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Analyzing Burke and Pisgah phase pottery in Western North
Carolina using X-Ray Fluorescence
Cassandra Monahan
April 8, 2011
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Abstract
Archaeologists can tell many things from ceramics which may include outside cultural
influences. The Pisgah culture (1000-1550 AD), which is present at the Warren Wilson site, is
mostly found on the headwaters of the French Broad and Little Tennessee Rivers (Dickens
1970). The Burke culture (1400-1600 AD), which is found at the Berry site, is concentrated in
the Upper Catawba River Valley (Moore 2002). Although these two cultures exhibit relatively
different types of ceramics, excavations among the Burke culture at the Berry archeological site
in Morganton, North Carolina, has uncovered pottery that exhibits a Pisgah style while
containing a Burke composition, possibly implying a blending between the two cultures.
Through the use of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, I compare the pottery found at the Berry
Site to the pottery found at the Warren Wilson site in Swannanoa, North Carolina. Using
historical documents as a foundation I analyze Burke, Pisgah and the intermediate pottery with
XRF to a) examine possible cultural influences and b) to determine whether XRF is an
appropriate tool for this type of analysis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Research Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
What is X-Ray Fluorescence and how is it used archaeologically?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Discussing the Possibility of Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Juan Pardo Expedition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Pisgah Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
The Burke Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Blended Pottery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Purpose of Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Methods and Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Data Analysis and Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Limitations and Delimitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Significance of Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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Appendix A: List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix B: Averaged Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Research Questions

While both the Pisgah and Burke phase have been studied independently no one has
studied possible links between the two.

Is XRF an appropriate tool to use in Western North Carolina?

Are Burke phase pottery and Pisgah phase pottery from the Piedmont of North Carolina
compositionally similar or different?

Is the intermediate pottery found on the Berry and Ensley sites more compositionally
similar to Burke or Pisgah phase pottery?
What is X-Ray Fluorescence analysis and how is it used archaeologically?
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a type of analysis being used in archaeology in
multiple ways. Archaeologists have used XRF to analyze obsidian, basalt, Roman pottery,
pottery glazes, Peruvian pottery and pipe fragments and pottery sherds to establish chronology
(Bower et al. 1986, Druc 2004, Hatcher et al. 1994, Kirch 1996, Kuhn & Sempowski 2001). The
XRF device emits beams of X-rays at the sample; these beams excite certain electrons in the
inner shells of the atom to move to a higher shell (Renfrew and Bahn 2000). These electrons
quickly revert back to their former places and in the process emit characteristic X-rays which the
XRF device measures to determine the sample’s composition (Renfrew and Bahn 2000).
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Archaeologists in the Southwestern United States have used XRF to analyze obsidian
artifacts and trace their sources (Shackley 1988). In Polynesia there is an absence of ceramic and
obsidian artifacts, which are the most common artifacts used for analysis (Kirch 1996). In this
case archaeologists used XRF on basalt, a stone, which is prevalent in Polynesian artifacts to
trace trade routes and source sites (Kirch 1996). In both of these cases the researchers found
XRF to be a very helpful tool which gave them results which could not have been discerned from
only studying the surface of the artifact. Not only has XRF aided archaeologists in their analysis
of stone artifacts but also with analysis of pottery.
XRF has been used archaeologically on pottery in the Southwestern United States to
determine the sources of Rio Grande glaze (Bower et al. 1986). Through their analysis Bower et
al were able to link archaeology sites where the glaze was present with other sites and find
possible sources for the glaze (1986). XRF has also been used in the Northeastern United States
to determine a date for the formation of the Iroquois nation (Kuhn and Sempowski 2001).
Archaeologists have used XRF and PIXE (particle X-ray emission) to analyze Mohawk pottery
sherds and pipe fragments found at multiple Seneca sites (Kuhn and Sempowski 2001). They
then compared their results to their analysis of Seneca pottery sherds and pipe fragments found at
multiple Mohawk sites (Kuhn and Sempowski 2001). Through their analysis they were able to
determine a tentative date for the formation on the League of the five Nations Iroquois (Kuhn
and Sempowski 2001).
Archaeologists have also used XRF for a comprehensive analysis of Roman pottery,
especially examination of the body sherds (Hatcher et al. 1994)At Chavin de Huantar, Peru,
archeologists had known that trade had occurred through the spread of Chavin culture (Druc
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2004). However, they wanted to explore further if there were different levels of trading and if a
timeline could be established (Druc 2004). Through their analysis, using XRF, they concluded
that over 30% of the pottery on-site was non-local and that there was dramatic shift in ceramic
production over time (Druc 2004). XRF is therefore a helpful tool for archaeologists because of
its ability to determine composition and therefore aid in identifying similarities and sources.
And, as the last study shows, it can be helpful in identifying non-local pottery.
Discussing the Possibility of Trade
Theories regarding the understanding of trade in archaeology are numerous (Renfrew &
Bahn 2000). An approach that has proven helpful and accurate is the idea of three different
modes of exchange (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354). The three modes of exchange explained in
this model are reciprocity, redistribution and market exchange (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354).
Reciprocity as a mode of exchange involves one individual giving a valuable object to another
individual without the expectation of immediate reciprocation (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354).
Instead, the individuals operate in a circle of exchange expecting in return stronger social
relations (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354). When one individual needs help with a task, like
building a dwelling, they will call on those who they have exchanged objects with to help
him/her (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354). Redistribution involves a central location where goods
are sent to be distributed elsewhere through trade (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354). In this mode of
exchange the individual producing the goods doesn’t necessarily have contact with the person
receiving them (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354). Lastly, market exchange is where a central
location exists where individuals can go to sell and buy goods and where an agreed upon form of
payment exists, i.e. bartering or material money (Renfrew and Bahn 2000:354).
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Other theories regarding trade/exchange include focus on the broad distribution and use
of specific raw materials (such as obsidian) and focus on the specification of traded items (i.e.
utilitarian/ceremonial, domestic/burial) (Adams 1992). They include the study of central places
that played key roles in trade (Adams 1992). What most of these theories emphasize is the
connection between sites (Adams 1992). Limited research addresses the connection between
sites and the variations in the amount and type of traded items (Adams 1992). Because of this,
there is a need for more research to understand the connection between different archaeological
sites.
