QUESTION BANK
CLASS XII
BIOLOGY ( THEORY )
UNIT-I
REPRODUCTION ( 12 marks)
LESSON- 1
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Name an animal which reproduces by budding.
Q.2.Name two sponges in which gem mules are formed.
Q.3 Give two examples of vertebrates which are oviparous.
Q.4.Define parthenogenesis.
Q.5.What type of binary fission is found in Paramoecium?
Q.6.Name the pre-fertilization events which occur in animals for sexual
reproduction.
Q.7.Which technique is used for propagating improved varieties of mango and rose?
Q.8.Formation of an embryo sac directly from a nucellar cell is technically called
………. (Fill in the blank)
Q.9.What is apomixis ?
Q.10.Name various artificial means of vegetative propagation.
Q.11.By which method is new sugarcane crop raised?
Q.12.How does a potato plant reproduce by vegetative propagation?
Q.13.Why is grafting not possible in monocot plants?
Q.14.Differentiate between protandry and protogyny.
Q.15.What is strobilation?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Q.2.Why are the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clones?
Q.3.Why do the offspring formed by sexual reproduction have better chances of
survival?
Q.4.How do the progeny formed by asexual reproduction differ from those formed
by sexual reproduction?
Q.5.Distinguish between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Q.6.Why the higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction inspite of its
complexity?
Q.7.Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Q.8.Define external fertilization.Mention its disadvantages?
Q.9.Differentiate between gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Q.10.Distinguish between a zoospore and a zygote.
Q.11.Why are the offspring of oviparous animals at a greater risk of survival?
Q.12.What are cysts? What is their importance?
Q.13.What is parthenogenesis? What is its importance?
Q.14.Differentiate between external fertilization and internal fertilization.
Q.15.Why is Hydra said to be virtually immortal?
Q.16.What are the advantages of vegetative propagation?
Q.17.Give four advantages of using plant tissue for propagation.
Q.18.How do the roots take part in yegetative reproduction?
Q.19.If a branch of “dashahri”mango is grafted on a tree producing ‘desi’mangoes ,
what type of mangoes will be borne on the grafted branch and the other branches of
the plant?
Q.20.What is the difference between seasonal and continuous breeding type of
animals?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Define : (a) Juvenile phase (b) Reproductive phase (c) Senescent phase.
Q.2.Identify each of the following parts in a flowering plant and write whether it is
haploid(n) or diploid(2n)(a)Ovary (b)Anther (c)Egg
(d)Pollen
(e)Zygote
(f)Male gamete
Q.3.Describe the post-fertilization changes in a flower.
Q.4.Write short notes on the following:
(a)Parthenogenesis (b)Neoteny
(c)Polyembryony.
Q.5.Describe the process of budding of asexual reproduction in invertebrates.
Q.6.Describe the importance of artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
Q.7.What is grafting?How does it differ from layering?Which of them is better
method vegetative propagation and why?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Describe the different events of sexual reproduction which are found in animals.
Q.2.What is asexual reproduction? Describe the different types asexual
reproduction found in animals.
Q.3.Discuss the common methods of vegetative propagation used by horticulturists.
Q.4.What is micropropagation?What are the advantages of using plant tissue for
propagation?
Q.5.Enumerate the various advantages and disadvantages of vegetative
propagation.
Q.6.What do you understand by vegetative methods of reproduction? Explain with
examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON- 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
FLOWERING PLANTS
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Why is endosperm in angiospermic seeds triploid (3n)?
Q.2.Define geitonogamy.
Q3.What is meant by hydrophily?
Q.4.Supply the term used for pollination by bats.
Q.5.Give one example of bat-pollinated flower.
Q.6.Name any bird-pollinated flower and mention one most important
characteristic of such flower.
Q.7.What is malacophily?
Q.8.Define triple fusion.
Q.9.What do you mean by anemophily?
Q.10.Why are date-palm plants called dioecious?
Q.11.Why are cucurbits called monoecious?
Q.12.Why are pollen grains in maize formed in large number?
Q.13.Name the parts of an angiospermic flower in which development of male and
female gametophytes takes place.
Q.14.Mention two strategies evolved by flowers to prevent self-pollination.
Q.15.What are the sites of microsporogenesis and macrosporogenesis in
angiospermic flowers?
Q.16.Which part of the flower forms the fruit?
Q.17.Why is apple called a false fruit?
Q.18.What is self- incompatibility?
Q.19.What is agamospermy?
Q.20.What is the fate of secondary nucleus after fertilization?
Q.21.What is double fertilization?
Q.22.What is mesogamy?
Q.23.What is syngamy?
Q.24.Define the term apomict.
Q.25.What develops into a microspore mother cell in a flower?
Q.26.If the diploid number of chromosomes in an angiospermic plant is 18 , what
number you expect in the endosperm and embryo of that plant?
Q.27.Flowers that bloom at night are usually small and white but give out a strong
scent.Why do they do so?
Q.28.What are hermaphrodite flowers?
Q.29.State the function of suspensor in angiosperms.
Q30.Which nuclei fuse to give rise to endosperm?
Q31.Name the protective substance present on the pollen envelope to tide over
adverse conditions.
Q.32.What technical term is applied to fruits formed without fertilization?
Q.33.Define ornithophily.
Q.34.What is cleistogamy?
Q.35.What is meant by herkogamy?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is the significance of sporopollenin?
Q.2.Why are scientists developing pollen banks these days?
Q.3.Name the pollinating agent of flowers like Salvia ,Nasturtium and Helianthus.
Give two favourable features of such flowers for pollination.
Q.4.What are the physiological advantages of pollination?
Q.5.How does the endosperm in angiosperms become triploid?
Q.6.Distinguish between autogamy and allogamy.
Q.7.What is emasculation?What is its importance in hybridization?
Q.8.Draw a labeled sketch of the section of a mature pollen grain.
Q.9.What is triple fusion? What is the product of this process?
Q.10.Name the pollinating agent of flowers like maize and wheat. Give any two
features of such type of flowers.
Q.11.Differentiate between anatropous and campylotropous ovules.
Q.12.Draw a well labeled diagram of an anatropous .ovule.
Q.13.Why are cucurbits called monoecious?
Q.14.Differentiate between parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis.
Q.15.What is meant by monosporic development of female gametophyte.
Q.16.Why do you think that the zygote remains dormant for some time in a
fertilized ovule.
Q.17.If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances,
which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
Q.18.Explain the role of tapetum in the formation of pollen grain wall.
Q.19.What is apomixis and what is its importance?
Q.20.Incompatibility is a natural barrier in the fusion of gametes. Justify the
statement.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give an account of development of different types of endosperm in angiosperms.
Q.2.Draw a diagram of the longitudinal section of the pistil showing pollen
germination.
Q.3.Differntiate between microsporogenesis and macrosporogenesis.
Q.4.What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross pollination occur in cleistogamous
flowers? Give reasons for your answer.
Q.5.What do you mean by self pollination and cross pollination?Which of these two
is better? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Q.6.In what ways does the study of pollination enrich our understanding of biology
and enable us to apply it for increasing the crop productivity?
Q.7.How does development of male gametophyte take place in angiosperms?
Q.8.Describe the structure of a typical monosporic embryo sac found in flowering
plants.
Q.9.What are the disadvantages of cross pollination?
Q.10.What are parthenocarpic fruits?Name a few chemicals and hormones used to
induce the partheno carpy.
Q.11.Describe the structure of a pollen grain and the process of germination.
Q.12.What do you understand by the development of an embryo?Support your
answer with suitable diagrams.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Describe in beief the process of development of the dicotyledonous embryo.
Support your answer with suitable diagrams.
Q.2.List the events from pollination to fertilization in an angiosperm . What changes
in the ovule occur as it develops into the seed after fertilization?
Q.3.How does double fertilization take place in a flowering plant? Give its
significance.
Q.4.Describe some important adaptations that promote cross pollination in
angiosperms.
Q.5.Briefly describe the characteristics of flowers pollinated by wind water insects
birds and bats.
Q.6.Describe in brief the various special modes of reproduction. Mention their
economic significance.
Q.7.Describe the process of development of female gametophyte and illustrate your
answer with suitable diagrams.
Q.8.What are the merits and demerits of self – pollination?
Q.9.What develops into a microspore mother cell in a flower?Trace the development
of this cell into a pollen grain which is ready for germination. Draw a labeled
diagram of a mature pollen grain.
Q.10.Give reasons why:
(a) Cleistogamy is considered to be the most effective device for self – pollination.
(b)In some flowers the reproductive organs are arranged at different heights or in
different directions.
(c) Some people suffer from asthma in certain seasons of the year.
(d) flowers of some plants are bright and showy and the others are small and
inconspicuous.
(e) in angiosperms development of endosperm precedes that of the embryo.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Name the membrane that covers the vaginal opening in the virgin.
Q.2.Give the term used for the age at which the reproductive organs become
functional.
Q.3.Name the part of the female reproductive system where foetus develops.
Q.4.What is the function of scrotum?
Q.5.Supply the technical term used for the change of a spermatid into a sperm.
Q.6.What does promote the growth,maintenance and functions of the secondary sex
organsin male individuals in human beings.
Q.7.Where are leydig cells located?
Q.8.Human ovum is alecithal. What does it mean?
Q.9.Which part of the male reproductive systemstores sperms?
Q.10.What is the site of spermatogenesis?
Q.11.Define zygote.
Q.12.What is semen?
Q.13.what is spermiation?
Q.14.What do you mean by sexual dimorphism?
Q.15.What is corpus luteum?
Q.16.Define follicular atresia.
Q.17.What is mesovarium?
Q.18.What is rete testis?
Q.19.What is capaciation?
Q.20.What is cumulus oophorus?
Q.21.What are primordial follicles?
Q.22.What are inguinal canals?
Q.23.What do you mean by the term scrotum?
Q.24.Where does oogenesis occur?
Q.25.How do leydig cells help in spermatogenesis?
Q.26.Name the sperm lysine.
Q.27.Which organelle in a sperm secretes the sperm lysine?
Q.28.What is placenta?
Q.29.Supply the term used for the onset of the menstruation.
Q.30.what is the ceasation of menstruation called?
Q.31.What is parturition?
Q.32.Name the outermost layer of the cells of the blastocyst.
Q.33.What are the fertilizins?
Q.34.What is spermiogenesis?
Q.35.What is puberty?
Q.36.What harm is caused if the testes in human males fail to descend into the
scrotal sacs?
Q.37.Define the term ovulation.
Q.38.What is menopause?
Q.39.What is menarche?
Q.40.Name the hormone secreted by the corpus luteum.
Q.41.What is insemination?
Q.42.At which stage of embryonic development zona pellucida disintegrates?
Q.43.Where does fertilization take place in mammals?
Q.44.What happens to corona radiata after fertilization?
Q.45.What is cortical reaction?
Q.46.Give the term for the period between fertilization and parturition.
Q.47.At what stage of embryonic development is the mammalian embryo implanted
in the uterus?
Q.48.In the course of development which layer is formed last of all?
Q.49Name the chemical released by ovum to decrease the number of sperms
reaching the ovum.
Q.50.Which germ layer forms the central nervous system?
Q.51 Name the fluid from which foetal cells are obtained for the chromosomal
analysis.
Q.52.Name some extra-embryonic membranes.
Q.53.Name the germ layers which produce liver and skeleton respectively.
Q.54.What name is given to human placenta?
