28. The cross section below shows sedimentary rock layers containing fossils.
Assuming that these rock layers have not been overturned, which fossil is in the layer that was
formed most recently?
80. The diagram below shows two different-colored moths resting on a tree trunk.
How does this difference in pattern and color affect the moths’ ability to
survive in the environment? [1]
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Base your answers to questions 68 and 69 on the reading passage and diagram below and
on your knowledge of science.
Preserved in Amber
Sap is a substance secreted by some trees. Many years ago, plants and small animals were caught
in the sap on the trees. Sap hardens and turns into a clear substance called amber. The plants or
animals are preserved as fossils in the amber. Part of a plant preserved in amber is shown below.
68. Explain why fossils are important to scientists. [1]
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69. Explain why plant fossils found in amber, such as the one shown, are not usually found in
volcanic rocks. [1]
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Base your answers to questions 43 and 44 on the information and graphs below and on
your knowledge of science.
Some species of bacteria are harmful. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria. Some bacteria
are resistant to antibiotics and are not killed by these chemicals. Over time, the resistant bacteria
can reproduce and create populations that are not affected by antibiotics.
The graphs below show the results of a controlled experiment that measured the population of
one species of bacteria that had been grown in four containers under identical conditions.
Different antibiotics were added to three of the four containers.
43. Which conclusion about this species of bacteria is best supported by the information in the
graphs?
(1) Antibiotic A continuously slowed the growth.
(2) Antibiotic B was least effective in controlling the growth.
(3) Antibiotic C was most effective in controlling the growth.
(4) Antibiotics A and B slowed the growth.
44. The control in this experiment is represented by the container with
(1) antibiotic A added
(3) antibiotic C added
(2) antibiotic B added
(4) no antibiotic added