Sometimes historical documents can aid archaeologists in understanding an area/site’s
relationship with its neighbors; including, but not limited to, whether or not they traded goods
with them. This is not always the case and historical documents are not always the most reliable
but in the case of Western North Carolina we do have the Juan Pardo documents which do
suggest that the Berry site, whose native name is Joara, was a prominent town (Hudson 2005).
The Juan Pardo Expeditions
Juan Pardo began his first expedition from the Spanish fort of Santa Elena, located in
present-day South Carolina, in December of 1566 (Figure 1). The goal of his, and his
predecessor Hernando de Soto who set out in the same direction in 1540, was to find gold and
establish forts so the Spanish could transport silver safely on land from their mines in Mexico.
When Juan Pardo first reached the town of Joara he set up a Fort, which he named Fort San Juan,
and returned to Santa Elena because the next leg of his journey, the mountains, were impassible
due to snow. When he returned he found that the man that he had left in charge had already gone
ahead into the mountains (Hudson 1994).
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While Pardo was at
Joara he not only met with
the chief of the town, who
he called Joara Mico, but
also several chiefs from
other towns in the region
(five on his first trip,
eighteen on his second).
Pardo noted that Joara
Mico was the most
important of those present
Figure 1
(Hudson 2005).
The Pisgah Phase
Within the longer Mississippian period there exists the Pisgah phase (1000-1550 AD).
Pisgah phase distribution includes the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Piedmont region of North
Carolina (Figure 2). Pisgah pottery temper is composed of either river sand, mica (although this
most likely a property of the clay) and crushed quartz. All Pisgah designs appear to have been
applied with a carved paddle whose application probably began at the bottom of the vessel and
then continued upward making a new row above the previous one (Dickens 1976).
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At the Warren
Wilson site 88% of the
pottery has Rectilinear
Complicated Stamping
which has three different
designs; A, B and C. The
more prevalent, Design A
(see Figure 3 & 4), consists
of two, three or four vertical
grooves flanked by eight or
more horizontal grooves; the
horizontal grooves are
usually shorter and closer
together than the vertical
grooves. The horizontal
Figure 2
lines appear most often long
and thick but also do appear short with the raised portions narrow (Dickens 1976).
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Figure 3
Figure 4
The vertical or horizontal grooves are slanted in Rectilinear Design B, distinguishing it
from Design A. Within Rectilinear Design B there are also three different types: in one the
grooves form a zig-zag where the parallel lines meet at the joint (Figure 5), in another openended “V”s are imposed onto the parallel lines (Figure 6) and in the last type the vertical grooves
are parallel but their flanking lines are slanted and all run in the same direction (see Figures 7 &
8). Rectilinear Design C is the least common and its pattern consists of the parallel lines forming
rectangles (Figure 9) (Dickens 1976).
Figure 6
Figure 5
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Figure 8
Figure 7
Figure 9
While the vast majority of Pisgah pottery has a Rectilinear Complicated stamping on it a
small, but still significant percentage, has Pisgah Curvilinear Complicated stamping which is
divided into two Designs; A and B. Design A (Figure 10) is the most frequent and exhibits a pair
of concentric circles that are separated from and adjacent pair of circles by a single groove.
Design B (Figure 11) is characterized by two interlocking scrolls with one side of each being
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flanked with several parallel grooves. The last stamping found on Pisgah pottery is Check
Stamped that was most likely applied with a carved paddle and exhibits a checked design whose
individual design is usually square. Plain exterior treatment is also found in Pisgah series
(Dickens 1976).
Figure 10
Figure 11
One of the most distinguishing features of Pisgah pottery is the decoration of its
ceramic rims and it appears that the form of the rim had a correlation in determining its
decoration. Collared rims are when a piece of clay is taken and applied to the vessel; the
application of another piece of clay to the vessel is called an appliqué (Figure 12). Collared rim
decorations vary but most often have short, angled punctations that occur in two to three parallel
rows; these decorations are usually arranged diagonally to the rim and the direction alternates
after each row.
Other collared rims decorations include one or two horizontal incised lines,
combinations of punctations and incised lines and to a lesser degree oblique-patterned incised
lines or no decoration (Dickens 1976).
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fydsfds
Figure 12
In the case of thickened rims, which are rims that have been made thicker without the use
of appliqué, their designs are very similar to collared rims except on a smaller scale because
without the use of appliqué the rim is smaller (Figures 13, 14 & 15). Because of this one of the
more common decorations on thickened rims is one or two rows of punctations or a single line of
incisions. The last type of Pisgah rim is unmodified; they are decorated about half of the time
either in the fashion of collared rims or with the use of appliqué strip with pinches applied along
the top of the lip (Dickens 1976).
Figure 14
Figure 13
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Figure 15
The Burke Phase
Burke phase archaeology sites have been found along the upper Catawba and Yadkin
Rivers in the Piedmont region of North Carolina (Figure 16). The most distinctive feature of
Burke ceramics is soapstone (steatite) tempering; the size of the soapstone chunks varies in color
and size. Sand, grit, schist and crushed quartz also occur along with the soapstone in the temper
of Burke ceramics (Moore 2002).
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Figure 16
Usually 30-60% of a Burke ceramic assemblage has Curvilinear Complicated stamping
(Figure 17 & 18) of which there are three designs. The designs in the first type are relatively
small and consist of even lands and grooves. Its designs consist of keyholes, figure eights and
fylfot scrolls/crosses. The second design includes concentric circles, bull’s-eyes and barred
ovals. The lands and grooves are even and there are normally four lines around the design
(Moore 2002).
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Figure 17
Figure 18
The last type consists of concentric circles, spirals, bull’s-eyes and eccentric curves that
are joined by parallel arcs occasionally nested squares or diamonds. The third type’s designs are
larger and were applied to the exterior surface more firmly and consist of irregular lands and
grooves. The majority of sherds with Curvilinear Complicated stamped designs have punctation
or notching decoration on their rim. Notching appears as a “U” or “V” shaped impression on the
lip or shoulder of the vessel (Figure 19). Punctation appears as single rows of circular or oblique
on the lip (Moore 2002).
