industrial,
Karachi,
Pakistan.
Dear Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob,,
Herewith, I submit the manuscript by Qurbat Zahra, Ahmad Fraz, Almas Anwar and Mudassar
Abbas for your consideration as a review paper in PJSIR. The paper describes about “An Overview for the
Synthesis of Silver-Nanoparticles and Blended Materials for Enhanced Biomedical Applications”. The
paper shows novelty as the synthesis, characteristics and incorporation of silvernanoparticles and blended
materials. Multiple routes for the development of such materials are explored and expressed here.
The article presents the findings of a research conducted by multiple authors that gave me
motivation to further extend my efforts to write a manuscript in appropriate format. While reviewing the
areas of interest of various research journals, I could find no better option than to submit review article for
publication in the Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Various routes for synthesis of
silver nanoparticles and blended materials have been observed and rephrased to bring it into proper
manuscript form.
I hope you would consider the manuscript for publication in PJSIR.
With best regards,
Mudassar Abbas (PhD)
Assistant Professor,
School of Textile and Design,
University of Management and Technology,
C-II Johar Town Lahore 54770, Pakistan.
An Overview for the Synthesis of Silver-Nanoparticles and Blended Materials for
Enhanced Biomedical Applications
Qurbat Zahraa, Ahmad Fraza, Almas Anwara and Mudassar Abbasa*
a
School of Textile and Design, University of Management and Technology, C-II, Johar Town, Lahore 54770, Pakistan.
Tel: 0092-423-111-300-200;
E-mails: mudassar.abbas@umt.edu.pk, mudassirabbas@yahhoo.com
Abstract: The existing data provides an adequate amount of information about synthesis of silver-nanoparticles through various
routes. The particles thus formed when incorporated into blended materials can be used in advanced applications, especially in
medical devices, preventing the adhesion of microorganisms over them. Herein, the similar function of silver, either distributed
over the material surfaces as a polished layer or equally dispersed in the polymeric material, will be presented.
Keywords: Antimicrobial properties, Blended materials, Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles
Introduction
The Silver is one of the important coinage metals in group 11 of periodic table and is already known since ancient
times due to its remarkable applications in making tools, utensils, aesthetically designed ornaments, and for
medicinal applications [1]. Recently, the demanded application of silver has significantly increased when gigantic
metal composites are broken down into small ultra-refined nanoparticles. The scope of this metal in the form of
nanomaterials has been expanded in both academic and in industry, especially for chemiluminescent materials,
micro-chips and biocidic applications [2]. In the later case, this application is important, when even tiny amounts of
silver in materials make them practically useful against adhesion of micro organisms like virus, bacteria and fungi
over them [3]. Besides, antimicrobial activity, high stability of silver nanoparticles at ambient temperatures and low
volatility make them practically more applicable than any other material. The coating on polymers can be
accomplished in both forms either only at polymer surfaces or real impregnation of silver into whole material [4].
The impregnation method is preferable due to more reliability and durability of material for long lasting protection
of inner and outer core of the materials while Ag-polished materials gets chances of being deactivated by protein
anions [5].
The amount of silver is also important in the manufacturing process of such materials as toxic applications due to
excess amount of silver and less cleaning action due to insufficient quantity of silver lie at two different ends in the
scale. For Example, the concentrations more than 5 ug/mL of silver in nano- form has been reported effective
against necrosis or apoptosis of mouse spermetogonial stem cells [6]. Similarly, while studying antimicrobial
charecteristics of 1w% silver nanoparticles incorporated in nylon 6.6, insufficient antimicrobial activities were
examined [7]. Thereby, the amount of silver in either form is important for incorporation in the materials. Besides,
the addition of transition metals to the environment has also been counted for major cause of contaminations for the
systems accommodating living creatures and the contribution of silver is lesser as compared to other hazardous
metals [8]. Accounting all these endeavors, the use of silver in all forms has significantly increased and it is
becoming more demanding material with the passage of time. Keeping the same in view, a mini review is presented
covering the major areas of different routes for silver nanoparticles, their impregnation in different polymer
composites and fibers and finally the biomedical application including antimicrobial activity and toxic applications
is presented.