Q.55.What type of twins would result if the zygote undergoes deep first cleavageto
form two separate blastomeres?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Write two major functions each of testis and ovary.
Q.2.State the function of L H during the secretory phase of menstrual cycle.
Q.3.Morula does not increase in its size even after repeated divisions.Why this is so?
Q.4.Why does sterility result if testes are retained in the abdomen?
Q.5.Sperms have a tail while eggs do not .Why so?
Q.6.Draw a labeled diagram of a graafian follicle.
Q.7.Why is the second half of the menstrual cycle called the luteal phase as well as
the secretory phase?
Q8.Why is the first half of the menstrual cycle called the proliferative phase as well
as the follicular phase?
Q.9.Why does the middle piece of a sperm contain large number of mitochondria?
Q.10.Why do the spematids possess a haploid number of chromosomes?
Q.11.Why does the failure of testes to descend into the scrotal sacs cause the
sterility?
Q.12.What is menopaude ? What is its effect on the body?
Q.13.How does the inguinal hernia develop?
Q.14.Why is there no menstrual cycle during pregnancy?
Q.15.At what stage of embryonic development , the implantation occurs in the
uterine wall and about how many days after fertilization?
Q.16.Differentiate between oogenesis and ovulation.
Q.17.Why does thinningnof bones start occurring in human females at about 50
years of age?
Q.18.During fertilization , thousands of sperms are in the vicinity of an egg cell but
only one sperm enters the egg. How is this achieved?
Q.19.Differentiate between zona pellucida and corona radiata.
Q.20Differentiate between insemination and capaciation.
Q.21.Enlist the major phases of embryonic development.
Q.22.Differentiate between blasto and a gamete.
Q.23.What is a foetus?
Q.24 Mention the role of oxytocin in copulation.
Q.25.Explain the significance of fertilization.
Q.26 Why is fertilization mostly species specific?
Q.27.Describe the umbilical cord.
Q.28.How is polyspermy prevented in humans?
Q.29.Both meiosis and fertilization are essential to maintain chromosomal number
constant.Why?
Q.30.How does the zygote differ from other cells of the body?
Q.31.What are the major components of seminal plasm
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Fertilization is a physico-chemical process.Explain.
Q.2.Draw a flow chart showing hormonal control of human female reproductive
system.Highlight the positive and negative mechanisms in it.
Q.3.Givae a well labeled diagram of electron microscopic view of a human sperm.
Q.4.Differentiate between:
(a) Seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells
(b) Graafian follicle and corpos luteum
(c) Morula and blastula
Q.5.Name the foetal membrane that provides a fluid medium to the developing
embryo.Mention its two functions.
Q.6.Tympanum develops from all the three primary germ layers Explain.
Q.7.Differentiate between:
(a) Trophoectoderm and Ectoderm
(b) Blastulation and Gastrulation
(c) Embryo and Foetus
Q.9.A fertilized egg is a blue-print of future development.Explain.
Q.10.Draw a well labeled diagram of human male reproductive system.
Q.11.Draw a well labeled diagram of human female reproductive system.
Q.12.Give briefly the changes in the following organs during the different phages of
menstrual cycle:
(a) Ovaries
(b) Uterus
(c) Fallopian tubes
Q.13.Draw a labelled diagram of T.S. of Testis of man.
Q.14.Draw a labelled diagram of T.S. of Ovary of a woman.
Q.15.Mention the functions of each of the following:
(a) Epididymis
(b)Vagina (c) Seminiferous tubules
Q.16.With the help of the suitable diagrams explain the process of spermatogenesis.
Q.17.With the help of the suitable diagrams explain the process of oogenesis.
Q.18.What is ovulation?When does it occur?What is formed from the graafian
follicle after ovulation?
Q.19.What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands?
Q.20.Write down the various changes that occur during the process of
differentiation spermatids into spermatozoa.
Q.21.What are the morphogenetic movements?Explain briefly how the
establishment of endoderm takes place in the human embryo.
Q.22.What is colostrums? How is milk production hormonally regulated?
Q.23.Human egg has an animal pole. Describe briefly the two events that take place
at this pole.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is placenta? What are its functions?
Q.2.Write in brief about various types of foetal membranes.
Q.3.What is parturition? Write briefly about positive feedback mechanism
responsible for parturition.
Q.4.Awoman has conceived and implantation has occurred within her uterus.
Discuss the sequence of changes upto the parturitionwhich will take place within her
body under the influence of various hormones.
Q.5.Describe the formation of three germ layers starting from the blastodermic
vesicle in a mammalian embryo.
Q.6.With the help of a suitable diagram describe in brief the human female
reproductive system.
Q.7.With the help of a suitable diagram describe in brief the human male
reproductive system.
Q.8.Mention the functions of the following :
(a) Endometrium (b) Acrosome (c) Sperm tail (d) Fimbriae (e)Corpus
luteum
Q.9.What is menstrual cycle? Write down the hormonal control over the menstrual
cycle.
Q.10.Give five differences between proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual
cycle.
Q.11.Describe the major phases of embryonic development in human beings.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON- 4
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give the full form of I.U.D.
Q.2.Name any three S.T.Ds.(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
Q.3.Name the technique used for determining the sex and other conditions of the
foetus.
Q.4.Expand M.T.P.
Q.5.Name the technique of male sterilization.
Q.6.Name any one mechanical birth control barrier used by the male partner.
Q.7.Give the full form of I.V.F.
Q.8.Name any one mechanical birth control barrier used by the female partners.
Q.9.Give any one primary factor for population explosion.
Q.10.Give the short term hor reproductive and child health care programmes.
Q.11.Name the oral pill taken by human females every week and contains nonsteroidal preparation.
Q.12.which substances are present in oral pills?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.I..Is sex education necessary in schools ? If so why?
Q.2.What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
Q.3.Is the use of contraceptives justified?Give reasons.
Q.4.Removal of gonads cannot be consideredas contraceptive options. Why?
Q.5.Amniocentesis,the foetal sex determination test, is banned in our country.Is it
necessary? Comment.
Q.6.What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting S.T.Ds?
Q.7.Who is a surrogate mother?
Q.8.How do the oral pills help in birth control? Name the common pills used.
Q.9.What is done in amniocentesis?Mention the usefulness of this technique.
Q.10.What are morning after pills?
Q.11.Write a short note on chorionic villus sampling.
Q.12.What is the difference between vasectomy and tubectomy?
Q.13.How do chemical methods help in birth control?
Q.14.What is M.T.P.?What is its importance in human reproductive health?
Q.15.Describe the technique by which genetic disorders can be detected in the
developing foetus.
Q.16.What is zero population growth?
Q.17.What is the importance of counseling and medical advice in the selection of a
suitable contraceptive?
Q.17.What is artificial insemination(A.I.)?What is its importance in human
reproduction?
Q.18.Enumerate the side effects of oral pills.
Q.19.What is reproductive health?What is its importance?
Q.20.What is the importance of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection in human
reproductive health?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is pelvic inflammatory disease? How is it caused? What are its symptoms
and effects on the body?
Q.2 Describe mother’s role in the development of reproductive health of progeny.
Q.3.What are contraceptives?What is their importance in controlling the population
growth and improving the reproductive health of the people?
Q.4.What are implants?Where they are placed in the body?What their importance?
Q.5.What is genital herpes? What are its symptoms?
Q.6.What is periodic abstinence?What is its importance in human reproductive
health and population explosion?
Q.7.What are I.U.Ds.?Name a few of them. What is their importance in improving
the reproductive health of human beings?
Q.8.What is amniocentesis? What is its technique and importance?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Define infertility. Explain the techniques by which infertile individuals may
have children.
Q2.What are S.T.Ds.?Name any five of them and give the causative factor ,
symptoms, preventive measures and treatment of any one of them.
Q.3.Briefly describe test tube babies. What are the problems in producing test tube
babies?
Q.4.What do you understand by the term population explosion?What are the
reasons for population explosion?
Q.5.Write an essay on the population trends in India.What are its effects on the
economy of our country?
Q.6.What do you understand by the term human reproductive health?What are its
problems and strategies.
UNIT-II
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION ( 20 Marks)
LESSON-5
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND
VARIATION
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is heredity?
Q.2.What is the difference between allele and allelomorph?
Q.3.What is a clone?
Q.4.Who rediscovered mendel’s work?
Q.5.Name the plant used by Mendel for hybridization experiments.
Q.6.How many pairs of contrasting charcters were studied by Mendel in garden
pea?
Q.7.What does F2 represent in Mendelism?
Q.8.What is F2 phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross?
Q.9. Write down dihybrid F2 phenotypic ratio of Mendelism.
Q.10.What is a gene pool?
Q.11.Which term is used for a gene with multiple effects?
Q.12.Supply the term used for the progeny of a single homozygous self-pollinated
plant.
Q.13.What is the F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratio of a character showing
incomplete dominance?
Q.14.What is the F2 genotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?
Q.15.What is heterozygote?
Q.16.Who proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characters?
Q.17.What is the modified F2 phenotypic ratio in recessive epistasis?
Q.18.In which gene interaction phenotypic and genotypic ratios are similar?
Q.19.How many alleles control the inheritance of ABO blood groups in humans?
Q.20.The frequency of parental form is higher than 25% in a dihybrid test cross.
What does it indicate about the two genes involved?
Q.21.Which principle of heredity can be derived from 9:3:3:1 dihybrid phenotypic
F2 ratio?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Differentiate between a homozygous and a heterozygous individuals.
Q.2.Explain genotype and phenotype giving suitable example.
Q.3.What are F1 and F2 generations?
Q.4.Explain the term purity of gametes.
Q.5.Explain the process of emasculation.
Q.6.What is codominance?Give an example.
Q.7.Describe an example of incomplete dominance.
Q.8.Define gene interaction.
Q.9.What is polygenic inheritance?Give examples of polygenic traits.
Q.10.Give important reasons for the success of Mendel.
Q.11.Give any four reasons why Mendel selected peaplants for his experiments.
Q.12.Distinguish test cross from back cross.
Q.13.Why is the skin colour of man known as quantitative trait?
Q.14.Differentiate between a gene and genome.
Q.15.Albinism in man is controlled by a recessive gene r. If a normal pigmented
man (Rr) is crossed with an albino female (rr), what are the chances of offspring at
F1 stage?
Q.16.Differentiate between codominance and incomplete dominance.
Q.17.Ablack coloured cock when bred with a white coloured hen , produced steelblue offspring When the steel-blue coloured offspring were bred black , white and
steel-blue progeny were obtained.Now, answer the following questions;
(a) This result is genetically explained as ………………………………………….
(b) What will be the expected ratio of black , white and steel-blue progeny?
Q.18.Why did Mendel not get due recognition of his work in his time?
Q.19.Define and design a test cross.
Q.20.A diploid organism is heterozygous for 4 loci. How many types of gametes can
be produced?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.State and explain Mendel’s law of segregation.
Q.2.State and explain Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
Q.3.Make a list of seven pairs of contrasting traits studied by Mendel in his
experiments.
Q.4.What will be the result of the following crosses?
(a) pure tall x pure dwarf
(b) pure tall x hybrid tall
(c )pure tall x pure tall
Q.5.What is a reciprocal cross? Compare it with a monohybrid cross.
Q.6.A man with A type blood has wife with type B. They have a child with O
type.Give genotypes of all the three.What other blood groups can be expected in
future offspring of this couple?
Q.7.In dogs, black coat colour is dominant over white. What coloured dog will you
choose to breed a given black dog in order to find its genotype? what is this type of
cross known as?