Figure 19
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Burke Incised vessels stand out not in their exterior surface treatment but in their incising
along the rim. Their exterior and interior surfaces are either burnished or plain/smoothed; very
occasionally the interior is scraped. The vessel are either carinated, extremely inslanting rims, or
wide-mouthed with inslanting rims and the lip is usually flattened (Figure 20). The incising was
applied to the vessel after its initial drying, if it was smooth/plain, or after the burnishing process
if it was burnished most likely using a piece of cane. The incised designs include brackets,
scrolls and concentric loops joined by multiple horizontal lines (Figure 20, 21).
Figure 21
Figure 20
The Blended Pottery
The first time that I saw what I have labeled blended pottery was this past summer when I
was working at the Berry site. I was excavating my first feature and was absolutely bursting
with anticipation, even going as far as singing a song about it. As a fellow field schooler and I
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troweled away in the feature we noticed a dark color becoming more and more prominent. We
slowed down and touched the color to see if it was solid or a soil discoloration; it was solid. As
we continued to trowel around it we could see that it was a pottery sherd. So we kept troweling.
And troweling. And troweling. That’s when we realized that it was a large pottery sherd. We
called one of our superiors over who told us to slow down and use a brush so we could get a
better look at while it was in situ.
Then our superior called over the site supervisor. He was also impressed and said that
the sherd wasn’t Burke, the pottery almost exclusively found at the Berry site, but Pisgah. Being
as I had only heard the word Pisgah associated with large mountains and local breweries I didn’t
know what he meant so I asked him to explain. He said that Pisgah pottery is the pottery found
at the Warren Wilson site and that it was probably here because of some contact between the
cultures. As soon as he said that I was instantly curious as to how and why the Native
Americans that had once lived in the settlement that once existed where my college now stands
had traveled to this region where the Spanish conquistadors had also travelled. That sherd turned
out not to be exactly Pisgah but it is not exactly Burke either. The sherd that I excavated last
summer was only one of many in the area that exhibits a blend of Pisgah and Burke attributes.
All of the ceramics that I used in my research, and have come across in literature, that fit
my definition of blended pottery exhibit Pisgah series stamping while containing soapstone
temper (Figures 22, 23 & 24). Other archaeologists have noticed this in their writings;
specifically Dr. Roy S. Dickens, Jr. observed it at the McDowell site (31MC41) when he
conducted his analysis of Pisgah pottery and Dr. David G. Moore observed it in the Catawba
Valley when he conducted his analysis of the Burke series (1976, 2002). Both Dickens and
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Moore concluded that the blended pottery was Pisgah because soapstone temper has been found
in Pisgah ceramics.
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
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Despite that there are still many possibilities open for explanations of this blended
pottery. Archaeological evidence points to contact and probable trade between Southeastern
Native Americans on the coast and those in the interior but the extent, frequency and intent of it
has been very hard to determine (Hudson 1976). Hudson has stated that Joara was a border
town; not just in one way but three. According to the Juan Pardo documents Joara was on the
border of Iroquoian and Catawban speakers and it is geographically on the border between the
Blue Ridge Mountains and the Piedmont. Hudson also says that it was the border town between
Pisgah/Qualla pottery and Caraway and Dan River pottery (2005).
Since Joara seemed to be a prominent town with ties to other communities in the area,
some amount of contact between Native Americans in different regions is very probable and
there is a high amount of blended pottery found in the Upper Catawba Valley it is possible that
this blended pottery is the product of interactions between the Pisgah and Burke cultures.
Purpose of Study

To analyze the blended pottery found in the Western Piedmont and try to determine if
XRF is an accurate tool to explore possible connections between it and other pottery
series.
Methods and Procedures
My sample size consisted of 104 pottery sherds from four different archaeology sites
located either in Buncombe or Burke counties, North Carolina. Someone else checked the
classifications of all of my samples to ensure accuracy. To ensure accuracy even further as many
readings were done on each sample with the XRF as possible. The preferred amount of readings
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done one sample was three but some had four done because of their size while others could only
have two or one because of theirs.
The purpose of multiple readings on each sample isn’t only to increase accuracy but also
to ensure that the reading isn’t biased due to the proximity of the temper and reading being taken.
Very few readings lasted under forty-five seconds and the only time when these weren’t
disregarded is when readings lasting the full sixty seconds couldn’t be taken. Readings lasting
under forty-five were always averaged with another reading lasting under forty-five seconds to
try and increase accuracy. Sixty seconds is the maximum that the device will take a reading and
the most accurate it can be. At the beginning of each day readings of the soil standards, which
came with the XRF, were tested for at least forty-five seconds. All of the analysis was
performed in the Warren Wilson Archaeology Lab and none of the samples were harmed
because EDXRF (energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence) was used.
Sampling
As stated before my sample size consisted of 104 pottery sherds. All had been excavated
by, in some manner, and stored in the Warren Wilson Archaeology Lab. It consisted of twelve
Pisgah sherds from the Brunks site (31BN151) and eleven Pisgah pottery sherds from the Warren
Wilson site (31BN29). It also consisted of fifteen Burke pottery sherds and nine blended pottery
sherds from the Ensley site (31BK468). The majority of my sample consisted of twenty-five
Burke sherds, thirty blended sherds, one possible Woodland and one Pisgah sherd all from the
Berry site (31BK22).
I went about looking for sherds by looking through bags of pottery from features since
features tend to have the largest sherds. The twelve sherds from the Brunks site were excavated
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in 1981 by Dr. David Moore, seven sherds from the Warren Wilson site were excavated in 1997,
one in 1998 and three in 1999 all by the Warren Wilson Field School. All fifteen of the Burke
sherds and all eight of the blended sherds from the Ensley site were excavated in 2005 by the
Warren Wilson Field School. Five Burke sherds from the Berry site were excavated in 2010,
seven in 2009, eleven in 2008 and two in 2007. Three of the blended sherds that were analyzed
were excavated from the Berry site in 2010 and twenty-nine were excavated in 2009. The one
Pisgah sherd that was found at the Berry site was excavated in 2007.