Scheme 1. The general reaction scheme for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Syntheses of silver-nanoparticles
The nanoparticles of silver in the range of 1-100 nm are generally synthesized by treating silver salt with
capping agents and reducing agents after solubilizing in an optimal solvent. In a synthesis step, these factors
combined with respective concentrations and followed experimental procedures define the size distribution and 3Dorientation of nanoparticles [9]. Due to low price, ease of availability and high chemical stability AgNO 3 is the most
commonly applied metal salt. Both, sodium borohydride and sodium citrate separately applied in different
experiments contribute one third among all the reducing agents reported in literature [10]. Besides, common
laboratory chemicals like carbohydrates, acids, amines, bio-based substrates like organisms and special treatment
methods like irradiation of reaction mixture has also been applied [11]. As solubilizers, many organic and inorganic
solvents has been reported for nanoparticles formation but according to different data available, more than 80% of
the syntheses have been accomplished in water as a solvent [12]. Organic solvents like ethanol, dimetylformamide,
ethylene glycol and amines are among other commonly applied solvents [13]. The capping agents, also named as
stabilizing agents are generally added to prevent aggregation of the nanoparticles after the formation. Polymer based
composites are useful precursor employed for the same purpose. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is second most
abundantly applied polymer after sodium citrate (27%) for such purposes [14]. Similarly, poly(nisopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is used as reducing agent when nanaoparticles of demanded low critical solution
temperature applications are required [15]. The arbitrary literature available for demanded application provides a
wide range of data for nanoparticles syntheses for both general and specific applications but a greener route for
synthesis where least number of chemicals applied in ideally no solvent and within shorter durations of time, were
still demanded. Counting the same factors, the solvent free synthesis of oleylamine capped silver nanoparticles were
established in our laboratory. Oleylamine was used as both solubilizing and stabilizing agent and heating ten folds
excess of it with AgNO3 at 165oC for thirty minutes, black precipitates of silver nanoparticles were obtained. After
precipitation and washing three times in ethanol, the nanoparticles were characterized to study the UV-absorbance,
size measurements and stability of volatile ligands attached after dissolving in chloroform [16]. The particles
synthesized through this method were also readily soluble in many organic solvents like toluene, dichloromethane
and diethylether. Various route selected for syntheses of silver nanoparticle are reported in Table 1.
Figure1.
Table 1
Materials equipped with silver for antimicrobial applications
The strong antimicrobial activity of materials containing silver is followed either with the release of silver
ion or silver nanoparticles in the solution to behave strongly against micro organisms [40]. The detailed mechanism
is still unknown but different assumptions are available for silver ions and nanoparticles for their activity against
micro organisms. For example, according to many authors silver ion binds strongly to the nitrogen, sulphur and
oxygen in different proteins and causes the killing of cell wall of bacteria and hence reducing the cell count [5].
Similarly, in an activity, the cell functions like permeability and respiration are also disturbed when silver ion makes
complexes with proteins and DNA [41]. Such activity has been observed in Ag-zeolites complexes which behave as
strong antimicrobial agent. The slow dissociation of silver ion in saliva of mouth is helpful in reducing the plaque in
dental application with least harm to the human health [42]. Different counts of 2.5-7.5 wt% of zinc silver zeolite
have been reported for strongly antimicrobial and favorable for denture based resins but all concentrations above
2.5wt% showed significant change in mechanical properties of the material [43].
In past, three different techniques have been applied for nanocomposite formation: first one includes the
spreading of silver nanoparticles over the polymer matrix, in second process in-situ preparation of silver
nanoparticles by electronically active polymers used as both reducing agents and entrapping agents is established,
and in third nanoparticles are mixed with the monomer before polymerization process. In the last described
technique, nanoparticles are ideally equally distributed among the whole core of the polymer matrix and show more
efficiency than the other methods [5]. In some cases, materials releasing silver nanoparticles produce stronger
effects against bacterial activity than silver ion releasers. For example, in comparison of silver nano based
poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and sulphadiazine / AgNO 3, the former showed stronger kill rates for E. coli and
S. aureus bacteria by releasing the silver nanoparticles of 7 nm range [44]. Additionally, no black precipitates were
formed in the later case whereas, this phenomenon is commonly observed in experiments releasing Ag-ions.
