Table A1: Between-species comparison of morphological, tension, bending and cyclic loading/unloading
parameters of the four studied macrophyte species Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus penicillatus, Myriophyllum
alterniflorum, and Fontinalis antipyretica with an analysis of variance (ANOVA). For each parameter and
species n=30 replicates (i.e. ten stems x three stem parts (bottom, middle and top part)) were used in the
ANOVA. * Breaking stress, breaking strain, breaking force and work of fracture for Glyceria fluitans are
potential minimum values as stem parts were not broken during the tests due to stem slippage out of the brass
tubes holding them in the sampling device. Hence the values were not included in the ANOVA.
Table A2: Comparison of morphological, tension, bending and cyclic loading/unloading parameters between the
bottom, middle and top parts of the four studied macrophyte species Glyceria fluitans (a), Fontinalis antipyretica
(b), Ranunculus penicillatus (c), and Myriophyllum alterniflorum (d) with a variance analysis (ANOVA). For
each parameter, species and stem part (bottom, middle and top part) n=10 replicates (i.e. ten stems) were used in
the ANOVA. * Breaking stress, breaking strain, breaking force and work of fracture for Glyceria fluitans are
potential minimum values as stem parts were not broken during the tests due to stem slippage out of the brass
tubes holding them in the sampling device. Hence the values were not included in the ANOVA.
Table A1
parameter
Diameter
unit
Mean ± S.D.
mm
2
G. fluitans
F. antipyretica
R. penicillatus
M. alterniflorum
4.0 ± 0.5
0.44 ± 0.05
2.4 ± 0.4
1.59 ± 0.19
Cross-sectional area
mm
6.8 ± 2.1
0.15 ± 0.04
4.2 ± 1.5
1.8 ± 0.6
‘tension’ Young’s modulus
MN m-2
81 ± 28
379 ± 146
15 ± 6
19 ± 16
Breaking stress
kN m-2
4182 ± 1178*
19338 ± 5859
973 ± 277
1820 ± 613
Breaking strain
%
11.0 ± 5.5*
14.5 ± 3.7
12.8 ± 3.8
15.9 ± 4.5
Breaking force
N
26.6 ± 6.2*
2.9 ± 0.9
3.8 ± 1.2
3.1 ± 0.9
kJ m
311 ± 191*
1815 ± 815
87 ± 38
194 ± 62
modulus
MN m-2
90 ± 33
-
12.5 ± 7.1
89 ± 38
Second moment of area
mm4
8.4 ± 4.1
-
1.8 ± 0.96
0.30 ± 0.13
Flexural rigidity
N mm2
678 ± 277
-
22 ± 14
25 ± 11
Degree of elasticity
%
81.9 ± 4.1
71.1 ± 6.5
59.7 ± 6.2
58 ± 6
Energy ratio
%
45.5 ± 5.1
32.3 ± 6.3
27.3 ± 7.3
24.6 ± 6.4
35 ± 9.8
250 ± 92
13.0 ± 6.4
29.5 ± 8.1
Work of fracture
-3
‘bending’ Young’s
Elastic hysteresis
-3
kJ m
Table A2
a
parameter
Diameter
Cross-sectional area
unit
Mean ± S.D.
mm
2
mm
bottom
middle
top
4.1± 0.6
4.0 ± 0.6
4.0 ± 0.4
7.4 ± 2.1
7.1 ± 1.9
5.9 ± 2.1
42 ± 13
44 ± 17
49 ± 16
‘tension’ Young’s
modulus
G. fluitans
MN m-2
-2
Breaking stress
kN m
4187 ± 1206*
4121 ± 890*
4240 ± 1490*
Breaking strain
%
12.5 ± 7.8*
9.8 ± 2.9*
10.9 ± 4.9*
Breaking force
N
29.2 ± 6.3*
28.1 ± 6.2*
22.5 ± 4.4*
Work of fracture
kJ m-3
309 ± 208*
311 ± 166*
313 ± 217*
modulus
MN m-2
94 ± 24
97 ± 30
79 ± 43
Second moment of area
mm4
8.3 ± 3.8
9.1 ± 5.1
7.7 ± 3.4
‘bending’ Young’s
2
Flexural rigidity
N mm
733 ± 234
784 ± 283
517 ± 260
Degree of elasticity
%
82 ± 3.5
81 ± 5.7
82 ± 2.8
Energy ratio
%
45.3 ± 4.1
45.8 ± 6.5
45.3 ± 5.1
Elastic hysteresis
kJ m-3
36.4 ± 6.9
35.4 ± 11.6
33.1 ± 10.9
b
parameter
unit
Mean ± S.D.