Instrumentation
The XRF that was used in analysis is an XLP 730A Serial #24920. This specific model is
intended for the detection of lead paint and as such as a sensor on the front which must be
engaged for a reading to occur. It detected elements in parts per million (ppm). Bulk sample
mode was used for all analysis which is used when the sample is not homogenous like in pottery
where temper and different elements of the paste are not equally distributed. This specific XRF
detects the elements Molybdenum (Mo), Zirconium (Zr), Strontium (Sr), Rubidium (Rb), Lead
(Pb), Selenium (Se), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt
(Co), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Chromium (Cr).
Data Analysis and Findings
Each of the readings for one sample were averaged; for example if there were three
readings for sherd number fifty-six then the three readings for Iron were averaged together and
so on for each element that the XRF detects. Each of the averages for a certain element were
taken and put into a chart to see if any trends stood out. None did so each sherd was put in a list
by what phase it was and then one element of each phase was put into a chart to see if any trends
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could be seen. The chart below is the one of Strontium (Sr), the Y axis represents the reading;
P_Sr are the Pisgah samples in blue, B_Sr are the Burke samples in red and B-P_Sr are the
blended samples in green (Figure 25). Despite a few outliers Burke and the blended pottery have
the same general readings for Strontium. This was the case for several elements.
Figure 25
However, it was not entirely conclusive and there multiple occurrences of negative
numbers. A new datasheet was compiled in which all negative numbers were converted to zeros
along with readings under 5.00 ppm. The occurrence of numbers above 5.00 ppm was taken and
a percent was determined for how much of each element was detected and divided into phase
(Figure 26).
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Element B % Detect
Mo
0
Zr
100
Sr
100
Rb
100
Pb
97.4
Se
10.3
As
38.5
Hg
10.3
Zn
100
Cu
84.6
Ni
94.9
Co
64.1
Fe
100
Mn
69.2
Cr
100
B
Average
0
313.80
60.1
31.78
16.99
7.54
7.43
17.44
51.24
28.12
96.63
88.57
23462.24
244.78
467.64
P%
Detect
8.7
100
100
100
65.2
13
13
13
73.9
34.8
34.8
17.4
100
52.8
65.2
Figure 26
P
Average
7.37
361.55
142.82
40.88
19.2
7.74
11.25
18.82
75.7
61.15
95.61
241.02
23608.31
428.94
476.65
B-P %
Detect
5
100
100
100
97.4
30.8
48.7
30.8
100
89.7
100
92.3
100
94.9
100
B-P
Average
5.26
258.74
96.83
42
15.91
7.85
9.34
18.51
53.29
34.14
130.95
127.39
22887.84
353.02
664.94
“B % Detect” are the percent of Burke sherds that have a reading for that element in
vertical column. For instance the 100 to the right of Zr below B % Detect means that 100% of
Burke sherds had a reading above 5.00 ppm for Zirconium. The numbers below “B Average”,
“P Average” and “B-P Average are the averages for that element represented on the left for all of
the Burke, Pisgah or blended sherds. So the 313.80 to the right of the 100 is the average
Zirconium reading for all Burke sherds. The point of the percents is to try and detect which
elements will be useful in isolating certain elements which can signal similarities/differences
between the pottery.
Molybdenum will not be useful since very few readings are above 5.00 ppm. Strontium
and Zirconium could prove to be useful since 100% of the readings were above the detection
base and the numbers vary from phase to phase. Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Nickel could be
helpful because the readings are so frequent for Burke and blended but not for Pisgah.
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Limitations and Delimiations
A weakness is my lack of clay sources for my samples. Having clay from source areas
near my sample sites would aid in my analysis of my samples but is not necessary. Without the
clay sources I was still able to determine which pottery is similar or different but having a clay
source from the area would help in the spatial layout of pottery.
Significance of Study
My research has explored another possibility of the blended pottery that is apparent in the
Western Piedmont other than it being Pisgah. This is also the first time that XRF has been used
archaeologically at Warren Wilson College and my research can be used to determine if it will be
helpful in the future with other projects. My research has also contributed to the archaeological
understanding of Western North Carolina’s past.
References Cited
Adams, Robert M.
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1992 Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade. Current Anthropology 33(1): 141-160.
Bower, Nathan W., with Steve Faciszewski, Stephen Renwick and Stewart Peckham
1986 A Preliminary Analysis of Rio Grande Glazes of the Classic Period Using Scanning
Electron Microscopy with X-Ray Fluorescence. Journal of Field Archaeology 13(3): 307-315.
Dickens, Roy S., Jr.
1976 Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region. Knoxville:
University of Tennessee Press.
Druc, Isabelle C.
2004 Ceramic Diversity in Chavin de Huantar, Peru. American Antiquity 15(3):344-363.
Hatcher, Helen, with Alexander Kaczmarczyk, Agnès Scherer and Robin P. Symonds
1994 Chemical Classification and Provenance of Some Roman Glazed Ceramics. American
Journal of Archaeology 98(3): 431-456.
Hudson, Charles
1976: The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
1994: The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South 1521-1704.
Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
2005: The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Exploration of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568.
Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press.
Kirch, Patrick V. and Marshall I. Weisler
1996 Interisland and Interarchipelago Transfer of Stone Tools in Prehistoric Polynesia.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
93(4):1381-1386.
Kuhn, Robert D. and Martha L. Sempowski
2001 A New Approach to Dating the League of the Iroquois. American Antiquity 66(2):301314.
Moore, David G.
2002 Catawba Valley Mississippian. Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press.
Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn
2000 Archaeology. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson Inc.
Monahan 27
Shackley, M. Steven
1988 Sources of Archaeological Obsidian in the Southwest: An Archaeological, Petrological,
And Geochemical Study. American Antiquity 53(4):752-772.
