BIOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
Topic 7: The Secret of Life: Nucleic acids
Topic 8: DNA
1. What are the 2 main functions of nucleic acids?

1. What are the functions of DNA in cell?

2. Write the name of components of a nucleotide given
below.
2. A DNA molecule includes 2000 nucleotides.There
are 300 guanine in this DNA. How many hydrogen
bonds are there in this DNA?
Answer: 2300
3. One strand of DNA that molecule has a nucleotide
sequence TAACGTA. Its complementary DNA strand
will have a sequence that reads:
A) AUUGCAU
B) CGGTACG
C) ATTGCAT
D) ATGCAAT
E) ATTCGAT
3. Write the units of Nucleic Acids.
4. Two nucleotides that on each strand bind with
__________ bond and two nucleotides that on the
same strand bind with the ______________ bond.
5. The two strands of a DNA double helix are
antiparallel. This means that _____.
A) the two strands are mirror images
B) only one of the two strands can be used as a
template for replication, since DNA polymerase only
works in one direction
C) one strand is actually composed of RNA
D) one strand runs in the 5’ --> 3’ direction and the
other runs in the 3’ --> 5’ direction
E) they both run in the 3’ --> 5’ direction
6. One strand of a DNA molecule has the base
sequence ATAGGT. The complementary base
sequence on the other strand of DNA will be
_______________.
7. Which one of the following accurately reflects
complementary base pairing in the DNA molecule?
A) guanine–cytosine
B) guanine–adenine
C) cytosine–hemanine
D) uracil–thymine
E) adenine–cytosine
8. Which of the following is NOT true about doublestranded DNA?
A) It is helical.
B) It contains phosphodiester linkages.
C) The two strands are said to be complementary.
D) Adenine and uracil are present in equal amounts.
E) The strands run antiparallel.
4. Which of the following lists the four bases
contained in DNA?
A) cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil
B) adenine, guanine, hemanine, thymine
C) guanine, pyroline, thymine, uracil
D) adenine, guanine, purine, thymine
E) adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
9. What is the function of Phosphodiester bonds in DNA
structure?
5. Which of the following bases is the purine base?
A) Thymine
B) Cytosine
C) Uracil
D) Pyroline
E) Adenine
10. Which bonds hold together double strands of DNA?
6. What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
Date: _____/___________/ 2012
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
Topic 9: DNA replication
Topic 10: RNA
1. Mach the correct sentences with the terms given
below.
a) DNA ligase
b) DNA polymerase
c) DNA Helicase
d) DNA primase
e) RNA primer
1. Mach the sentences.
a) mRNA:
b) tRNA :
c) rRNA :
1.___unwinds the two DNA strands
2.___Produce RNA primers
3.___builds the new strands in a 5’ to 3’ direction
4.___Links the Okazaki fragments
5.___starts the building of new DNA strands
2) ____ form ribosome’s with proteins
2. 3’ AATGCGTAT 5’ is the one strand of a DNA
molecule. What is the sequence of the leading and
lagging strand that produced in DNA replication?
1) ____ transport amino acids from cytoplasm to
ribosome
3) _____ carry information from DNA to ribosome
2. AAA TTT CCC GGG is the DNA strand.
Which of the following is the mRNA strand
produced from DNA given above?
A) TTT AAA GGG CCC
B) UUU AAA GGG CCC
C) UUU TTT GGG CCC D) TTT AAA CCC GGG
E) AAA TTT CCC GGG
3. The triplets of nucleotides base on the mRNA are
called __________.
3. What is the aim of DNA replication?
The triplets of nucleotide base on the tRNA are called
___________.
4. Why are the Okazaki fragments formed during the
replication?
4. Where can we find the RNA in a cell?
5. Compare DNA and RNA molecules.
5. The DNA strand being produced continuously in
the 5’ --> 3’ direction is called the _____ strand.
A) Okazaki
B) leading
C) bubble
D) lagging
E) new
6. Two new strands of DNA molecules grow as
bases are added by the enzyme _____.
A) bacterial duplicating complex
B) DNA polymerase
C) DNA replicase
D) Okazaki enzyme
E) polynucleotidase
7. Which of the following brings the amino acids
from different sides of cytoplasm to ribosome?
A) DNA B) tRNA C) mRNA D) mtDNA E) rRNA
Topic 11: Chromatin and Chromosome
1. What is the chromatin?
2. What components are found in the nucleosome?
7. What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?
A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA ligase
C) topoisomerase
D) Helicase
E) primase
3. What is the difference between chromatin and
chromosome?
8. Which enzyme unwinds the helical structure of
DNA?