bottom
middle
top
Diameter
mm
0.47 ± 0.05
0.42 ± 0.04
0.43 ± 0.05
Cross-sectional area
mm2
0.18 ± 0.04
0.14 ± 0.02
0.15 ± 0.04
modulus
MN m-2
376 ± 151
453± 152
308 ± 105
Breaking stress
kN m-2
18838 ± 4238
20227 ± 7158
18951 ± 6300
Breaking strain
%
13.4 ± 3.5
14.3 ± 3.4
15.6 ± 4.3
Breaking force
N
3.3 ± 0.8
2.8 ± 1.0
2.8 ± 0.9
kJ m
1598 ± 633
1916 ± 951
1930 ± 868
MN m-2
-
-
-
4
‘tension’ Young’s
F. antipyretica
Work of fracture
-3
‘bending’ Young’s
modulus
Second moment of area
mm
-
-
-
Flexural rigidity
N mm2
-
-
-
Degree of elasticity
%
71.3 ± 5.0
70.5 ± 8.5
71.5 ± 6.2
Energy ratio
%
34.3 ± 5.9
31.9 ± 7.9
30.6 ± 4.8
Elastic hysteresis
kJ m-3
285 ± 98
240 ± 103
226 ± 68
c
parameter
unit
Diameter
mm
Cross-sectional area
mm2
Mean ± S.D.
bottom
middle
top
2.1 ± 0.3
2.5 ± 0.2
2.7 ± 0.2
2.6 ± 0.5
4.4 ± 1.1
5.6 ± 0.8
‘tension’ Young’s modulus
MN m
16.0 ± 6.3
14.1 ± 6.5
14.3 ± 4.4
Breaking stress
kN m-2
1184 ± 226
964 ± 276
771 ± 155
Breaking strain
%
12.1 ± 3.5
13.9 ± 4.6
12.6 ± 3.2
R.
Breaking force
N
3.0 ± 0.6
4.1 ± 1.2
4.4 ± 1.2
penicillatus
Work of fracture
kJ m-3
96 ± 35
96 ± 45
70 ± 32
-2
‘bending’ Young’s modulus
MN m
11.7 ± 9.8
14 ± 7
11.4 ± 3.6
Second moment of area
mm4
0.96 ± 0.5
1.9 ± 0.8
2.5 ± 0.8
-2
2
Flexural rigidity
N mm
9.8 ± 8.6
26 ± 15
29 ± 11
Degree of elasticity
%
54.5 ± 4.6
61.1 ± 6.6
63.4 ± 3.6
Energy ratio
%
26.2 ± 5.9
26.3 ± 8.6
29.6 ± 7.6
17.0 ± 8.0
12.6 ± 5.2
9.5 ± 2.9
Elastic hysteresis
-3
kJ m
d
parameter
unit
Mean ± S.D.
bottom
middle
top
Diameter
mm
1.73 ± 0.17
1.61 ± 0.13
1.42 ± 0.12
Cross-sectional area
mm2
2.2 ± 0.5
1.9 ± 0.4
1.2 ± 0.3
modulus
MN m-2
19.0 ± 7.7
22.1 ± 6.1
16.8 ± 3.4
Breaking stress
kN m-2
1711 ± 245
1688 ± 256
2061 ± 993
Breaking strain
%
15.4 ± 4.9
14.5 ± 4.7
17.8 ± 3.5
Breaking force
N
3.7 ± 0.9
3.2 ± 0.7
2.4 ± 0.7
kJ m
203 ± 47
197 ± 74
182 ± 68
MN m-2
81 ± 32
87 ± 17
100 ± 55
‘tension’ Young’s
M.
alterniflorum
Work of fracture
-3
‘bending’ Young’s
modulus
4
Second moment of area
mm
0.42 ± 0.18
0.29 ± 0.11
0.20 ± 0.05
Flexural rigidity
N mm2
31 ± 10
25 ± 10
19 ± 9
Degree of elasticity
%
58.4 ± 5.7
59.4 ± 6.7
57.1 ± 5.9
Energy ratio
%
23.1 ± 5.1
23.0 ± 6.1
27.6 ± 7.3
28.9 ± 7.4
32.3 ± 8.8
27.2 ± 8.0
Elastic hysteresis
-3
kJ m