Appendixes
Appendix A: List of Figures
1. The Juan Pardo Expedition
2. Distribution of Pisgah sites (Dickens 1976)
3. 98-0349-418
4. Pisgah Rectilinear Design A – narrow (Dickens 1976)
5. Pisgah Rectilinear Design B – 2nd Variety (Dickens 1976)
6. Pisgah Rectilinear Design B – 3rd Variety (Dickens 1976)
7. 97-993-271
8. Pisgah Rectilinear Design B – 1st Variety (Dickens 1976)
9. Pisgah Rectilinear Design C (Dickens 1976)
10. Pisgah Curvilinear Design A (Dickens 1976)
11. Pisgah Curvilinear Design B (Dickens 1976)
12. 2332-311
13. 99-0349-66
14. 2332-93
15. 052-446
16. Distribution of Burke phase pottery
17. 026-3088
Monahan 28
18. 026-1883
19. 004-63
20. 056-964/14
21. 056-964/8, 056-964/10, 056/964/11
22. 026-3073
23. 052-432
24. 052-813
25. Chart of readings of Strontium divided my phase
26. Table of percent of elements and averages by phase
Appendix B: Averaged Data
Sample # Mo
Mo
Error Zr
Zr Error Sr
Sr
Error Rb
Rb
Error Pb
Pb
Error
1
< LOD
5.44
529.71
20.12
209.62 10.88 33.14
5.03
20.02 12.57
2
< LOD
3.82
182.93
11.46
106.79
7.33 45.17
5.17 < LOD
3
< LOD
4.75
280.86
15.56
119.74
8.71 22.87
4.52
4
< LOD
3.98
330.66
13.47
132.07
7.35 41.52
4.54 < LOD
12.73
5
< LOD
4.89
293.21
16.04
146.84
9.61 20.41
4.41 < LOD
16.17
6
6.21
3.8
297.03
14.5
149.27
8.73 57.84
5.89 < LOD
13.82
7
< LOD
4.16
325.11
13.98
106.79
7.02 46.51
5 < LOD
13.31
13.67
24.37 13.62
Monahan 29
8
< LOD
3.85
323.93
13.58
120.74
7.2 50.98
5.05
9
< LOD
3.77
276.78
12.31
129.99
7.2 33.19
4.12 < LOD
10
< LOD
4.37
301.8
14.09
133.92
8.04 49.88
11
< LOD
8.1
364.13
27.74
148.28 15.35 41.92
9.64 < LOD
12
< LOD
6.06
392.73
20.75
163.39
6.56
19.01 17.37
13
8.52
4.64
387.3
17.9
32
5.07
21.18 14.11
14
< LOD
4.69
391.46
16.26
150.71
8.71
35.9
4.81
17.41 13.11
15
< LOD
4.62
442.47
16.37
148.76
8.26 31.04
4.36
22.62 10.31
16
< LOD
4.17
329.83
13.96
93.91
6.61
62.4
5.65
14.84 11.53
4.6 < LOD
511.12
17.1
131.68
7.67 48.09
5.06
12.91 < LOD
7.75
4.41 < LOD
17
11.5 42.37
222.47 11.37
9.1
12.56
26.47 12.22
24.16
19
< LOD
4.92
430.41
16.91
115.6
20
< LOD
4.2
291.62
14
212.09
9.81 62.35
5.8
21
< LOD
5.18
544.7
18.89
191.89
9.71 32.88
4.67
16.77 11.52
22
< LOD
4.86
470.22
17.62
139.33
8.43 40.02
5.01
24.18 12.59
23
4.9 < LOD
355.58
16.55
144.45
9.04 31.57
4.88
15.16 < LOD
24
3.63 < LOD
255.92
11.82
61.78
5.25 37.94
4.38
19.04
9.15
25
3.98 < LOD
225.18
12.06
59.26
5.56 36.15
4.64
17.29
9.82
26
3.99 < LOD
235.63
11.91
65.37
5.63 36.62
4.51
15.04
9.31
27
3.74 < LOD
237.34
11.56
54.81
5.06 32.27
4.16
12.68 < LOD
28
5.11
2.82
259.93
12.27
70.17
5.7 35.45
4.39
15.98
29
4.24 < LOD
243.44
13.08
102.08
7.31
73.9
6.49
20.36 10.67
30
4.69 < LOD
329.4
15.9
151.66
9.21
75.8
6.9
21.74 11.78
31
4.14 < LOD
274.71
13.78
155.49
8.71 48.16
5.33
16.32 10.06
249.73
13.88
144.94
8.86 47.33
5.56
18 10.57
32
4.5
3.17
27.9
5.34
15.94
17.79
13.99
9.81
9.55
Monahan 30
33
3.94 < LOD
252.05
12.8
145.81
8.18 47.48
5.12
19.21 10.12
34
4.13 < LOD
245.82
13.24
165.79
8.99 51.39
5.49
14.04 10.03
35
4.09 < LOD
250.35
12.76
79.87
6.35 40.24
4.87
36
1.13
3.33
263.38
15.37
30.06
5.1 20.18
4.5
41.96 14.06
37
3.57
3.37
263.01
14.92
26.55
4.72 17.83
4.2
44.17 13.93
38
1.03
3.3
270.00
15.3
26.84
4.8 17.82
4.26
54.01 15.04
39
0.91
3.26
453.70
16.9
36.76
4.7 15.09
3.49
10.62
9.42
40
0.53
3.25
410.94
16.59
32.6
4.64 15.86
3.65
6.96
9.42
41
2.3
3.16
392.61
15.7
35.82
4.61 30.01
4.36
16.02
9.71
42
-0.33
2.67
202.19
12.21
58.23
5.87 25.71
4.31
6.01
9.10
43
1.06
2.87
207.09
12.8
55.87
5.98
33.3
4.94
14.31 10.43
44
2.29
3.23
256.86
15.01
97.22