A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA ligase
C) topoisomerase
D) DNA Helicase
E) Primase
4. Explain the following terms:
Histone:
Nucleosome:
9. What are the meanings of 5’ and 3’ terms?
Chromatin:
10. Why does replication occur every time from 5’ to 3’?
Chromatid:
Date: _____/___________/ 2012
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
Topic 12: Cell Karyotype
Chromosome:
1. How many chromosomes are found in a human cell?
5. What is the correct sequence from smaller to
bigger?
a- Chromatin
b- DNA
c- Nucleotide
d- Chromosome
e- Gene
f- Chromatid
g- Nucleosome
The correct order: _______________________
6. If the centromere is located at the mid-point and
each chromosome arm is of equal length, this
chromosome is called ___________.
A) Metasentric
B) submetacentric
C) telocentric
D) Acrocentric
E) centrocentric
7. A nucleosome composes of __________.
A) A gene and centromere
B) DNA and histone protein
C) DNA and RNA
D) centromere and histone protein
E) Only DNA
2. What is the meaning of karyotype?
3. Explain the following terms.
Haploid chromosomes:
Sister chromosomes:
Homologous chromosomes:
Diploid chromosomes:
8. The region of a chromosome holding the two
double strands of replicated DNA together is called
_____.
A) chromatin
B) a centriole
C) a centromere
D) a chromatid
E) an aster
9. The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a
chromosome is properly called _____.
A) a chromatid
B) a chloroplast
C) chromatin
D) a chromoplast
E) a chromagen
4. If an organism has 34 chromosomes, its gamete
cells are _________________.
A) diploid and have 17 chromosomes.
B) diploid and 34 chromosomes
C) haploid and have 17 chromosomes
D) haploid and 34 chromosomes
E) triploid and 51 chromosomes
5. Which of the following is false for human
karyotype?
A) Have 23 pair of chromosome
B) Have 23 homologous chromosome pairs
C) Have 44 autosome and 2 sex chromosome
D) Contain diploid cells
E) 46 chromosome are found in the gamete cells
6. An egg cell of human karyotype is symbolized as
_______ and a sperm cell symbolized as ___________
or ____________.
7. Why a cell divides into two? Write 2 reasons.
8. A human somatic cell contains _____
chromosomes.
A) 23
B) 47
C) 22
D) 46
E) 44
9. If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24
chromosomes, a grasshopper sperm cell would
contain ____ chromosomes.
A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24
E) 48
10. What are the effects of X and Y chromosomes to
human?
Date: _____/___________/ 2012
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
Topic 13: Mitosis
1._____________ is a period from the beginning of one
division to the beginning of the next division
2. DNA replication occurs in ___________.
A) G1 phase
B) S phase
C) G2 phase
D) prophase
E) telophase
3. Chromatids are formed _____.
A) during G1
B) during G2
C) during the S phase
D) at the start of mitosis
E) at the cytokinesis
4. The main functions of mitosis are _________ ,
__________ and _________________
5. Explain the following phases of Cell cycle.
G1:
S:
G2:
Mitosis:
6. How many chromosomes are present in a
somatic human cell in G1?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 92
D) 184
E) none of the above
7. Sister chromatids separate during ___________.
A) anaphase
B) G1 phase
B) G2 phase
D) metaphase
E) prophase
8. In animal cell mitosis, the cleavage furrow forms
during ___________.
A) anaphase
B) G1 phase
C) cytokinesis
D) metaphase
E) prophase
10. If a human muscle cells divide mitotically 5 times,
what will be expected the number of daughter cells
and their chromosome number?
A) 32-23 B) 10-23 C) 32-46 D) 32-10
11. Write the correct names of phases of mitosis.
12. Sister chromosomes are separated from each other
through the each pole in __________ phase.
13. If you want to observe the chromosomes better, in
which phase must be observed? Why?
14. Single sister chromatids are found in cells at
mitotic _____.
A) prophase and telophase
B) prophase and anaphase
C) prophase and metaphase
D) metaphase and anaphase.
E) anaphase and telophase
15. Which of the following is false about mitosis cell
division?
A) Produce 2 cells.
B) Daughter and parent cell are identical
C) Chromosome number remains constant
D) Seen in body cells
E) It decreases chromosome number to haploid (n).
16. "Cytokinesis" refers to _____.
A) division of the entire cell
B) division of the nucleus
C) division of the cell outside the nuclear material
D) reduction in the number of chromosomes
E) cell movement
Date: _____/___________/ 2012
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
Topic 14: Meiosis
1. What is the aim of the Meiosis?
2. How many egg cells are produced at the end of
meiosis?
3. Which of the following is not correct for meiosis?
A) It reduces the chromosome numbers into half
B) Four cells form by one meiotic division
C) Occurs only in body cell
D) Occurs in reproductive cells
E) Involves two divisions
4. Why do cells divide in meiosis two times?
13. What is the typical result when a diploid cell
undergoes meiosis?
A) two diploid cells
B) two haploid cells
C) four diploid cells
D) four haploid cells
E) two haploid cells and two diploid cells
14. Mitosis and cytokinesis result in the formation
of ______; meiosis and cytokinesis result in the
formation of ________.