Q.8.Define the following;
(a) Phenotype
(b) Pleiotropy
(c) Multiple alleles
Q.9.In human beings blue eye colour is recessive to brown. A brown eyed man has a
blue eyed mother. On this condition answer the following questions:
(a) What is the genotype of man and his mother?
(b) What are the possible genotypes of his father?
(c) If the man marries a blue eyed woman, what are the possible genotypes of their
offspring?
Q.10.What is pedigree analyses? How will you represent male and female and the
traits under study?
Q.11.If a person heterozygous for blood group A marries a woman who is
heterozygous for blood group B, what will be the ratio and blood groups of their
children?
Q.12.Differentiate between:
(a) Homozygous and heterozygous.
(b) Genotype and phenotype.
(c) Dominant and recessive.
Q.13.In men, four types of blood groups A, B, AB, O are controlled by three alleles
of a gene. Explain the mechanism of inheritance of the blood groups.
Q.14.With a suitable example explains pleiotropy. Which of the genes studied by
Mendel in pea is now considered to pleiotropic?
Q.15.Two heterozygous parents are crossed. If the two loci are linked what would be
the distribution of phenotypic features in F1 generation for a dihybrid cross?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Work out the phenotypes and genotypes of the progeny when a hybrid yellow
and round seeded pea plant (YyRr) is crossed with a green and wrinkled seeded pea
plant (yyrr).
Q.2.Give characteristic features of polygenic inheritance of a polygenic trait in
human beings.
Q.3.What is epistasis? How is it different from dominance? Explain the inheritance
of recessive epistasis.
Q.4.What are multiple alleles? Give their characteristic features. How are they
applicable inheritance of blood groups in human beings?
Q.5.What are variations? Explain various types and causes of variations.
Q.6.What is pedigree analysis? How is it applicable for studying human traits? List
the various symbols used in pedigree analysis.
Q.7.When a cross is made between tall plant with yellow seeds (TtYy) and Hybrid
Tall plant with green seeds (Ttyy),what proportion of phenotype in the offspring
could be expected to be?
(a) tall and green
(b) dwarf and green
Q.8.What is meant by principle of independent assortment ? Explain with the help
of a suitable example.
Q.9.Distinguish between;
(a) Homozygous and Heterozygous
(b) Back cross and Test cross
(c) Dominance and Incomplete dominance
(d) Multiple genes and Multiple alleles
(e) Phenotypes and Genotypes
Q.10.Using a Punnet square , work out the distribution of phenotypic features in the
first filial generation after a cross between a homozygous female and a heterozygous
male for a single locus.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON -6
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give the chromosomal number of man and chimpanzee.
Q.2.Which type of honey bee is produced parthenogenetically?
Q.3.How many autosomes are found in a mature sperm?
Q.4.What are autosomes?
Q.5.The diploid chromosome number in pea is 14. How many linkage groups does it
have?
Q.6.At what stage the meiosis occurs in haploid organisms like Neurospora and
algae?
Q.7.Define karyotype.
Q.8.What are points of crossing known as?
Q.9.How many types of gametes are formed by a double homozygote?
Q.10.Where lies the nucleolar organizer region?
Q.11.Where are the two chromatids of a metaphase chromosome attached?
Q.12.Name the chemical used for inducing polyploidy.
Q.13.Name the scientist who proposed famous one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
Q.14.Name the chemical used in protoplast fusion.
Q.15.Who first studied cytoplasmic inheritance?
Q.16.Who coined the term mutation?
Q.17 On which basis linkage maps are constructed?
Q.18.What are the units of crossing over maps?
Q.19.Puffs and Balbiani rings are found in which chromosomes?
Q.20.What type of sex chromosomes are found in Drosophila?
Q.21.Who proposed the chromosomal theory of linkage?
Q.22.Sex linked traits are inherited through which chromosomes?
Q.23.Crossing over takes place inat how many strand stage?
Q.24.wwwho is known as the father of human genetics?
Q.25.What is a bacteriophage?
Q.26.What are exons?
Q.27.Who performed the experiment which showed that DNA is the genetic
material in bacteriophages?
Q.28.Name the enzyme that catalysesreplication of DNA and formation of RNA.
Q.29.Expand tRNA.
Q.30.In what direction are the Okazaki segments synthesized?
Q.31.Which codons code for phenylalanine?
Q.32.Out of 64, how many codons code for amino acids?
Q.33.Which are the start signals or initiation codons?
Q.34.What is a codon?
Q.35.What is an anticodon?
Q.36.Which are the three non-sense codons?
Q.37.What function a tRNA plays?
Q.38.What is the site of protein synthesis?
Q.39.Which RNA carries information about the sequence of amino acids in the
polypeptides?
Q.40.Who proposed the term Inborn Errors of Metabolism?
Q.41.Name the hypothesis proposed by Beadle and Tatum.
Q.42.Reversal of central dogma was proposed by whom?
Q.43.Name two sites of ribosomes for the attachment of two tRNAs.
Q.44.What is the base sequence of carrier end of tRNA molecule?
Q.45.Which RNA is in maximum amount in a cell?
Q.46.Bacterial mRNA carrying information for many polypeptides is
called……………..
Q.47.How many amino acids take part in protein synthesis?
Q.48.Name the enzyme needed for unwinding of DNA molecule during replication.
Q.49.Name the enzyme needed for cutting and resealing of DNA fragments
Q.50.Name the four nitrogenous bases and nucleoides.
Q.51.If the sequence of coding strand of DNA is 5’-ATGC ATGC ATGC ATGC
ATGC-3’. What will be the base sequence of mRNA ?
Q.52.If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is as follows,what will be the
sequence of its complementary strand in 5’-3’ direction ?
5’-ATGC ATGC ATGC ATGC ATGC-3’.
Q.52.If a double stranded DNA has 20% cytosine , what will be the percentage of
adenine in it?
Q.53.What is the distance maintained between the two consecutive paired bases in
the DNA molecule?
Q.54.What is transduction?
Q.55.Define lysogeny.
Q.56.Define a cistron.
Q.57.What acts as an inducer in lac – operon.
Q.58.What is bacterial conjugation?
Q.59.What is the role of tryptophan when present in excess?
Q.60.Which type of viruses cause cancer.
Q.61.What is the name of enzyme that cuts DNA into sticky –end segments?
Q.62.Who proposed the operon model?
Q.63.What is central dogma?
Q.64.Name the modes of genetic recombinations in bacteria.
Q.65.What are the modes of reproduction of double stranded DNA viruses?
Q.66.What is an episome?
Q.67.Which viruses are capable of causing reverse transcription?
Q.68.Who proposed one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis?
Q.69.Who discovered the first cancer causing virus?
Q.70.Give two terms used to describe the base triplets on the RNA molecules.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe two situations in which independent assortment of genes results in
50% recombination.
Q.2.Certain genes in eukaryotic cells are not located in the nucleus. Name such
genes and mention two characteristics about them.
Q.3.What are chromosomal mutations?How can they be induced?
Q.4.What do you mean by cytoplasmic genes? Where are they present? Who
discovered them first?
Q.5.What is linkage? In what way is linkage in opposition to Mendel’s law of
independent assortment?
Q.6.What is crossing over? How is it recognized cytologically?
Q.7.What is gene mutation?How does it occur?
Q.8.How does banding pattern help in studyinghuman chromosomes?
Q.9.Why is a karyotype done at metaphase stage?
Q.10.How has karyotype analysis helped in solving some of the human genetic
disorders?
Q.11.What is a map unit?How is it determined?
Q.12.Why is Drosophila suitable for genetic studies?
Q.13.The human male does not pass on the gene for haemophilia to his son. Why is
it so?
Q.14.List the various types of sex chromosomes in different organisms.
Q.15.Explain briefly the concept of reverse transcription.
Q.16.What are retro-viruses?How can they modify the central dogma in molecular
biology?
Q.17.Explain briefly (a) Frame shift mutation (b) Wobble position
Q.18.An mRNA strand has series of codons out of which three are (a) AUG (b)
UUU and (c) UAG . On the given condition answer the following questions;
(A) What will these codons be translated into ?
(B) What are the DNA codonsthat would have transcribed these RNA codons?
Q.19.A tRNA is charged with the amino acid phenylalanine;
(a) At what end of tRNA is it attached?
(b) What is the mRNA codonfor phenylalanine?
(c)What is its anticodon?
(d) Name the enzyme responsible for this attachment.
Q.20.How is the synthesis of a polypeptide chain terminated?What is the role of
GTP in this process?
Q.21.What is a peptide bond? How is it firmed?
Q.22.What is the purpose of proof-reading in DNA replication?
Q.23.Which molecule bears codon? and which bears anticodon?
Q.24.Whar changes take place during processing of RNA?
Q.25.List the types of nucleic acid polymerases on the basis of chemical nature of
template (DNA or RNA) and the nature of nucleic acid synthesized from it ( DNA or
RNA ).
Q.26.Enlist two essential roles of ribosomes during translation.
Q.27.In the medium where Escherichia coli were growing, lactose was added, which
induced the lac-operon.But why does lac-operon shut down after sometime of
addition of lactose?
Q.28.List two essential roles of ribosomes during translation.
Q.29.What is meant by gene expression?
Q.30.What is specialized transduction?Define an operon.
Q.31.Name the different genes that are the components of an operon.
Q.32.How is a complementary DNA produced from RNA ?
Q.33.Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasites. Discuss.
Q.34.How does the excess of tryptophan cause switching off the tryptophan operon?
Q.35.What is the inducer in a lac-operon?How does it ensure the switching on of
genes?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What would be the kind of children born to a normal father and carrier mother
for the trait haemophilia? Show it with the help of a Punnet square.
Q.2.With the help of diagrams ,derive phenotypes and genotypes of the progeny
between colour blind carrier woman and a normal man.
Q.3.A man suffering from haemophilia marries a carrier woman. Work out the
chances of their progeny suffering from the disease.
Q.4.In humans, genetically the sex of the child is detrmined by the father and not
the mother. Explain with the help of a cross.
Q.5.Describe the methods by which parental genes may form the new combinations.
Q.6.Explain how an XXY individual can arise in humans.
Q.7.Explain the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Q.8.Explain the parallelism between chromosomal behavior and Mendelian factors.
Q.9.Describe in brief the structure of a bacterial chromosome.
Q.10.Explain the structure of a viral chromosome.
Q.11.Explain in brief the structure of a metaphase chromosome.
Q.12.Explain the types of gene mutations molecular mutations in brief.
Q.13.Aman who is a PTC taster has a non-taster wife. They have a taster son and
two non-taster daughters. Give the phenotypes of parents and children on a
pedigree tree.
Q.14.What is aneuploidy; give the main reason of its origin. Give two examples of
aneuploidy?
Q.15.Give the significance of linkage and crossing over in genetic studies.
Q.16.Describe the process of DNA replication.
Q.17.Describe the structure of DNA molecule.
Q.18.Who proposed that DNA replication is semi conservative?Who proved it
experimentally?Describe the experiment.
Q.19.A hypothetical mRNA AUG CGC CUA UAG AGG codes for five amino acids.
What will happen if you delete the first C ?Will the five amino acids still be coded
for? Give reasons.
Q.20.Write full names of the different types of RNA . How each one is involved in
protein synthesis?
Q.21.How did Hershey and Chase prove that the DNA is the genetic material?
Q.22.DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase differ in their requirements while
functioning. Explain.