8.02 44.52
5.87
14.16 11.07
45
4.31
4.37
349.61
20.4
45.04
6.96 35.71
6.43
19.05 13.93
46
1.08
2.88
389.88
14.63
60.67
5.34 40.88
4.61
12.21
8.79
47
0.81
2.91
254.16
13.72
74.33
6.6 41.57
5.28
14.87
10.3
48
1.45
2.77
267.38
13.12
83.61
6.49 43.56
5.02
20.04 10.03
49
0.02
2.93
266.73
14.28
105.06
7.78 34.89
4.99
19.28 10.77
50
2.44
2.9
229.26
13.2
108.01
7.74 45.51
5.45
14.74 10.32
51
1.86
3.48
268.59
15.98
32.31
5.4 23.89
4.87
42.33 14.64
52
1.21
2.83
305.46
13.78
75.88
6.17 46.57
5.12
17.73
9.72
53
1.56
3.24
251.51
15.18
114.34
8.73 27.26
4.98
5.01
10.5
54
0.08
2.82
257.76
13.56
101.11
7.37 37.52
4.97
6.47
9.61
55
2.79
3.76
388.27
18.26
29.08
5.02
23.8
4.76
16.23 11.82
56
1.74
3.26
355.50
15.95
34.09
4.82 23.01
4.24
14.13 10.42
16.1
9.7
Monahan 31
57
-1.28
3.16
331.17
15.99
33.08
4.93 20.61
4.22
58
1.45
2.98
306.61
14.43
76.81
6.48 29.34
4.47
9.45
9.48
59
1.42
2.21
108.65
8.59
75.15
54.4
5.24
8.02
8.51
60
1.95
3.73
425.52
18.89
67.76
6.94 47.48
6.08
6.77 10.44
61
2.36
3.18
332.47
15.34
61.52
6.05 16.01
3.73
2.52
63
0.61
3.5
396.96
17.8
47.7
5.84 27.61
4.79
64
2
3.14
418.28
15.92
57.61
5.52 38.72
4.76
65
2.21
3.62
390.35
18.03
44.27
5.78 28.78
4.94
66
-0.85
3.17
399.58
16.53
45.89
5.32 31.69
4.65
5.15
9.18
67
1.06
3.32
414.00
17
46.68
5.42 32.74
4.77
5.83
9.32
68
0.41
3.23
419.44
16.67
45.02
5.21 31.43
4.58
14.54
9.98
69
2.47
2.95
279.5
13.72
49.93
5.4 43.12
5.17
17.42 10.23
70
4.44 < LOD
333.71
16.08
488.34 14.80 41.23
5.15
19.23 10.72
71
4.70 < LOD
262.13
14.28
66.45
6.48 50.27
5.89
19.34 11.04
72
1.64
2.49
180.56
10.81
75.97
6.06 45.86
5
73
4.53 < LOD
280.67
14.14
52.2
5.63 43.67
5.34
15.36 10.02
74
5.41 < LOD
283.62
16.4
47.95
6.31 41.54
6.06
17.59 10.73
75
2.46
2.97
246.25
13.8
89.75
7.28 52.14
5.88
17.17
76
4.50 < LOD
234.51
13.95
103.37
7.96 43.96
5.62
17.90 11.05
77
2.36
2.57
215.24
11.5
73.75
5.92 37.53
4.52
78
2.66
3.10
233.93
13.89
67.08
6.64 33.28
5.09
17.56 11.09
79
0.92
3.43
263.05
16.16
72.17
7.56 39.35
5.99
15.67
80
2.99
3.27
263.40
14.97
89.42
7.57 38.33
5.47
18.43 11.46
81
3.04
3.58
330.07
17.13
75.83
7.43 47.24
6.2
13.45 11.44
5.9
13.27 10.47
9.16
15.39 11.07
8.59
8.88
13.49 11.03
2.9
10.1
8.24
10.8
8.64
12.1
Monahan 32
82
4.4
3.77
299.50
17.17
65.57
7.3 37.59
5.94
21.14 12.81
83
3.77
3.54
361.5
17.03
61.21
6.47 16.21
3.98
16.71 11.19
84
2.47
3.47
318.83
16.67
82.81
7.58 44.68
5.96
18.13 11.78
85
1.2
2.76
299.35
13.25
40.14
4.61 18.81
3.54
17.43
86
1.09
3.29
332.15
16.25
81.08
7.19 49.72
5.97
24.62 11.74
87
2.04
2.9
204.74
12.79
70.1
6.58 35.35
5.06
10.82 10.16
88
2.66
2.72
188.49
11.61
77.2
6.43 31.25
4.53
10.53
89
1.03
2.86
303.91
13.99
84.09
6.56
39.3
4.85
19.89 10.17
90
2.71
2.75
214.90
12.11
71.23
6.18 36.62
4.76
9.72
9.21
91
1.66
2.74
287.58
13.08
75.68
6.01 38.24
4.61
13.65
9.2
92
4.45
2.97
270.02
13.35
63.92
5.88 40.81
4.98
17.81 10.06
93
1.19
3.31
324.17
16.2
69.44
6.78 47.68
5.92
12.6 10.89
94
1.54
3.06
232.91
14.4
155.24
9.73
36.9
5.37
10 10.57
95
2.68
3.02
210.73
13.27
76.88
7.01 31.22
4.94
11.26 10.47
96
0.24
2.7
283.50
13.27
102.01
6.93 39.25
4.73
16.37
97
1.57
2.98
245.14
13.83
86.98
7.19 32.56
4.89
11.62 10.33
98
2.06
3.07
301.91
14.6
65.1
6.16 43.93
5.35
18.39 10.58
99
1.22
2.75
234.65
12.73
77.79
6.46 35.39
4.75
19.93
10.3
100
-0.36
2.52
249.43
12.18
78.21
6.03 42.02
4.73
9.34
8.8
101
1.2
3.55
310.79
17.02
64.18
7.19 36.61
5.82
15.7 12.16
102
0.69
2.69
224.10
12.54
100.75
7.23 41.32
5.05
12.77
9.55
103
-0.36
2.52
229.42
12.02
93.15
6.63 43.11
4.88
12.09
9.16
104
1.89
2.71
216.87
12.14
68.18
6.04 36.83
4.76