A) four diploid cells ... four haploid cells
B) two diploid cells ... two haploid cells
C) two diploid cells ... four haploid cells
D) two diploid cells ... two diploid cells
E) four haploid cells ... two diploid cells
15. What are the differences between Mitosis and
Meiosis divisions?
5. Which of the following occurs during anaphase I
of meiosis?
A) Formation of tetrads
B) Separation of homologous chromosomes
C) Crossing over
D) Separation of sister chromatids, with one chromatid
pulled toward each pole
E) Line up of chromosomes along the equatorial plane
6. What is the crossing-over? In which phase does it
occur?
8. At which stage of Meiosis are chromosomes
lined up in one plane in preparation for their
separation to opposite poles of the cell?
A) prophase I
B) metaphase I
C) anaphase I
D) telophase I
E) interphase
16. Why does chromosome number of cells decrease
half of parent cell’s chromosomes?
17. Where do Meiosis divisions occur in the body?
18. What is the effect of crossing-over at the variation of
organism?
9. Which of the following best describes the
meiosis?
A) It is carried out in all tissues that require cell
replacement.
B) It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures
of the organism.
C) It happens in all tissues except the brain and spinal
cord.
D) It is the first stage of mitosis.
10. Which of the following is true for meiosis II?
A) Sister chromatids separate each other
B) Crossing over is observed in prophase II
C) Chromosome number increase during the
metaphase II
D) Meiosis II occurs in somatic cells
E) After the meiosis II daughter cells can divide many
times again.
11. If an organism receives 12 chromosomes from its
father, how many chromosomes can be expected in
its brain cells?
A) 12 B) 24
C) 64
D) 36 E) 38
12. Rice gamete cells contain 12 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes do rice diploid cells have?
A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24
E) 48
Date: _____/___________/ 2012
Signature: _____________________
BIOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
Topic 15: Protein Synthesis
11. Which of the following codons can not code a
functional amino acid?
A) UAC
B) UAA
C) GUG
D) AUG E) UGG
1. Why do we need to synthesize proteins?
2. What is the function of DNA in protein synthesis?
3. Which of following carries information coded in
DNA to ribosomes?
A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) rDNA
D) rRNA
E) mtDNA
4. Explain the terms of transcription and translation.
5. When RNA is being made, the RNA base ____
always pairs with the base _____ in DNA.
A) U ... T
B) T ... G
C) U ... A
D) A ... U
E) T ... A
6. If the each amino acid is coded by 3 bases (codon)
of 4 bases (ATGC), there must be 64(43) amino acid.
But we have only 20 kind of amino acid.
Write the reason.
12. I- m-RNA is attached to ribosomes
II- m-RNA moves from the nucleus to cytoplasm
III- t-RNA molecules carring aminoacids arrange
themselves along the mRNA template
IV- m-RNA separates from the DNA strand along which
it was synthesized
V- m-RNA separates from ribosome
Which of the following represent the correct
sequence of the steps listed above, leading to the
formation of a protein in a eukaryotic cell?
A) IV-III-I-II-V
B) I-IV-V-II-III
C) I-IV-III-II-V
D) IV-I-II-V-III
E) IV-II-I-III-V
13. How many amino acids can be synthesized by mRNA formed from one strand of DNA which has 4200
total Hydrogen bond and 300 Adenine in protein
synthesis?
14. The DNA code is CGT. What messenger RNA is
made from this?
A) ATU B) GCA C) TCU D) CTA E) UCG
15. The translation process in eukaryotes requires
all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
A) ribosomes
B) RNA polymerase
C) aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzymes
D) transfer RNA
E) AUG codons
16. Codons Found in Messenger RNA given in table.
7.
5' TACAGCGCTGGC 3'
The above sequence of DNA is part of a gene.
How many amino acids are coded for by this
segment?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 20
E) 23
8. How many nucleotides are needed to code for a
protein with 450 amino acids?
A) at least 150
B) at least 300
C) at least 450
D) at least 900
E) at least 1,350
9. Which of the following is NOT associated with
RNA?
A) ribose
B) thymine
C) uracil
D) phosphates
E) single-strandedness
10. Which of the following is false about protein
synthesis?
A) before synthesis DNA must be unzipped
B) code of RNA are given by antisense strand of DNA
C) transcription started by RNA polymerase
D) mRNA strand is identical to antisense DNA strand
except, instead of thymine to uracil
E) tRNA can transfer only one type of amino acid
Date: _____/___________/ 2012
A strand of mRNA containing the repeating sequence
5’AAGAAGAAGAAG3’ could code for which of the
following amino acid sequences?
A) lys–arg–glu–lys
B) ser–ser–glu–glu
C) lys–arg–lys–arg
D) lys–lys–lys–lys
Signature: _____________________