Q.23.Explain the steps involved in the elongation of polypeptide chain during
orotein synthesis.
Q.24.What are the main essential requirement of the genetic material?
Q.25.Give a brief account of the structure of a tRNA molecule.
Q.26.Give three characteristic features of the genetic codes.
Q.27.Explain in one or two lines the functions of (a) promoter (b) tRNA (c) exons
Q.28.Give three differences between mRNA and tRNA.
Q.29.Why is the DNa molecule compared to a spiral staircase?Which three
components make a nucleotide?
Q.30.Differentiate between Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation.
Q.31.What are exons and introns? What process ensures a linear arrangement of
amino acids although genes are discontinuous?
Q.32.How does transduction help in transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to
another?
Q.33.Give a brief account of conjugation in bacteria.
Q.34.What is repression? Explain a repressible system of gene regulation with the
help of suitable diagrams?
Q.35.Show by a well labeled diagram the schematic representation of the switched
on position of lac-operon in Escherichia coli.
Q.36.In Escherichia coli three enzymes began to be produced as soon as lactose was
added.Explain why the enzymes were not forming in the absence of lactose?
Q.37.Differentiate between lysogenic and lytic phases in the life cycle of a virus.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.How do chromosomal abnormalities due to change in chromosomal number
arise?Give three examples of the occurrence of such abnormalities in humans.
Q.2.Give an account of plasmids.What is their importance in genetic studies.
Q.3.Describe the physical structure and chemical compositionof a metaphasic
eukaryotic chromosome.
Q.4.Give an account of chromosomal mutations that produce genetic variations.
Q.5.What are mutagens? List the important physical and chemical mutagens.
Q.6.What is crossing over? Discuss its mechanism giving its significance.
Q.7.What is a karyotype? Explain the human karyotype How karyotype studies are
helpful in detecting genetic disorders?
Q.8.What are polytene chromosomes?Explain their structure and functions.
Q.9.Give an account of prochromosome.What is the utility of plasmids?
Q.10.How would you correlate the behaviour of chromosomes at meiosis to
(a) segregation of an allele pair ?
(b) independent assortment of two genes ?
Q.11.How is sex determined in humans?Explain with the help of suitable crosses.
Q.12.Explain briefly the steps involved in the process of protein synthesis.
Q.13.What is meant by semi-conservative mode of DNA replication ? How was it
experimentally proved that DNA replication is senmi-conservative ?
Q.14.Who proposed one gene one enzyme hypothesis?What is the experimental
evidence to prove it ? Why has it been changed to one gene one polypeptide
hypothesis?
Q.15.Describe with the help of a diagram the continuous and discontinuous
synthesis of DNA .
Q.16.Define bacterial transformation.Who demonstrated it experimentally and
how?
Q.17.Citing suitable examples discuss the effects of mutations on structures and
functions of proteins.
Q.18.Explain the Watson and Crick model of DNA
Q.19.What are the three types of RNA molecule ?How is each related to the concept
of information flow?
Q.20.Differntiate between
(a) Replication and Transcription
(d) DNA and RNA
(b) Translation and Translocation
(e) Exons and Introns
(c) Nucleotide and Nucleoside
Q.21.Give the exception to the general rule that DNA is the genetic material in all
organisms. Give evidences that support these exceptions.
Q.22.Give an account of human genome project.
Q.23.What do you mean by DNA finger printing?Give an account of southern
blotting technique of it.
Q.24.Describe an inducible operon and differentiate it with a repressible operon.
Q.25.Give an account of molecular basis of differentiation and development.
Q.26.Explain the mechanisms of induction and repression related to gene
regulation.
Q.27.Give an account of regulation of gene action in eukaryotes.
Q.28.What is ageing?What are its causes ? Explain.
Q.29.What does lac-operon consist of ?How is the operator switch turned on and off
in the expression of genes in this operon?
Q.30.Is Hfr cell the recipient or donor in a bacterial cell? What is the genetic basis
for its role in this process?What prevents the transfer of the entire genome?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON-7
EVOLUTION OF LIFE
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 2 Marks ( with alternative)
 2 Questions – 3 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Is life still originating?
Q.2.Name the scientists who experimentally confirmed the Oparin-Haldane theory
of the origin of life.
Q.3.Name the stage that followed coacervates in the origin of life.
Q.4.Where did life appear first?
Q.5.When did life appear on earth?
Q.6.What are coacervates?
Q.7.How created coacervates in the laboratory?
Q.8.What is the most important condition for the origin of life?
Q.9.Who disproved the spontaneous generation theory of origin of life?
Q.10.Name the three forms of carbon which existed on protoplanet at 5000-6000 0C
temperature.
Q.1.What is the basis of Lamarck’s theory of evolution?
Q.2.Mutation theory of evolution was proposed by whom?
Q.3.What is a deme?
Q.4.who used first time the phrase “Survival of the fittest”?
Q.5.Lederbergs’ replica plating experiment supports which theory?
Q.6.What causes siclle cell anaemia?
Q.7.What is polyploidy?
Q.8.What are three key factors of modern concept of evolution?
Q.9.Who proposed the theory of natural selection?
Q.10.Cite two examples of natural mutations favouring mutation theory of
evolution.
Q.11.Who gave experimental proof against the inheritance of acquired characters?
Q.12.Name the man- made cereal crop produced through hybridization.
Q.13.What do you mean by the term ‘living fossil’ ?
Q.14.What are the three main sources of genetic variations?
Q.15.Name the ship on which Darwin traveled round the world.
Q.16.Wallace studied the flora and fauna of which area?
Q.17.Define the recapitulation theory in three words.
Q.18.Which period is called the age of fishes?
Q.19.Name the single land mass from which different continents have been
originated.
Q.20.Define organic evolution according to Darwin.
Q.21.Define palaeontology.
Q.22.Name a living fossil.
Q.23.Name three kinds of rocks.
Q.24.Which period is called the ‘Age of Reptiles’?
Q.25.Mention one temporary embryonic structure of no use.
Q.26.Name the technique used to know the age of fossils.
Q.27.Who is called the father of palaeontology?
Q.28.Which fossils are termed casts?
Q.29.Name the first fossil of horse.
Q.30.Give two examples of connecting links.
Q.31.Name any one fossil forest of India.
Q.32.Mention two examples of analogous organs in plants.
Q.33.Name any reptile fossil.
Q.34.How many principal geological time spans are there in geological time-scale.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Explain the term Biogenesis.
Q.2.What are coacervates? How are they formed?
Q.3.How was the protective ozone layer produced?
Q.4.In what ways the coacervates were inferior to eobionts?
Q.5.How did the original reducing atmosphere of primitive earth change?
Q.6.Who was Oparin?
Q.7.List the important achievements of artificial selection.
Q.8.What is the role of isolation in evolution?
Q.9.What is the significance of Lederbergs’ experiment?
Q.10.Discuss the role of variations in evolution.
Q.11.Write a short note on hybrid sterility.
Q.12.Make an attempt to give a clear definition of the term species.
Q.13.Give the main points of Darwinism.
Q.14.Why the abnormal allele for sickle cell anaemia has not been eliminated by
natural selection?
Q.15.Write on ‘reproductive isolation’.
Q.16.What does molecular homology mean?
Q.17.Taking any one example from human body explain what is meant by vestigial
organ.
Q.18.What are vestigial organs?Name four such organs found in man.
Q.19.Discuss biogenetic law.
Q.20.How are fossils formed?
Q.21.Consider a thorn of Bougainvillea and a tendril of cucurbita. Are these two
organs homologous or analogous?Give reasons.
Q.22.How do vestigial organs serve as an evidence of organic evolution.
Q.23.What term do you use for evolutionary history of an organism?List in
sequence the four well recognized fossil stages in the evolutionary history of horse.
Q.24.Why does a tadpole of a frog resemble a fish?
Q.25.Elucidate the Baer’s law and its significance.
Q.26.What is the significance of Archaeopteryx in organic evolution?
Q.27.Which is the most reliable evidence for evolution and why?
Q.28.Define the following;
(a) Fossil parks
(b) Biogeography
Q.29.Explain the meaning of ‘ontogeny repeats phylogeny’.
Q.30.Name the different media in which fossils can be formed.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.’Life originated in the sea water’. Support this statement.
Q.2.Why are scientists searching for existence of life on other plants? Explain.
Q.3.Name the different theories put forward for the origin of life.
Q.4.Roopa and Surjit Singh had heated arguments whether or not life is still
originating on earth today. As a student of Biology what would be your view ?
Q.5.Describe the process of the origin of first cells from coacervates.
Q.6.Explain the origin of long necked Giraffe in the light of Lamarckism.
Q.7.What are the main postulates of Neo-Lamarckism?Explain in brief.
Q.8.Discuss the main factors of Darwinism.
Q.9.Explain in brief the sources of variation according to modern concept of
evolution.
Q.10.What is reproductive isolation?Define its various types.
Q.11.With the help of an example,write how hybridization and polyploidy help in
instant speciation?
Q.12.How did Lederberg’s experiment show the basis of adaptation?
Q.13.Briefly summarize the mutation theory of evolution.
Q.14.how is artificial selection different from natural selection?
Q.15.It is expected that selection pressure should have eliminated the gene for sickle
cell anaemia.How would you account for its continuance in human population?
Q.16.A group of pesticide sprayers was worried about their profession when all the
mosquitoes got exterminated.How can you explain that such an anxiety was based
on their ignorance?
Q.17.define and differentiate between allopatric parapatric and sympatric
speciation.
Q.18.What is geographical isolation?How does it help in speciation?
Q.19.Define genetic drift.How does it produce founder effect and genetic
bottleneck?
Q.20.Define homologous and analogous organs with one example each.
Q.21.Name any four organs homologous to human hand. Why are they considered
homologous ?
Q.22.What is meant by biogeography ?Explain how biogeographical evidence
throws light on organic evolution giving a suitable example.
Q.23.What are connecting links ? Cite any four examples.
Q.24.Differentiate between ;
(a) Connecting links and Missing links
(b) Vestigial organs and Atavistic organs
(c) Homologous organs and Analogous organs
Q.25. How will you account for the following?
(a) Some animals have non-functional organs.
(b) Forlimbs of all vertebrates are basically similar.
Q.26.Explain with suitable examples from the field of biochemistry to support your
view on organic evolution.
Q.27.Define biogeography. What is the variation found in the flora and fauna in
different biogeographical regions of the present day ?As per biogeographic map of
the world how many major biogeographical realms are recognized ?
Q.28.Whatis meant by analogous organs ? Taking a suitable example explain how
they support the theory of organic evolution.
Q.29.Explain convergent evolution with the help of a suitable example.
Q.30.Discuss the significance of palaeontological evidences in the study of organic
evolution.
Q.31.”Birds are glorified reptiles”. Explain it , taking the example of
Archaeopteryx.
Q.32.What are biogeographic realms ?What was unique about the Galapagos
islands which helped Darwin to arrive at significant concepts regarding evolution ?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Write a short essay on the origin of life.
Q.2.Describe the Miller and Urey’s experiment on the origin of life. What is the
significance of their findings?
Q.3.Explain the comical evolution upto the formation of coacervates.
Q.4.Describe the Oparin’s contribution to the origin of life on earth.
Q.5.Name the two major events of the history of life. Briefly state the major theories
of origin of life. Which one of them has scientific basis?
Q.6.What is cosmology? Name the major theories of origin of the universe. Briefly
narrate the mostly accepted one.