16.33
9.8
105
-0.31
2.44
267.91
11.81
44.7
4.53 50.51
4.84
22
9.33
9.42
9.6
9.6
Monahan 33
106
3.25
Sample # Se
2.78
289.93
Se
Error As
12.99
As
Error
61.16
5.44 59.34
Hg
Error Zn
Hg
5.47
20.58
Zn
Error Cu
9.62
Cu
Error
1
<
LOD
8.47 < LOD
11.81 < LOD
19.65 < LOD 28.73 < LOD
55.63
2
< LOD
7.65 < LOD
10.13 < LOD
17.5 90.31 22.37 < LOD
48.99
3
< LOD
8.46 < LOD
11.77 < LOD
20.06 181.27 31.75 < LOD
55.93
4
< LOD
6.93 < LOD
9.19 < LOD
5
< LOD
8.87 < LOD
12.01 < LOD
20.85 < LOD 33.35 < LOD
56.65
6
< LOD
8.05 < LOD
10.22 < LOD
18.57 < LOD 29.85 < LOD
50.97
7
< LOD
7.03 < LOD
9.76 < LOD
17.3 139.64 22.99 < LOD
46.85
8
< LOD
6.69 < LOD
9.78 < LOD
16.95 69.03 19.64 < LOD
43.24
9
< LOD
7.05 < LOD
9.02 < LOD
15.85 57.59 18.37
10
< LOD
7.65 < LOD
10.55 < LOD
17.49 55.88 20.72 < LOD
49.25
11
< LOD 14.34 < LOD
18.01 < LOD
30.99 62.03 49.14 < LOD
86.86
12
< LOD
9.94 < LOD
13.76 < LOD
23.49 < LOD 39.12
13
< LOD
8.3 < LOD
11.53 < LOD
20.12 < LOD
14
< LOD
7.87 < LOD
10.89 < LOD
18.07 115.43 24.42
15
< LOD
8.08 < LOD
10.29 < LOD
17.49 42.63 19.74 < LOD
48.41
16
< LOD
7.08 < LOD
9.54 < LOD
17.11 < LOD 27.47 < LOD
44.67
17
6.83 < LOD
10.61
6.83
16.26 51.52 18.31
44.79 38.61
49.38 36.27
96.00
26.7 < LOD
16.51 < LOD 104.29 21.71
63.2
56.87
74.41 35.87
54.59 32.02
19
< LOD
8.25 < LOD
10.44 < LOD
18.67
58.9 22.03
57.68 44.17
20
< LOD
7.37 < LOD
10.37 < LOD
17.08
42.3 19.52 < LOD
46.37
Monahan 34
21
< LOD
7.58 < LOD
10.98 < LOD
18.62 49.92 21.05 < LOD
49.93
22
< LOD
7.72 < LOD
10.18 < LOD
18.71 85.04 22.49 < LOD
51.3
23
8.49 < LOD
11.02
24
6.86 < LOD
25
19.59
19.59 46.96 46.96 22.48
58.29 36.29
10.14 < LOD
15.9 < LOD 72.15 19.34
43.05 < LOD
7.76 < LOD
10.49 < LOD
16.93 < LOD 44.85 20.07
48.32 < LOD
26
6.89 < LOD
10.11 < LOD
17.18 < LOD 67.82 20.34
49.57 32.13
27
7.17 < LOD
9.84 < LOD
16.63 < LOD 57.73 19.08
43.26 < LOD
28
7.21 < LOD
10.23 < LOD
16.46 < LOD 91.01 20.82
45.38 < LOD
29
8.2 < LOD
11.46 < LOD
18.73 < LOD 68.64
22.1
52.06 < LOD
30
8.35 < LOD
8.82 < LOD
19.02 < LOD 60.37
22.9
53.76 < LOD
31
7.34 < LOD
10.73 < LOD
18.05 < LOD 40.93
20.3
50.56 < LOD
32
8.22 < LOD
11.52 < LOD
19.02 < LOD 45.83 21.63
53.59 < LOD
33
7.59 < LOD
10.55 < LOD
17.76 < LOD 49.64 19.95
50.14 33.27
34
7.5 < LOD
10.58 < LOD
18.03 < LOD 51.37 20.78
50.19 < LOD
35
7.42 < LOD
10.83 < LOD
17.74 < LOD 43.94
20.2
49.2 < LOD
36
-3.93
5.88
5.88
10.37
-12.73 14.83 123.76 29.34
17.77 42.79
37
-1.24
5.94
1.15
10.02
-22.17 13.74 135.2 28.78
14.92 40.67
38
1.67
6.36
1.57
10.81
-15.44 14.42 127.84 28.98
8.56 41.28
39
-0.63
5.16
6.19
7.17
40
0.04
5.43
5.05
7.13
41
-1.06
5.01
0.11
6.95
-14.57 11.64
5.74 18.49
17.95 32.78
42
-3.47
5.02
4.24
6.88
-14.16 12.35 92.30 23.82
8.73 35.74
43
-0.57
5.5
0.19
7.46
-17.25 12.68 38.07 22.38
26.92 38.02
44
-2.11
5.76
4.51
8.24
-10.78 14.07 58.82 24.93
30.75 40.67
-12.43
12 38.61
20.8
24.06 34.44
-5.18 12.87 38.97 21.68
24.45 36.19
Monahan 35
45
-3.78
7.02
-2.34
9.78
-19.72
17.6 24.15 30.01
28.65 53.93
46
-0.81
4.66
2.74
6.44
-10.48 10.88 28.68 17.97
0.43 29.31
47
-0.4
5.44
5.02
7.7
-8.75 12.86 44.14 21.94
10.78 35.66
48
-3.02
4.84
2.03
7.31
2.65 12.34 44.15 20.07
0.3 31.65
49
-3.21
5.27
3.76
7.97
-0.13 13.48 50.59 22.49
22.97 36.54
50
1.9
5.57
2.71
7.52
-5.92 12.73
43.04
51
-0.04
6.38
2.09
10.61
-12.9 14.88 131.14 29.89
-5.66 40.82
52
-3.04
4.77
4.79
7.25
-4.84 11.86 41.99 19.81
26.26 32.02
53
0.81
6.19
1.51
7.6
-12.38 14.26 31.36 24.37
6.19 40.34
54
4.26
5.73
2.34
6.94
55
1.62
6.41
3.9
56
0.98
5.65
57
-3.51
58
-7.62 12.56
38.1 21.35
36.3
50.2 21.92
-10.28 33.62
8.71