Figure2.
Similar studies has also been evaluated for block copolymers, e.g. poly(urethane)/poly(ethylene glycol) and
TiO2 based polymers when attached with silver yielded material of high activity against E.coli and S.auserus
bacteria [45]. In another example, poly(vinyl alcohol)/ poly(methylmetacrylate) based polymers and several other
polymers have been reported for advanced applications [44]. Recently, poly(dicyclopentadiene) an advanced
duroplastic material with high mechanical strength, low cost and ease of formation emerged [46]. A way to create
poly(dicyclopentadiene) bearing antimicrobial properties was recently established [16]. Polymerization of
dicyclopentadiene via ring opening metathesis polymerization in presence of 1w% of silver nanoparticles yielded an
antimicrobially equipped thermosetting material, as exemplified by the complete killing of E.coli colonies (as
determined according to the Japanese international standard Z2801:2000) [47]. Silver nanoparticles are also
produced by electrochemical process. Aqueous solution of NaNO 3 was polarized in ethanol and a deposit of metallic
silver nano particles was obtained [48]. In an example when silver filmsand solution of physiological saline were
immersed together the dissolution of Ag2O occurs and formation of Silver causes the inhibition of growth of E. coli
and S. aurses and P. aruginosa [49] When PVC is modified with NaOH and AgNO 3 it inhibits the production of
P.aeruginosa calonies in endotreacheal tubes. [50] Similarly, in situ process for fine collidal silver had been done. In
this poly (ethylene glycil dimethylacrylate) was used with control surface area and surface functionality. This
materail showed high antimicrobial activity for different bacterial strains [50]
Conclusion
As the conclusion of the article, the basic information about the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, incorporated
materials and activity of such materials against microorganisms is presented. The multiple routes for the syntheses of
silver -nanoparticle include silver nitrate and water as the major components for silver salt-resource and as a solvent
respectively. For reducing agents; sodium borohydride, natural extracts, reducing sugars and electromagnetic radiations
are utilized, whereas for the capping agents; polymers, carbohydrates, long chain fatty acids and natural extracts are used.
The analysis of different products developed through incorporation of silver-nanoparticles clearly depicts that material
contain property of disinfecting microbes.
Acknowledgements
The authors wants to pay thanks to Christian Slugovc, Anita Leitgeb and Julia Kienberger for their support
in manufacturing and characteristics evaluation of antimicrobial polymers and also for providing literature data for
these studies.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Lucas, Silver in ancient times, J. Egypt. Arch., 14, 313 (1928).
[2] T. M. Tolaymat, A. M. E. Badawy, A. Genaidy, K. G. Scheckel, T. P. Luxton and M. Suidan, An evidencebased environmental perspective of manufactured silver nanoparticle in syntheses and applications: A
systematic review and critical appraisal of peer-reviewed scientific papers, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 999 (2010).
[3] Q. Li, S. Mahendra, D. Y. Lyon, L. Brunet, M. V. Liga and D. Li, Antimicrobial nanomaterials for Water
Disinfection and Microbial Control: Potential Applications and Implications, Water Res., 42, 4591 (2008a).
[4] S. A. Blaser, M. Scheringer, M. MacLeod and K. Hungerbuhler, Estimation of cumulative aquatic exposure and
risk due to silver: contribution of nano-functionalized plastics and textiles, Sci. Total Environ., 390, 396 (2008).
[5] F. Furno, K. S. Morley, B. Wong, B. L. Sharp, P. L. Arnold and S. M. Howdle, et al., Silver nanoparticles and
polymeric medical devices: a new approach to prevention of infection, J Antimicrob Chemother., 54, 1019
(2004).
[6] L. Braydich-Stolle, S. Hussain, J. J. Schlager and M. C. Hofmann, . In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in
mammalian germline stem cells, Toxicol. Sci., 88, 412 (2005).