Q.7.State the hypothesis of Oparin and Haldane about the primordial earth
condition. What did you understand by Haldane’s hot dilute soup? State its
significance.
Q.8.Summarize Miller’s simulation experiment for organic synthesis. Comment on
its efficiency.
Q.9.What is “protobiont”? Name the various types of protobionts conceived by
different scientists. Mention their characteristics and drawbacks.
Q.10.Write an essay on evolution of man.
Q.11.Discuss and describe the inheritance of acquired characters citing suitable
examples.
Q.12.What is Lamarckism? Discuss its drawbacks.
Q.13.What is the modern concept of evolution?Discuss it in the light of sources of
variations.
Q.14.Describe the replica plating experiment of Lederbergs.What interpretation can
we make from its results on the basis of Darwinism?
Q.15.What do you mean by ‘industrial melanism’?Explain it in the light of natural
selection.
Q.16.What is reproductive isolation?Explain various types of pre-zygotic and postzygotic isolation mechanisms.
Q.17.Enumerate Lamarck’s propositions about evolution.Describe the examples
given by Lamarck in support of the theory of use and disuse.
Q.18.Mention the salient features of De Vries theory of mutation. Comment on the
generalization made by him on evolution.
Q.19.Distinguish between micro-evolution and macro-evolution.Narrate the
significance of population genetics in evolution.
Q.20.What is variation ?Name the basic processes that cause variationamong
organisms.Discuss the role of migration in evolution.
Q.21.What is natural selection in modern terms?Elucidate the three different effects
of natural selection on variation.
Q.22.Define the terms; (a) Gene flow (b) Hybrid sterility (c) Balancing selection
(d) Evolutionary species concept (e) Biological species concep
Q.23.Describe the anatomical evidences in support of organic evolution.
Q.24.Explain the ancestory of horse in support of organic evolution.
Q.25.What is a fossil ? Discuss the implications of fossils in evolution.
Q.26.Explain morphological and anatomical evidences of evolution.
Q.27.Explain embryological and palaeontological evidences in support of organic
evolution.
Q.28.”Mammals and birds have been evolved from reptiles”.In what ways the
comparative study of embryology establish the validity of this statement ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
UNIT-III
BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE ( 12 Marks)
LESSON-8
HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 2 Questions – 3 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give the full form of AIDS.
Q.2.What are the targets of an effector cytotoxic T-cells ?
Q.3.Expand ELISA.
Q.4.What is a carrier ?
Q.5.What do you mean by incubation period ?
Q.6.What is contamination ?
Q.7.What is infective dose ?
Q.8.Write the full form of NACO .
Q.9.Name the pathogen responsible for typhoid.
Q.10.Which organism acts as a vector for malarial parasite ?
Q.11.Which species of Plasmomdium is most dangerous and proved fatal ?
Q.12.Name the common infectious disease caused by Microsporum.
Q.13.Name the bacterium that causes pneumonia.
Q.14.Which test is commonly performed to confirm typhoid?
Q.15.Which disease is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histilytica ?
Q.16.Give the full form of AIDS?
Q.17.Which chemical substances present in the body work as allergy mediators?
Q.18.What is the chemical nature of interferons?
Q.19.Name five barriers to pathogens present at the body surfaces.
Q.20.From which cells the macrophages are derived?
Q.21.Which immunoglobulin increases antimicrobial activity in mucous coated
surfaces of some organ systems?
Q.22.What is the chemical nature of the antigens?
Q.23.What are the targets of an effector cytotoxic T cells?
Q.24.On which cells the development of secondary immune response depends?
Q.25.Name the molecules the lymphocytes recognize as foreign and elicit as immune
response.
Q.26.Name the lymphocytes that activate B cells and T cells.
Q.27.Name any one method by which acquired immunity can be gained.
Q.28.Name any one primary lymphoid organ.
Q.29.Name any two secondary lymphoid organs.
Q.30.Name the type of cells that produce antibodies.
Q.31.What is another name given to wandering macrophages?
Q.32.A 30 year old man with a history of no prior immunization steps on a nail
while walking barefoot in his courtyard and bleeds. Which immunization should be
undergo?
Q.33.Expand the following to its full form:
(a) MALT
(b) CTL
(c) NK cells
(d) NACO
(e) GALT
(f) CMI
Q.34.Name a carcinogenic chemical found in tobacco.
Q.35.What are psychedelic drugs ?
Q.36.Name a synthetic stimulant.
Q.3.Name the addiction-causing component of tobacco.
Q.38.What is the source of cocaine ?
Q.39.Mention any two types of mental illness.
Q.40.Give any two examples of opiate narcotics.
Q.41.What are stimulants ?
Q.42.What are narcotics ?
Q.44.Expand THC.
Q.45.Write down the short form of lysergic acid diethylamide.
Q.46.Mention any two measures for prevention and control of alcohol and drug
abuse among adolescents.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency
virus takes place ?
Q.2.Name three fungal genera that cause ringworms.
Q.3.What is the definition of health as given by WHO ?
Q.4.How do infection and contamination differ ?
Q.5.Define a disease,
Q.6.Mention the symptoms of filariasis.
Q.7.Differentiate between benign and malignant tumour.
Q.8.Enlist the preventive measures to control the infectious disease.
Q.9.What is the role of each of the following in body defence ?
(a) Pyrogens (b) Lysosomes (c) Helper T-cells (d) Suppressor T-cells
Q.10.Define the following terms;
(a) Allergy
(b) Serum
(c) Antibodies
(d) Antihistamine
Q.11.What is clonal selection ?
Q.12.Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
Q.13.Draw a well labeled diagram of an antibody molecule.
Q.14.What are immunoglobulins ?
Q.15.Why does a cut in skin become red , swollen and painful ?
Q.16.What is erythroblastosis foetalis / Haemolytic Disease of New-born(HDN) ?
Q.17.What are allergens ?
Q.18.What are interferons ? How are the formed ?
Q.19.What is opsonization ?
Q.20.What is touch kill mechanism ?
Q.21.What is the function of IgA in the body ?
Q.22.What is the role of Histamine in inflammatory responses ?
Q.23.Why is it unusual to get the same infectious disease more than once ?
Q.24.Explain the effects of alcohol on the liver.
Q.25.Alcohol is not a food.Comment on this statement.
Q.26.Driving and alcohol cannot go together. Elaborate the statement.
Q.27.What is the source of LSD ? What harm does it cause ?
Q.28.How does heredity influence mental health ?
Q.29.Write a short note on cirrhosis.
Q.30.What are psychoactive drugs ?
Q.31.What is “withdrawal syndrome” ?
Q.32.Chewing tobacco is injurious to health Comment on this statement.
Q.33.How does neurosis differ from psychosis ?
Q.34.Write a short note on schizophrenia.
Q.35.Which drug is obtained from Cannabis indica plant ?What is its effect on the
body ?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.How does transmission of the following diseases take place ?
(a) Ascariasis (b) Pneumonia (c) Malaria
Q.2.Describe the symptoms of amoebiasis and filariasis.
Q.3.What measures would you take to prevent the water borne diseases?
Q.4.How do endotoxins and exotoxins differ ?
Q.5.Differentiate between the normal cells and the cancerous cells.
Q.6.In which way ,the study of biology has helped us to control infectious diseases ?
Q.7.Describe important causes of cancer.
Q.8.Suggest any six public health measures as safeguard against the infectious
diseases.
Q.9.Explain what is meant by metastasis.
Q.10.Why is it generally difficult to translate organs from person to another? How
is this difficulty now overcome?
Q.11.What are attenuated vaccines? Why are they more effective than killed
vaccines?
Q.12.What are NK cells? How are they helpful in immunity system?
Q.13.An Rh-negative mother has safely delivered her first Rh-positive child. Discuss
the problems that can arise as a result of it and can affect a subsequent pregnancy.
Q.14.Define the following”
(a) Innate immunity (b) Clonal selection
(c) Acquired immunity
(d) Immunology
(e) Haematopoiesis
(f) Antigen
Q.15.Name and explain the type of barriers of innate immune system which involves
histamine and prostaglandins.
Q.16.A person injured in a road accident and requiring urgent immune response
was brought to a doctor.Answer the following questions:
(a) What did the doctor immediately do?
(b) What kind of an immunity was he providing to the patient?
(c) Define this kind of immunity.
Q.17.Why is it very difficult to tranplnt tissues and organs successfully ?
Q.18.Briefly explain the function of the following with reference to immunity;
(a) HLA protein (b) Complement protein (c) Mucous membranes
Q.19.What are lymphoid organs ?What is their importace in immune response ?
Q.20.Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
Q.21.List six symptoms of mental illness.
Q.22.Name the type and give the effects of the following drugs on human body;
(a) Morphine (b) L.S.D. (C) Barbiturates
Q.23.List the common “withdrawal symptoms” of drugs.
Q.24.What is addiction ?Give the harmful effects of tobacco smoking.
Q.25.Why do some addicts use combination of drugs ? How is it harmful ?
Q.26.How do the apathy and sympathy of the community affect the mental health of
its members ?
Q.27.Mention three symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (B P D ).
Q.28.As an individual how would you participate in the community health
programme ?
Q.29.What are opiates ? Give their functions.
Q.30.What kinds of damages to the brain can lead to the mental illness ?
Q.31.Why do people take to drinking alcohol ?
Q.32.Write down six precautions in using drugs.
Q.33.Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs ? If yes , how
may one protect himself from such an influence ?
Q.34.Oncf a person starts taking alcohol/drugs , it is difficult to get rid of this habit
Why is it so ?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Describe the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune
system of the infected person.
Q.2.Name the parasite that causes malaria in man. How is malarial parasite
transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.
Q.3.Write about the causes, symptoms, and treatment of cancer.
Q.4.Write a short note on common cold.
Q.5.What does AIDS stand for? How is this disease transmitted? Suggest two
methods for its prevention. List any three high-risk groups of people.
Q.6.How does HIV cause the AIDS disease?
Q.7.Explain the phenomenon of adaptive immunity with special reference to its
properties ,activation ,clonal selection and its role in vaccination.
Q.8.State the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule. Name different classes of
human immunoglobulins. Which of them is most abundant in human body ?
Q.9.Give five differences between B-cells and T-cells.
Q.10.What is autoimmunity ?Describe some autoimmune diseases in human beings.
Q.11.How are mental disorders generally treated ?
Q.12.Discuss the effects of alcohol on liver and nervous system.
Q.13.Describe different types of psychotropic drugs.
Q.14.Briefly explain five common problems of adolescents.
Q.15.Write three characters of mental disorders. Explain seven steps by which
mental disorders can be prevented.
Q.16.In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohollor drugs and how
can this be avoided ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON-9 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN
FOOD PRODUCTION
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is livestock ?
Q.2.Define animal husbandry.
Q.3.What is dairying ?
Q.4.Define breed.
Q.5.Expand MOET.
Q.6.Name two common edible fresh water fishes.
Q.7.Name any two aquatic animal food items other than fish.
Q.8.Define interspecific hybridization.
Q.9.Define inbreeding depression.
Q.10.Name the major food nutrients provided by fish.
Q.11.hat are the two methods of breeding cattle ?
Q.12.Mention any two exotic breeds of cow.
Q.13.Name the most recent Indian breed of fowl which excels all other native fowls
as a broiler.
Q.14.Name the commodities with which the following are concerned;
(a) silver revolution
(b) operation flood
Q.15.Name any two high yielding varieties of poultry.
