Overview of the Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics
1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotic
3. Heterotrophic 4. Have to digest food
5. Lack cell walls 6. Have the ability to move
Two Types
 Invertebrates: without a backbone
 Vertebrates: with a backbone
Growth and Development
 Most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote
1. external fertilization- egg and sperm are released into the water; large
numbers of eggs
2. internal fertilization- eggs are fertilized by sperm __________________
the mother’s body; fewer numbers of eggs
 amniotic egg; an egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for
protection…occurs only in reptiles, birds, and, mammals
Body Temperature
 endotherms are warm-blooded; they maintain a stable internal body
temperature (by homeostasis) regardless of environmental temp.
 ectotherms are cold-blooded; their body temperatures are dependent on
environmental heat sources (temperature, _______________________ in
the sun)
Body Symmetry
 Symmetry describes the arrangement of body structures
1. asymmetrical--body has an irregular shape (Ex. Sponges)
2. radial—body can be cut through any plane and be exactly alike (Ex:
Starfish)
3. bilateral—body can be cut in two with both halves being exactly alike (Ex:
Humans)
Anatomical Terms
1. dorsal or posterior—towards the back
2.
3.
4.


ventral or anterior—towards the front
superior—towards the head
inferior—towards the feet
anatomy: study of body structures
physiology: study of body functions
Digestive System FUNCTION: Provides energy
 Functions: 1) stores & digests food; absorbs nutrients; 3) eliminates
wastes
1. incomplete digestive system: one opening; food and waste enter and
exit from the same opening
2. complete digestive system- two openings; food enters the mouth and
wastes exit the anus
Skeletal System FUNCTION: Provides protection
1. exoskeleton:
 Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s soft tissue
 Limits size & impedes movement
 Does not grow; must be shed & replaced
2. endoskeleton:
 internal skeleton
 Can support a large, heavy body
 Grows as the animal grows
Circulatory System FUNCTION: Moves materials to and from the cells
1. open—fluid pumped from vessels into body cavity, then returned to
vessels (Ex. arthropods and most mollusks)
2. closed--fluid stays in tubular vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher
invertebrates, and all vertebrates)
Reproductive System FUNCTION: Provides offspring
 hermaphrodites- individuals who have both male & female reproductive
structures; usually sessile – hermaphrodism increases the chances of
finding a mate
1. asexual reproduction- a clone is made.
2. Sexual reproduction- Involves two parents and mixes genes so genetic
variation is increased
Overview of the Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics
1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotic
3. Heterotrophic 4. Have to digest food
5. Lack cell walls 6. Have the ability to move
Two Types
 Invertebrates: without a backbone
 Vertebrates: with a backbone
Growth and Development
 Most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote
1. external fertilization- egg and sperm are released into the water; large
numbers of eggs
2. internal fertilization- eggs are fertilized by sperm __________________
the mother’s body; fewer numbers of eggs
 amniotic egg; an egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for
protection…occurs only in reptiles, birds, and, mammals
Body Temperature
 endotherms are warm-blooded; they maintain a stable internal body
temperature (by homeostasis) regardless of environmental temp.
 ectotherms are cold-blooded; their body temperatures are dependent on
environmental heat sources (temperature, _______________________ in
the sun)
Body Symmetry
 Symmetry describes the arrangement of body structures
1. asymmetrical--body has an irregular shape (Ex. Sponges)
2. radial—body can be cut through any plane and be exactly alike (Ex:
Starfish)
3. bilateral—body can be cut in two with both halves being exactly alike (Ex:
Humans)
Anatomical Terms
1. dorsal or posterior—towards the back
2.
3.
4.


ventral or anterior—towards the front
superior—towards the head
inferior—towards the feet
anatomy: study of body structures
physiology: study of body functions
Digestive System FUNCTION: Provides energy
 Functions: 1) stores & digests food; absorbs nutrients; 3) eliminates
wastes
1. incomplete digestive system: one opening; food and waste enter and
exit from the same opening
2. complete digestive system- two openings; food enters the mouth and
wastes exit the anus
Skeletal System FUNCTION: Provides protection
1. exoskeleton:
 Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s soft tissue
 Limits size & impedes movement
 Does not grow; must be shed & replaced
2. endoskeleton:
 internal skeleton
 Can support a large, heavy body
 Grows as the animal grows
Circulatory System FUNCTION: Moves materials to and from the cells
1. open—fluid pumped from vessels into body cavity, then returned to
vessels (Ex. arthropods and most mollusks)
2. closed--fluid stays in tubular vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher
invertebrates, and all vertebrates)
Reproductive System FUNCTION: Provides offspring
 hermaphrodites- individuals who have both male & female reproductive
structures; usually sessile – hermaphrodism increases the chances of
finding a mate
1. asexual reproduction- a clone is made.
2. Sexual reproduction- Involves two parents and mixes genes so genetic
variation is increased