[7] N. Perkas, G. Amirian, S. Dubinsky, S. Gazit and A. Gedanken, Ultrasound-assisted coating of nylon 6,6 with
silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity, J of Appl Polym Sci., 104, 1423 (2007).
[8] A. B. A. Boxall, Q. Chaudhry, C. Sinclair, A. Jones, R. Aitken and B. Jefferson, et al. Current and future
predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles, Sand Hutton, UK: Central Science Laboratory,
(2007).
[9] W. W. De, T. Vrecauteren and W. Verstraete, Method for production metal nanoparticle, PatentWO2008003522 (2008).
[10] X. Chen and H. J. Schluesener, Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical applications, Toxicol Lett., 176, 1 (2008).
[11] S. Si and T. K. Mandal, Tryptophan-based peptides to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles: a mechanistic
and kinetic study, Chem Eur J., 13, 3160 (2007).
[12] A. Y. Olenin, Y. A. Krutyakov, A. A. Kudrinskii and G. V. Lisichkin, Formation of surface layers on silver
nanoparticles in aqueous and water-organic media, Colloid J., 70, 71 (2008).
[13] J. Yang, j. y. Lee and H. Too, Core-shell Ag–Au nanoparticles from replacement reaction in organic medium, J
Phys Chem B, 109, 19208 (2005).
[14] L. Guo, J. Nie, B. Du, Z. Peng, B. Tesche and K. Kleinermanns, Thermoresponsive polymerstabilized silver
nanoparticles, J Colloid Interface Sci., 319, 175 (2008).
[15] M. G. Guzman, J. Dille and S. Godet, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their
antimicrobrial activity, Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 43, 357
(2008).
[16] M. Abbas, A. Leigeb, J. Kienberger and C. Slugovc C. Solvent-free synthesis of silver-nanoparticles and their
use as additive in poly(dicyclopentadiene), Journal of Chemical Soc of Pakistan., 35, 359 (2013).
[17] J. He and T. Kunitake, Formation of silver nanoparticles and nanocraters on silicon wafers, Langmuir., 22,
7881, (2006).
[18] W. Wang, S. Efrima and O. Regev, Directing silver nanoparticles into colloid-surfactant lyotropic lamellar
systems, J. Phys. Chem. B., 103, 5613 (1999b).
[19] S. D. Solomon, M. Bahadory, A. V. Jeyarajasingam, S. A. Rutkowsky and C. Boritz, Synthesis and study of
silver nanoparticles, J. Chem. Educ., 84, 322 (2007).
[20] D. Seo, W. Yoon, S. Park and J. Kim, The preparation of hydrophobic silver nanoparticles via solvent
exchange method, Colloids Surfaces A., 313, 158 (2006).
[21] Y. Song, W. Yanga and M. King, Shape controlled synthesis of sub-3 nm Ag nanoparticles and their localized
surface plasmonic properties, Chem. Phy. Lett., 455, 218 (2008).
[22] B. K. Kuila, A. Garai and A. K. Nandi, Synthesis, optical, and electrical characterization of organically soluble
silver nanoparticles and their poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanocomposites: enhanced luminescence property in the
nanocomposite thin films, Chem. Mater., 19, 5443 (2007).
[23] J. Yang, J. Y. Lee and H. Too, A general phase transfer protocol for synthesizing alkylamine-stabilized
nanoparticles of noble metals, Anal. Chem. Acta., 588, 34 (2007).
[24] L. C. Courrol, F. R. De Oliveira Silva and L. Gomes . A simple method to synthesize silver nanoparticles by
photo-reduction, Colloids Surfaces A., 305, 54 (2007).
[25] K. Kalimuthu, R. S. Babu, D. Venkataraman, M. Bilal and S. Gurunathan Biosynthesis of silver nanocrystals
by Bacillus licheniformis. Colloid Surfaces B., 65, 150 (2008).
[26] S. Li, Y. Shen, A. Xie, X. Yu, L. Qiu, L. Zhang and Q. Zhang, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using
Capsicum annuum L. extract, Green Chem., 8, 852 (2007).