Q.16.Name two diseases of poultry birds and the organisms which cause them.
Q.17.Name two high yielding varieties each of cattle and buffaloes.
Q.18.Name any four types of food materials we obtain from animals.
Q.19.Animal food is generally rich in ……………….( fill in the blank )
Q.20.Define a drone.
Q.21.The swelling on the body and neck , and reduction in milk production in cattle
are the symptoms of the disease……………( fill in the blank )
Q.22.Define hybridization.
Q.23.What is emasculation?
Q.24.What is heterosis?
Q.25.Which is the latest method of crop improvement?
Q.26.Define germplasm.
Q.27.Define genome.
Q.28.How does colchicines induce polyploidy?
Q.29.Define a pathogen.
Q.30.What do you mean by disease resistance?
Q.31.What is an improved variety?
Q.32.What is explant?
Q.33.Define surface sterilization.
Q.34.What is the full form of 2,4-D?
Q.35.For what stands BAP?
Q.36.What is the ambient temperature for tissue culture?
Q.37.What is a callus?
Q.38.What is suspension culture?
Q.39.Define sub culturing.
Q.40.Define totipotency.
Q.41.What is regeneration?
Q.42.What is a clone?
Q.43.What is a transgene?
Q.44.What is somaclonal variation?
Q.45.What is a transgenic plant?
Q.46.Define protoplast technology.
Q.47.What are endrogenic haploids?
Q.48.What is an SCP?
Q.49.What is polyethylene glycol used for in somatic hybridization?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is artificial insemination ? Mention its two advantages in breeding of
dairy animals.
Q.2.What is the role of the livestock in the agricultural economy of India ?
Q.3.In what essential ways is poultry farming advantageous over raising cows or
buffaloes ?
Q4.How is cross-breeding useful in cattle ?
Q.5.Write the advantages of bee-keeping.
Q.6.Write four characteristics of a good animal shelter.
Q.7.Differentiate between inbreeding and out-breeding.
Q.8.Differentiate between pisciculture and aquaculture.
Q.9.What is selection ? Name two methods of selection.
Q.10.What is heterosis ? What role has it played in crop productivity ?
Q.11.What do you mean by polyploidy ?What is its role in crop improvement ?
Q.12.How do induced mutations help in crop improvement ?
Q.13.What are haploids ?How are they useful in plant breeding ?
Q.14.What is the role of selection in crop improvement ?
Q.15.What is the role of growth regulators in tissue culture ?
Q.16.What are the main constituents of a standard medium ?
Q.17.What is the source of explant in a meristem culture ?Mention one function of
cytokinins used in the meristem culture medium.
Q.18.What is emasculation ?Explain its importance in hybridization.
Q.19.Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus-free plants and why ?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Define animal husbandry and write its two advantages.
Q.2.Write important steps for successful bee-keeping.
Q.3.Explain MOET and its utility.
Q.4.What is meant by the term breed? What are the objectives of animal breeding?
Q.5.Name the methods employed in animal breeding According to you which of the
methods is the best ? Why ?
Q.6.If your family owned a dairy farm, what measures would you undertaketo
improve the quality and quantity of milk production ?
Q.7.Buffalo is a better dairy animal than a cow.Justify the statement.
Q.8.What is the difference between roughage and concentrates in cattle feed ?Name
one source of each for dairy animals.
Q.9.Citing suitable examples explain the process of interspecific hybridization.
Q.10.What is hybridization ?Explain its main steps.
Q.11.What is plant breeding ? Write any two objectives of plant breeding.
Q.12.Give any three major advantages of tissue culture in crop improvement.
Q.13.How does somatic embryo regeneration take place ?
Q.14.Write a short note on anther culture.
Q.15.What is somatic hybridization ?Give its applications in crop improvement.
Q.16.What is transgenic crop ?Which plant is used to produce blood-coagulant
protein?What is this protein called ?
Q.17.Plantlets produced in the laboratory need to be hardened before transforming
in the field. Explain why they need to be hardened and how is it carried out ?
Q.18.Discuss the role of plant breeding in enhancing plant production.
Q.19.Differentiate between inbreeding and heterosis.What is inbreeding depression?
Q.20.Describe plant tissue culture.
Q.21.What is allopolyploidy ?Name an allopolyploid that has succeeded as a crop
How does colchicines induce polyploidy ?
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Discuss the significance of the technique of embryo transfer and the
achievements made through this technique in livestock. What propects does it have
in future ?
Q.2.What is apiculture ?How is it useful in our lives ?
Q.3.Discuss the role of fisheryin enhancement of food production.
Q.4.Explain the meaning and the basis of heterosisand inbreeding depression.
Discuss their importance for increased food production.
Q.5.What steps should be taken to improve the production of food from animal
sources in our country ?
Q.6.Write a note on the shelter and feeding management for cattle.
Q.7.Give a brief account of poultry farm management.
Q.8.Write a short note on ‘Disease control in plants’.
Q.9.Briefly describe the various steps involved in the development of improved
varieties of crops.
Q.10.Define plant tissue culture.Give an account of callus and suspension culture.
Q.11.Explain the process of regeneration of plantlets and somatic embryo in tissue
culture.
Q.12.Write a short mote on totipotency.
Q.13.Briefly describe various steps involved in plant breeding.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON-10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
CBSE Weightage:
 2 Questions – 1 Mark
 1 Questions – 3 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Name the sources of biofertilizers ?
Q.2.What are pheromones ?
Q.3.What do you mean by IPM (Integrated Pest Management).
Q.4.What are biofertilizers ?
Q.5.Define biopesticides.
Q.6.What are natural insecticides ?
Q.7.Define bioherbicides.
Q.8.Expand VAM.
Q.9.What is mycorhhiza ?
Q.10.Name any two legumes used as green manure.
Q.11.Name two symbiotic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Q.12.Name any three free living nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Q.13.Name the insecticide obtained from the neem extract.
Q.14.Which insecticide is obtained from roots of Derris ?
Q.15.Pyrethrum a natural insecticide is obtained from which plant ?
Q.16.Name the water fern used as a bio-fertilizer.
Q.17.Name the bacterium showing loose association with the roots of maize for
nitrogen fixation.
Q.18.Name the Nitrogen fixing bacterium showing symbiotic association with the
roots of non-legumes.
Q.19.Name two mycoherbicides available in the market.
Q.20.Name a Nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria.
Q.21.Name any one species of fungus, which is used in the production of antibiotic
penicillin.
Q.22.Give the full term of LAB.
Q.23.Which fungus produces cyclosporine A?
Q.24.Name one bacterium which produces biogas from cattle-dung.
Q.25.Namw the first organic acid produced by microbial fermentation.
Q.26.Name the blue green algae used as human food.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What are antibiotics ? What is their importance in human welfare ?
Q.2.How is curd made by bacteria ?
Q.3.What is fibrinolysis ?
Q.4.Name some traditional Indian foods which are made by using the microbes.
Q.5.What is sewage ?in which way this is harmful to us ?
Q.6.What are fermenters ? How are they used ?
Q.7.What is B.O.D. ?
Q.8.What is ectomycorrhiza ?Mention its importance to plants.
Q.9.Afarmer adds Azotobacter culture to the soil before sowing maize in it. How
does it increase the yield ?
Q.10.How is farmyard manure different from composited manure?
Q.11.What is the biological significance of Azolla pinnata in agriculture ?
Q.12.Why are biofertilizers / biopesticides preferred to chemical fertilizers /
pesticides ?
Q.13.What are biofertilizers ? What are the advantages of using them ?
Q.14.Give two examples each ofof the following:
(a) Green manures (b) Naturally occurring pesticides
(c)Bioinsecticides
(d) Pesticides of microbial origin
Q.15.Name the water fern thatis an excellent biofertilizer for the rice
cultivation.What helps the fern to do so ?
Q.16.”Legumes fertilize the soil,but cereals do not do so”. Why ?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Draw a schematic diagram of a sewage ttreatment plant (S.T.P.)
Q.2.How is lactic acid madewith the help of bacteria?What is its economic
importance ?
Q.3.Differentiate between the ‘Swiss cheese’ and ‘Roquefort cheese’ .
Q.4.What do you mean by ‘Ganga Action Plan’and ‘Yamuna Action Plan’ ?
Q.5.Highlight the steps a farmer should follow to apply green manure to
crops.Pinpoint the most important advantage of using green manure.
Q.6.A farmer has been advised to sow soyabean seeds inoculated with a bacterial
culture. Name the bacterium in the culture.How is this bacterium useful to this crop
?
Q.7.Explain the basis of biological control of weeds.
Q.8.Differentiate between a green manure and a biofertilizer.
Q.9.Describe the importance of Mycorrhizae , Canobacteria and bacteria in
biofertilizers.
Q.10.What is biogas ? Give its composition.Why is biogas preferred to other
conventional fuels ?
Q.11.Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and
secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to
B.O.D. test. The samples were labeled A, B, and C; but the laboratory attendant did
not note which was which. The BOD values 0f the three samples were recorded as
20mg/L , 8mg/L and 400mg/Lrespectively. Which sample of the water is most
polluted ?How can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is
relatively clean ?
Q.12.Do you think microbes can also be used as source of energy ? If yes, how?
Q.13.From which microbes Cyclosporin-A (an immunosuppressive drug ) and
Statins ( blood cholesterol lowering agents ) are obtained ?
Q.14.In which food would you find Lactic Acid Bacteria ?Mention some of their
useful applications.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Discuss the concept of I.P.M. Also give examples.
Q.2.Explain the contribution of biopesticides and biofertilizersin sustainable
agriculture.
Q.3.Microbes can be used to lessen the burden of use of chemicals and
pesticides.Explain how can this be accomplished.
Q.4.What are mycorrhizae?Distinguish between the occurrence of two types of
mycorrhizae.How do they enrich the soil ?
Q.5.Describe in brief the Rhizobial biofertilizersand loose association of nitrogen
fixing bacteria.
Q.7.Describe: (a) Sterilization strategy and (b) Insect hormones in relation to
biological pest control.
Q.8.Describe : (a) Ecdysone (b) Pheromones (c) Juvenile hormones in biological
pest control.
Q.9.Discuss the biological methods of insect pest control.
Q.10.How are microbes useful in the production of different household products ?
Q,11.What is sewage ? Describe the different steps which are used before its
disposal into the natural water bodies.
Q.12.What is biogas ? How is it produced from the cattle dung ? Also sketch an
outline diagram of a biogas plant.
Q.13.Give five examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
Q.14.Arrange the following in the decreasing order ( most important first ) of their
importance ,for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer.
(a) Biogas , (b) Citric acid , (c)Penicillin and (d) curd
Q.15.Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Explain how can this be accomplished.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
UNIT-IV
BIOTECHNOLOGY (12 Marks)
LESSON-11 BIOTCHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND
PROCESSES
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 2 Questions – 2 Marks
 2 Questions – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Plasmid of which bacterium was used to construct first recombinant DNA?
Q.2.Who constructed the first recombinant DNA?
Q.3.What is a vector?
Q.4.Name the enzyme used in linking the DNA segments together.
Q.5.Name the organism from which first restriction enzyme was isolated.
Q.6.Who isolated and characterized the first restriction endonuclease?
Q.7.Name the bacterium from which restriction enzyme Hindi II was isolated?
Q.8.Which technique is commonly used to isolate DNA fragments?
Q.9.What is full form of EFB?
Q.10.What do you mean by Ori?
Q.11.Name a common vector used for cloning genes in plants.