[27] N. Vigneshwaran, R. P. Nachane, R. H. Balasubramanya and P. V. Varadarajan, A novel one-pot ‘green’
synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using soluble starch, Carbohyd. Res., 341, 2012 (2006).
[28] S. Panigrahi, S. Kundu, S. K. Ghosh, S. Nath and T. Pal, Sugar assisted evolution of mono- and bimetallic
nanoparticles, Colloid Surfaces A., 264, 133 (2005).
[29] J. Zhang and J. R. Lakowicz, A model for DNA detection by metal-enhanced fluorescence from immobilized
silver nanoparticles on solid substrate, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 2387 (2006).
[30] M. N. Nadagouda and R. S. Varma, Green synthesis of Ag and Pd nanospheres, nanowires, and nanorods using
vitamin B2: catalytic polymerisation of aniline and pyrrole. J. Nanomater., 782358 (2008).
[31] J. Chen, J. Wang, X. Zhang and Y. Jin, Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by
carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and silver nitrate, Mater. Chem. Phys., 108, 421 (2008c).
[32] Y. Chen and X. Wang, Novel phase-transfer preparation of monodisperse silver and gold nanoparticles at room
temperature. Mater. Lett., 62, 2215 (2008).
[33] D. Wang, T. Xie, Q. Peng and Y. Li, Ag, Ag2S, and Ag2Se Nanocrystals: synthesis, assembly, and construction
of mesoporous structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 4016 (2008).
[34] J. Bregado-Gutierrez, A. J. Saldıvar-Garcıa and H. F. Lopez, Synthesis of Silver Nanocrystals by a Modified
Polyol Method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 107, 45 (2008).
[35] G. W. Sławinski and F. P. Zamborini, Synthesis and alignment of silver nanorods and nanowires and the
formation of Pt, Pd, and core/shell structures by galvanic exchange directly on surfaces, Langmuir., 23, 10357
(2007).
[36] T. Hasell, J. Yang, W. Wang, P. D. Brown and S. M. Howdle, A facile synthetic route to aqueous dispersions
of silver nanoparticles, Mater. Lett., 61, 4906 (2007).
[37] T. Li, H. G. Park and S. Choi, . γ-Irradiation-induced preparation of Ag and Au nanoparticles and their
characterizations, Mater. Chem. Phys., 105, 325 (2007).
[38] S. Navaladian, B. Viswanathan, T. K. Varadarajan and R. P. Viswanath, Microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of
anisotropic Ag nanoparticles by solid state transformation, Nanotechnology, 19, 1 (2008).
[39] M. Abbas, S. Shafqat and C. Munir, Sonochemical impregnation of silvernanoparticle into fluff pulp and its
antimicrobial efficacies, Nust J. Engg. Sci., 6, 10 (2013).
[40] A. Panácek, L. Kvítek, R. Prucek, M. Kolár, R. Vecerová and N. Pizúrová, et al. Silver colloid nanoparticles:
synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial activity, J Phys Chem B, 110, 16248 (2006).
[41] S. Pal, Y. K. Tak and J. M. Song, Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of
the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, Appl Environ Microbiol., 73, 1712
(2007).
[42] K. Kawahara, K. Tsuruda, M. Morishita and M. Uchida, Antibacterial effect of silver–zeolite on oral bacteria
under anaerobic conditions, Dent Mater., 16, 452 (2000).
[43] L. A. Casemiro, C. H. G. Martins, F. C. P. Pires-de-Souza and H. Panzeri, Antimicrobial and mechanical
properties of acrylic resins with incorporated silver–zinc zeolite–Part 1, Gerodontology, 25, 187 (2005).
[44] H. Kong and J. Jang, Antibacterial properties of novel poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofiber containing silver
nanoparticles, Langmuir, 24, 2051 (2008).
[45] G. Woods, Polyurethanes, materials, processing and applications. Rapra Review Reports. Report No. 15.Rapra
Technology Ltd. 15 (1988).
[46] A. Leitgeb, J. Wappel and C. Slugovc, The ROMP toolbox upgraded, Polymer, 51, 2927 (2010).
[47] J. Kienberger, N. Noormofidi, I. Mühlbacher, I. Klarholz, C. Harms and C. Slugovc, Antimicrobial Equipment
of poly(Isoprene) Applying Thiol-ene Chemistry, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 50, 2236 (2012).
[48] S. Maria, S. Barbara and B. Jacek, "Electrochemical synthesis of silver nano particles," Electrochemistry
Communicaton, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 227-230, 2006.
[49] R. E. Burell and S. S. Djokic, "Behaviour of silver in physiological solutions," Journal of Electrochemical
society, vol. 145, pp. 11426-1430, 1998. S
[50] D. J. Blazs, K. Triandafillu, P. Wood, Y. Chevelot, H. Harms, etal, "Inhibition of bacterial adhesion on PVC
endotracheal tubes by RF oxygen glow discharge, Sodium hydroxide and silver nitrate treatments,"
Biomaterials, vol. 25, pp. 2139-2159, 2004.
[51]
J. W. Kim, J. E. Lee, J. H. zryu, J. S. Lee, S. J. Kim, S. H. Han, etal, "Synthesis of Metal/Polymer Colloidal
Composites by the Tailored Deposition of Silver onto Porous Polyme rMicrospheres," Journal of Polymer
Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 42, pp. 2551-2557, 2004.
Scheme 1. The general reaction scheme for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Table 1. Selected Model for the Syntheses of Silver- Nanoparticles from Silver Nitrate.
Size
Reducing-Agent
Solvent
Capping Agent
Reference
(nm)
Polyvinyl alcohol
Variable
[17]
Trisodium Citrate
4.4 -5
[18]
Sodium borohydride
12
[19]
Oleic acid
8
[20]
<3
[21]
Variable
[22]
7
[23]
5-8
[24]
50
[25]
10
[26]
30.5
[27]
Variable
[28]
3-14
[29]
6.1
[30]
15
[31]
(PVA)
Water
Polyvinyl pyrolidone
Sodium
(PVP), Trisodium
borohydride
Citrate
Water/ Chloroform
Hexadecyl amine
Trisodium Citrate +
Ethanol/Toluene
Dodecylamine
PolyEthanol
Methylmethacrylate(
PMMA)
Bacterium Bacillus
Bacterium Bacillus
licheniformis
licheniformis
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum L.
L. extract
extract
Spent mushroom
Spent mushroom
substrate
substrate
Fructose, Glucose,
Water
Fructose, Glucose,
Sucrose
Sucrose
Vitamin E
N.A
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2
(Riboflavin)
(Riboflavin)
Sodium
Sodium
carboxymethyl
carboxymethyl
cellulose
cellulose
Dodecylamin&
Dodecylamine &
Water/ Cyclohexane
Formaldehyd
4
[32]
4.7
[33]
Formaldehyde
Cetyltrimethylammo
Octadecylamine
Octadecylamine
nium bromide
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
Polvinyl pyrolidone
Variable
[34]
Oleylamine
Oleylamine
Oleylamine
63
[16]
Ascorbic acid
Water
35
[35]
Cetyltrimethylammo
nium bromide
H2 Gas
Water/Toluene
PVP/PVA/ Starch
Variable
[36]
ã- irradiationa
Water
PVP
Variable
[37]
Ethylene Glycol
PVP
Variable
[38]
Water
Fluff pulp
N.A
[39]
Microwave
irradiationc
Sonochemical
irradiationa
Irradiation was not used for reducing medium but it provides assistance for free electron or reduction.
Ag-salt
Reducing agents
Solvent
Capping agents
100
90
80
70
Abundance (%)
a
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
AgNO3
Citrate / PVP
H2O
NaBH4 / citrate
Chemicals
Fig. 1a: Most frequently employed chemicals for synthesis of Ag-nanoparticles [16]
Fig. 1b: An exemplary UV-visible spectrograph for silver nanoparticlces [16]
Figure2. Specimen example for ROMP of DCPD in presence of 1w% oleylamine stabilized silver nanoparticles