Q.12.What do you mean by microinjection?
Q.13.For what stands PCR?
Q.14.Name the commonly used DNA polymerase in PCR.
Q.15.What is a disarmed vector?
Q.16.A plasmid and a DNA sequence in a cell need to be cut for producing
recombinant DNA. Name the enzyme which acts as molecular scissor to cut the
DNA segments.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.List the major tools of recombinant DNA technology.
Q.2.What are restriction enzymes? What is their function?
Q.3.Outline the naming conventions for restriction enzyme.
Q.4.What is palindromic DNA? Illustrate the answer with suitable example.
Q.5.What are cloning vectors?Give suitable examples.
Q.6.Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made ?
Q.7.Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases ?Justify your answer.
Q.8.Differentiate between Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA.
Q.9.Differentiate between Exonucleases and Endonuclease
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.List the features of a vector required to facilitate cloning.
Q.2.Give a brief account of vectors used for cloning genes in plants and animals.
Q.3.Explain briefly the process of isolation of DNA.
Q.4.Give a brief outline of PCR.
Q.5.Give an outline of agarose gel electrophoresis.
Q.6.Define the term biotechnology .Why has it become important lately ?
Q.7.Bring out the salient features through which biotechnology can lead to higher
food production.
Q.8.Describe: (a) Origin of replication (b) Downstream processing (c) Bioreactor
Q.9.How can a reporter enzyme be used to monitor transformation of host cells by
foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker ?
Q.10.Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do
stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks ?
Q.11.Give three structural differences between RNA and DNA.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is biotechnology ? Discuss the tools and techniques of recombinant DNA
technology.
Q.2.What is gene cloning ? Discuss the process citing some important examples.
Q.3.What are restriction enzymes ? How are they named ? Explain their functions
in brief.
Q.4.What are cloning vectors ?What features do they need to facilitate cloning ?
Explain in brief.
Q.5.Give an account of vectors used in cloning genes in animals and plants.
Q.6.What do you mean by downstream processing ?Explain its objectives.
Q.7.Explain the process of characterization of gene product and its marketing as
bio-pharmaceuticals.
Q.8.List ten proteins which are used in medical practice. Find where they are as
therapeutics.
................................................................................................................................................
LESSON-12
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 2 Questions – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What do you mean by GMO ?
Q.2.What is the full form of Bt ?
Q.3.Name the gene which codes for Bt toxin.
Q.4.Which Cry gene codes protein for control of corn borer ?
Q.5.Name the nematode that infects roots of tobacco plant.
Q.6.From which bacterium Bt toxin genes were isolated ?
Q.7.In which bacterium DNA molecule for two chains of insulin was introduced to
produce it ?
Q.8.What is the full form of A.D.A. ?
Q.9.Expand ELISA .
Q.10.What is a probe ?
Q.11.Name the first transgenic cow that produced human protein enriched milk .
Q.12.Which human protein was present in transgenic cow ?
Q.13.Which cereal crop has the maximum diversity in India ?
Q.14.Name the rice patented in U.S.A. .
Q.15.Name some human diseases having transgenic models.
Q.16.Does our blood have proteases and nucleases ?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is golden rice ?
Q.2.Why the crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria
temselves ?
Q.3.Supply the tfchnical terms for the following;
(a) Methods that allow correction of a gene defect.
(b)Use of bio-resources by multinational companies without proper authorization.
(c)Grant of special exclusive rights of using or selling an invention for a specific
period.
(d)Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra
gene.
Q.4.What is embryo rescue technique ?
Q.5.Why,in the present age , there is a need for discussion of biological weapons ?
Q.6.What is a transgenic crop ?Which plant is used to produce blood anti-coagulant
protein ?What is this protein called ?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.List the three critical research areas of biotechnology .
Q.2.Enlist the useful ways of GMO.
Q.3.Discuss in brief the production of Bt cotton .
Q.4.Give a brief outline of application of biotechnology .
Q.5.How was recombinant insulin prepared ?
Q.6.Explain in brief the role of transgenic animals in human welfare .
Q.7.What do you mean by vaccine safety ? Discuss in brief.
Q.8.Discuss in brief ‘biopiracy’ .
Q.9.A policeman finds a very small piece of body tissue from the site of a crime and
takes it to the forensic department. Answer the following questions;
(a) By which technique will they amplify the DNA collected from the tissue
sample ?
(b) Mention in a sequence the three steps involved in each cycle of this technique .
(c) What is the role of thermostable DNA polymerase in this technique ?
Q.10.What are transgenic bacteria? Illustrate using any one example.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is the major problem to be encountered in making of orally active protein
pharmaceutical ?
Q.2.Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of genetically
modified crops.
Q.3.What are transgenic animals ?How are they useful to mankind ?
Q.4.What are Cry proteins ? Which organism produces these ? How are these
proteins useful to human beings ?
Q.5.Discuss the biotechnological applications in agriculture .
Q.6.Explain the biotechnological applications in medicines.
Q.7.Write a short note on Plant Variety Protection and Farmers’ Right Act .
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
UNIT-V ( 14 Marks)
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
LESSON-13
ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Questions – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What is an organism?
Q.2.What do you mean by a deme?
Q.3.Define population.
Q.4.What is a species?
Q.5.What do you mean by biosphere?
Q.6.What is meant by ecosystem?
Q.7.Name three biotic components of ecosystem?
Q.8.Which bacteria commonly performed nitrogen fictation in aerated soils?
Q.9.Name the bacteria which fix nitrogen in the roots of legume plants?
Q.10.Which organisms show wide range of temperature tolerance?
Q.11.What are the plants of dry habitats called?
Q.12.What is the mode of respiration in rices roots that remain submersed in water?
Q.13.In which type of plants,the leaves have thick quticle and epidemics?
Q.14.Name three main types of photoperiodic responses in animals?
Q.15.Name two common submerged floating hydrophytes?
Q.16.Name the process by which solid water changes directly to vapours?
Q.17.Nymphaea and Nelumbo belong to which category of hydrophytes?
Q.18.What types of UV radiations can be lethal to organisms.
Q.19.What is the most significant adaptation of hydrophytes?
Q.20.Termitas and Flagellates possess which interaction?
Q.21.Egyptian plover and crocodile show which interaction?
Q.22.Name the bacterium doing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the roots of ground
nuts/gram?
Q.23.Define the term Symbiosis? Which pathogenic protozoan causes human
dysentro.
Q.24.Name the male and female parents of a hinny?
Q.25.What are three casts of honey bees?
Q.26.Name three important factors those affect population size.
Q.27.Which term is used for biotic and abiotic components of a unit?
Q.28.What type of relationship exists in lichens?
Q.29. Define an Ecotype?
Q.30. Which interaction is shown by epiphytic plants?
Q.31.Name a complete stem paracytic engiosperm?
Q.32.What is a model in mimicry?
Q.33.Define Common sommensalism?
Q.34.What does the term Biota mean?
Q.35.Why is Sigmoid curve so called?
Q.36. Who coined the term ecology ?
Q.37.What do the ephemerals do to survive in their habitat ?
Q.38.Define phenology.
Q.39.When and why do some animals go into aestivation ?
Q.40.How do the herbs and shrubs survive under the shadow of big canopied trees
in forests ?
Q.41.What is the wilting point .
Q.42.What is demographic transition ?
Q.43.What is a bacteriophage ?
Q.44.Name the scientist who coined the term homeostasis.
Q.45.When and why do some animals hibernate ?
Q.46.Name soil builders.
Q.47.What are holoparasites ?
Q.48.Name the association between
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give a brief account of ecades and ecotypes.
Q.2.How a habitat and niche are different from one another? Comment.
Q.3.Explain the concept of guilds giving suitable examples.
Q.4.What are keystone species?What is their role in organization of community?
Q.5.Explain briefly the dominant species in a community.
Q.6.Comment upon the stability of a community.
Q.7.What role does decomposers play in ecosystem?
Q.8.Give a brief account of commensalisms giving suitable examples.
Q.9.What is parasitism? Comment upon the role of parasites in biological control.
Q.10.Give a brief account of cleaning symbiosis or proto-cooperation giving suitable
examples.
Q.11.What are three different types of predation? How does it regulate dynamic
balance of populations?
Q.12.Which one out of the curythermal or stenothermal species is likely to survive
increased global temperatures? Give one reason for your answer.
Q.13.Define a species? What is difference between a species and population?
Q.14.Summarize the problems in delimiting a species.Why is the criterion of
interbreeding not always dependable?
Q.15.Explain obligate mutulism with an example.
Q.16.What is ecotone?
Q.17.What are the unique features of an ecotone?
Q.18.Differentiate between population and community.
Q.19.State the effect of light on plants.
Q.20.How are concepts of biotic potential,environmental resistance and carrying
capacity related to population growth?
Q.21.What is ecological efficiency? Explain its significance.
Q.22.What is carrying capacity? Mention two causes for rapid growth of human
population.
Q.23.Do you consider mule as a species ?Give reason for your answer.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give characteristic ecological adaptations in plants to face the scarcity of water.
Q.2.What are the characteristic features of plants living in water?
Q.3.Discuss the importance of adaptations in plants to different light conditions.
Q.4.Explain the effect of light on distribution of plants.
Q.5.What are various adaptations in plants to face the high wind velocity?
Q.6.Describe in brief the soil biota.
Q.7.Name and explain any three adaptations in mangroves to the conditions
prevailing in Sunderbans(West Bengal).
Q.8.Give a brief account of three parameters of studying a population.
Q.9.Explain briefly the effect of environment on population.
Q.10.Explain briefly qualitative characters of a community.
Q.11.Give a brief account of biotic components of ecosystem.
Q.12.Explain briefly three components of biosphere.
Q.13.How cycling of materials takes place in biosphere?
Q.14.What is ammensalism? How is it different from commensalisms?
Q.15.What do you mean by mutualism? Explain with the help of suitable examples.
Q.16.What is competition? Give a brief account of interference in organisms.
Q.17.Name and explain the kinds of interactions in the following:
(i) Algae and fungi in lichens
(ii) Hermit crab and sea-anemone
(iii) Head louses and humans
Q.18.What is the basic difference between community, ecosystem and biome?
Q.19.How do animals and plants respond to the increase intensity of population?
Q.20.Draw population growth curves and explain them.
Q.21.Define biotic community. How is it different from the term community used in
human population?
Q.22.How are biotic potential, environmental resistance and carrying capacity
related to population growth?
Q.23.Define the terms:
(a) Carrying capacity
(b) Mortality rate
(c) Demography
Q.24.Explain the relationship between biotic potential and environmental
resistance.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Describe the altitudinal and latitudinal variations in temperature and its effect
on the distribution of the organisms.
Q.2.Explain the ten important modifications in plants to adapt themselves to
extremes of temperature & light.
Q.3. Explain the important ecological adaptations in animals living in deserts.
Q.4. Describe various types of water adaptations in plants.
Q.5. Describe the role of soil biota in maintaining the fertility of soil.
Q.6. Give the salient features of plants adapted to xeric conditions.
Q.7. Explain the following terms :
(a) Mimicry
(d) Ectotherms
(b) Acclimatisation
(e) Endotherms
(c) symbiosis
Q.8. Describe environmental factors and their importance to plants & animals.
Q.9. Explain how tolerance to environmental factorsd determines distribution of
species.
Q.10 What are the different types of adaptations in animals, Explain with suitable
examples.
Q.11. Define the following terms giving one example of each:
(a) Commensalism
(b) Mutualism
(c) Parasitism
(d) Camouflage
(e) Interspecific Competition
Q.12. Explain various types of interspecific interactions supporting your answer
with suitable examples.
Q.13 What is population? Explain its various characteristics. What are main
parameters of studying a population?
Q.14. What is a community? What are the modes of nutrition in a community?
Explain analytical characters of a community.
Q.15. Give a detailed account of guild, niche, habitat, keystone species & dominant
species in a community.
Q.16. Compare J-Shaped pattern with S-Shaped pattern of population growth.
Q.17.With the help of suitable diagram describe the logistic population growth
curve.
Q.18.Explain the significance of thermal stratification in a lake with reference to
winter,summer and autumn season.
Q.19.When the fit few Darwin’s finches arrived on the Galapagos Islands from the
main land of South America , they soon grew to an enormous number. Later their
number reached a constant and continued till today. How can you explain this
phenomenon in ecological terms.
LESSON-14
ECOSYSTEM
CBSE Weightage:
 2 Questions – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 3 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Expand NPP .
Q.2.List two importance of ecosystem.
Q.3.Define the term ecosystem.
Q.4.What is standing crop?
Q.5.What are primary consumers?
Q.6.Name two sea-weeds attached to rocks.
Q.7.What are deciduous forests?
Q.8.Define productivity.
Q.9.What is the importance of oxygen to animals?
Q.10.What is leaching?
Q.11.Give one example of hydrosere.
Q.12.When does secondary succession end?
Q.13Define biotic stability.
Q.14.Define stratification.
Q.15.What is meant by primary production?
Q.16.What are dominant species?
Q.17.Define catabolism.
Q.18.Define micro-succession.
Q.19.Name four trophic levels.
Q.20.What term is given to the changes in a community?
Q.21.Define climatic climax.
Q.22.What are ecosystem services?
Q.23.Name three biotic components of a community.
Q.24.Name the scientist who proposed the ecological pyramid.
Q.25.Expand DFC and GFC.
q.26.Give a suitable term for the network formed by interlinking of many foodchains.
Q.27.What is the role of actinomycetes and fungi in the cycles of materials?
Q.28.Name one lake having saline water in Rajasthan.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give two differences between carbon and phosphorous cycles.
Q.2.Differenciate between habitat and niche.
Q.3.Explain GPP and NPP.
Q.4.”All the solar energy trapped by the green plants ultimately returns to the
environment”.Justify.
Q.5.Give an account of abiotic components of ecosystem in short.
Q.6.Write and explain any two steps of decomposition.
Q.7.What are the producers and consumers? Give examples of each.
Q.8.What are the ecological pyramids? Give examples of each.
Q.9.Briefly explain food web and food chain.
Q.10.Differenciate between GFC and DFC.
Q.11.Explain a pond ecosystem.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give a labeled diagram to show a food chain in an ecosystem.
Q.2.What are the pioneer species ? What is their role in succession ?
Q.3.Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.
Q.4.Explain the following terms;
(a) Climatic climax (b) Lithosere (c) Xerosere
Q.5.Describe the biological and general steps of ecological succession.
Q.6.What do you mean by the term ‘sere’. Explain the different stages of hydrosere.
Q.7.What are the various types of biotic succession? Describe them in brief with
suitable
examples.
Q.8.Give a simplified model of carbon cycle in the biosphere.
Q.9.Describe the ten percent law with examples.
Q.10.Why is the length of a food chain in an ecosystem generally limited to 3-4
trophic levels?
Q.11.Differenciate between primary and secondary succession.
Q.12.Write a short note on autogenic succession.
Q.13.Give a schematic representation of nitrogen cycle of a terrestrial
ecosystem.Name any two micro-organisms involved in it.
Q.14.Explain briefly the productivity of an ecosystem.
Q.15.Explain aquatic succession in a pond.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Explain the adaptations in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to meet out water
problems.
Q.2.What are the main sources of carbon in a biotic world ? Depict
diagrammatically the carbon cycle in nature.
Q.3.How do temperature and precipitation determine the types of biomes or major
ecosystems?
Q.4.Give the major characteristics of a biome.
Q.5.Explain a pond ecosystem as a classic example of an ecosystem.
Q.6.Describe the oxygen cycle with the help of a diagram. Why is oxygen essential to
plants ?
Q.7.What is a biome ? Describe the oceanic biome.
Q.8.Describe the process of succession on a bare rock.
Q.9.Define the material cycling. Explain phosphorus cycling .
Q.10.Describe in short the two kinds of biogeochemical cycles.
Differenciate between gaseous and sedimentary cycles. Explain a sedimentary cycle
in brief.
Q.11.Animals and plants are interdependent Justify the statement.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON-15
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Give the full form of UNESCO.
Q.2.What is the ecological balance?
Q.3.Define a forest.
Q.4.Name two hot-spots in India.
Q.5.What is a “ red-data” book?
Q.6.What is deforestation?
Q.7.What are the sacred forests?
Q.8.What are the endemic species?
Q.9.Define the protected areas.
Q.10.Name two popular National Parks in India.
Q.11.What are the agro-forestry programmes?
Q.12.How many types of forests are there in our country?
Q.13.Name any two sacred lakes in India.
Q.14.What are the biotic resources ?
Q.15.Define bio-diversity.
Q.16.Give one soap substitute provided by the forests.
Q.17.What are the threatened species?
Q.18.How many biosphere reserves are there in India?
Q.19.Name two types of afforstation programmes.
Q.20.What is anthropogenic extinction?
Q.21.In which months Van-Mahotsava is celebrated?
Q.22.Expand IUCN and WWF.
Q.23.What do you mean by the term wild-life?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What are the sacred grooves? What is their role in conservation?
Q.2.Suggest two ways for the conservation of the forests.
Q.3.How does deforestation cause deterioration in quality of life in a society?
Q.4.Differentiate between a sanctuary and a National Park.
Q.5.Differentiate between Endangered and Rare species.
Q.6.Explain in short the aesthetic value of forests.
Q.7.Discuss the importance of forests to human beings in developing countries.
Q.8.Write in short on Biosphere Reserves.
Q.9.Write cultural benefits of Biodiversity.
Q10.Write in short on the ex-situ conservation.
Q.11.Broadly classify the extinction processes.
Q.12.Give two examples of plant-derivatives developed into drugs alongwith their
uses.
Q.13.What are the protected areas in India?
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.How is diversity at all levels conserved?
Q.2.What kinds of threats to the biodiversity may lead to its loss?
Q.3.What type of conservation measures , in-situ or ex-situ , will help greater
number of species and why?
Q.4.Suggest three measures for the preservation of forests in our country.
Q.5.What is meant by the term species-diversity? Explain.
Q.6.Explain the role of the following in bio-diversity conservation.
Q.7.Explain hot-spots of bio-diversity.
Q.8.Enlist any six uses of bio-diversity.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Explain loss of bio-diversity. Give causes of bio-diversity losses.
Q.2.Describe the popular National Parks and Sanctuaries in India in a tabular form.
Q.3.Co-extinction and alien species invasions are two major causes of bio-diversity
losses. Explain with examples.
Q.4.Define forest management. What are the programmes related to the
management of forests?
Q.5.Explain the role of the following in bio-diversity conservation;
(a) Indian Parliament (b) Red list (c) Indian women (d) Chipko movement and
(e) Zoological
……………………………………………………………………………………………
LESSON-16
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
CBSE Weightage:
 1 Question – 1 Mark
 1 Question – 2 Marks
 1 Question – 5 Marks ( with alternative)
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Mention only one appropriate measure to control vehicular pollution in Delhi.
Q.2.What would happen if the CO2 content increases in air ?
Q.3.What are electrically charging pollutant particles ?
Q.4.What role is played by water hyacinth in pollution ?
Q.5.Name any four atmosphering pollutants.
Q.6.What is meant by jhuming ?
Q.7.Name the types of pollutants according to their natural disposal.
Q.8.What is bioremediation ?
Q.9.How does irrigation affect the land resource ?
Q.10.Name the chemicals that adversely affect the ozone layer.
Q.11.Name the gas leaked from Bhopal factory and caused the death of thousands of
persons.
Q.12.Name the major surface water pollutant from run-off and bathroom water.
Q.13.What are aerosols ?
Q.14.Give the names of two green house gases.
Q.15.Define thermal pollution.
Q.16.How can there be rise in the sea level ?
Q.17.Which aquatic weed is called “Terror of Bengal “ ?
Q.18.What is the dimension of the ozone belt in the atmosphere ?
Q.19.Where are the “Ecosan Toilets “ located in India ?
Q.20.Expand FOAM.
Q.21.Define cultural eutrophication.
Q.22.What is BOD ?
Q.23.How are algal blooms caused ?
Q.24.What is nuclear fall out ?
Q.25.What are Dobson units ?
Q.26.What is biological magnification ?
Q.27.What is smog ?
Q.28.Expand CNG and Db.
Q.29.Expand PAN and CFCs.
Q.30.Many villagers near industrial area suffer from ‘Blue-baby syndrome ‘. How is
this problem caused ?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Write two examples of soil pollution and their sources.
Q.2.Distinguish between primary and secondary air pollutants.
Q.3.How can we control radio-active pollution ?
Q.4.What is particulate matter ? How does it harm human health ?
Q.5.What is photochemical smog ?
Q.6.Why is bio-remediation preferred over chemical methods of claning the
environment?
Q.7.Distinguish between point and non-point sources of water pollution.
Q.8.What is acid rain ? What are its effects on plants ?
Q.9.What is green house effect ?
Q.10.Write in short on scrubber.
Q.11.Explain biomagnification by taking the example of DDT.
Q.12.Give some efforts to restore one level in stratosphere.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.What leads to global warming ? Give its consequences.
Q.2.Which gases cause stratospheric ozone depletion?What is the effect of this
depletion?
Q.3.What do you mean by the fixed and mobile sources of air pollution ?
Q.4.Give the role of women in protecting forests in INDIA.
Q.5.Write three ways to control water pollution.
Q.6.Why should atomic explosion be stopped ?
Q.7.Write in short on the catalytic converters.
Q.8.How is underground waterpolluted ? Define a pollutant. How are the pollutants
classified?
Q.9.What is the maximum percentage of forest area recommended by the National
Forest Policy (1988) for the plains and the hills respectively ? List any four problems
caused due to deforestation.
Q.10.Why are industrial effluents more difficult to manage than the municipal
sewage ? Name a disease that is caused by heavy metal contamination.
Q.11.Describe in short the main effects of the noise pollution on human health.
Q.12.What measures do you suggest to control pollution from automobile exhausts.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
Q.1.Explain the various sources of atmospheric pollution. How is air pollution
contrlled?
Q.2.What is radio-activity ? Describe the man made radio-active pollution.
Q.3.Explain the ways in which land is degraded. Suggest measures to check land
degradation.
Q.4.Give the effects of soil pollution on plants.
Q.5.Explain the adverse effect of the depletion of ozone layer on plant and animal
life.
Q.6. What radiations are absorbed by ozone layer? What are the causes for
depletion of ozone layer? What diseases are likely to be caused if the ozone layer
becomes thinner?
Explain briefly.
Q.7. Explain the following:
(a) CO2 fertilization effect.
(b) Role of agrochemicals in causing pollution.
Q.8. Explain deforestation and its common effects.
Q.9. Discuss briefly the following:
(a) Defunct ships and e-wastes.
(b) Municipal solid wastes.
Q.10. Write note on global warming.