-18.73 14.36 46.45 25.78
36.68 43.38
6.2
7.85
-11.92 12.95 56.72 23.02
5.4
4.05
7.83
-12.66 13.18 61.99 24.08
20.98 38.24
-0.86
5.21
-0.06
6.77
-5.95 12.47 19.11 20.08
14.85 33.93
59
1.28
4.83
4.31
6.32
-6.94 11.04 39.11 18.45
31.82
60
-1.29
5.93
5.86
7.92
-15.9 14.04 25.86 22.43
-8.27 39.35
61
2.08
5.64
3.79
6.81
63
2.69
6.12
5.42
8.3
64
-4.24
4.71
5.9
6.8
65
-0.29
5.97
4.02
66
0.91
5.43
67
-0.29
68
69
-11.76 12.63
0.94
36.1
30.3
8.22 20.43
14.54 35.33
-11.6 13.66 30.65 22.85
38.7 39.28
2.05
12.3
29.8 19.32
10.05 31.64
8.19
-19.63 13.74 53.26 24.71
-16.81 38.73
3.02
6.76
-14.86
12.3 46.98 21.63
25.5 35.31
5.39
8
7.25
-10.88
12.6
26.3 20.76
6.94 34.51
0.47
5.34
2.38
7.28
-9.54 12.39 28.55 20.51
38.83 35.24
-0.09
5.27
-0.11
7.28
-1.84 12.68 49.31 21.36
30.58 34.71
Monahan 36
70
7.64 < LOD
10.89 < LOD
17.91 < LOD 29.26 < LOD
57.46 33.71
71
7.90 < LOD
12.13 < LOD
20.37 < LOD 34.20 19.68
54.07 < LOD
72
0.72
4.91
0.71
5.88
-14.22 11.04 60.28 20.37
59.49 33.78
73
8.13 < LOD
11.71
7.21
18.73 < LOD 48.36 22.07
54.65 < LOD
74
9.63 < LOD
15.29
11.09
23.13 < LOD 50.52 26.46
64.74 < LOD
75
4.92
6.65
7.65
-2.28 12.74 46.69 22.87
33.51 36.58
76
8.40 < LOD
20.70 < LOD 58.18 23.53
55.65 < LOD
5.79
12.14 < LOD
77
-0.99
4.67
1.25
6.25
-8.49 11.24 180.1 23.77
15.92 30.65
78
0.65
5.77
0.81
7.96
-9.51 13.48 54.28 23.67
9.46 38.07
79
-1.61
6.31
3.28
8.93
-11.65
80
-1.05
5.79
2
8.28
-15.72 13.64 46.77 24.21
81
-0.42
6.13
5.86
8.62
2.39 15.11 41.82 24.61
82
-3.59
6.21
3.69
9.46
-18.2 15.36 53.85 27.68
-0.33 44.84
83
0.74
5.94
4.63
8.32
-3.97 14.07
47.8 23.85
47.95 39.84
84
0.7
6.16
2.44
8.56
-15.2 14.12 34.04 24.18
3.93 40.07
85
-0.83
4.81
5.02
7.07
-11.08 11.22 33.93 19.04
31.36 31.84
86
-4.59
5.37
4.41
8.69
-11.79 13.55 45.81 23.65
16.23 38.36
87
0.08
5.6
5.52
7.66
-3.04
13.4 45.21 22.57
22.94 37.52
88
3.5
5.5
-0.28
6.78
-16.13
11.8 51.73 21.44
22.69 35.54
89
0.97
5.2
-0.38
7.22
1.51
12.4 52.77 20.69
38.34 33.57
90
-2.59
4.94
5.42
6.99
3.07 12.58 51.08 20.73
1.83 32.45
91
-0.52
4.85
5.44
6.91
-1.39 11.68 46.63 19.59
48.98 32.42
92
0.06
5.17
0.28
7.18
93
1.33
5.96
2.6
7.9
-11.44
15.3 35.58 26.08
11.9 38.27 20.46
-20.46 13.21 32.61 23.26
39.17
45.1
16.35 39.78
4.33
54.99
39.6
35
10.6 38.82
Monahan 37
94
1.76
5.99
2.8
7.7
-10.16 13.64 40.48 23.25
23.17 38.88
95
1.37
5.87
5.54
7.88
-9.16 13.56 40.63 23.17
36.54 39.31
96
-0.88
4.91
2.3
6.99
-4.47 11.74
69.3 20.79
31.17 32.28
97
3.27
5.89
7.15
7.83
-11.1 13.08 64.89 23.46
9.05 36.94
98
-2.35
5.24
3.32
7.77
-9.43 12.71 39.13 21.74
99
-0.42
5.16
-2.04
7.21
-3.9 12.39
43.1 20.74
24.3 34.11
100
2.86
5.03
3.38
6.45
-8.58 11.12
32.7 18.52
12.11 30.22
101
-1.25
6.43
-1.11
8.58
-4.32 15.93
53.5 27.38
36.85 45.95
102
-3.64
4.84
1.69
6.95
-8.07 12.14 43.54 20.74
19.16 33.94
103
2.07
5.05
2.73
6.67
-11.2 11.21
40.9 19.42
39.6 32.45
104
-2.45
4.91
3.78
7.26
-8.71 12.02
59.3 21.23
11.02 33.24
105
0.99
4.65
5.28
6.93
-0.33
10.9 68.21 18.89
25.61 28.99
106
-0.55
4.73
1.54
6.93
-11.37 10.97 22.59 17.89
24.01 30.34
Sample # Ni
Ni
Error Co
Co
Error
Fe
Fe
Error Mn
14.97
Mn
Error Cr
35.7
Cr
Error
1
< LOD 77.18 < LOD
193.72 15107.34 367.88 364.27 194.77 1044.13
2
< LOD 70.98 < LOD
233.51 26940.08 453.91 549.84 198.58 < LOD
290.26
3
< LOD 81.28 < LOD
249.10 23225.41 474.45 < LOD 300.34 < LOD
328.65
4
< LOD 59.15 < LOD
166.68
5
< LOD 83.49 < LOD
272.13 29062.31 531.76 < LOD 311.07 < LOD
336.36
6
< LOD 76.24 < LOD
256.65 31335.11 495.97 < LOD 293.04 < LOD
312.67
7
< LOD 62.24 < LOD
199.53 20869.79 381.43 287.62 198.65
8
< LOD 67.67 < LOD
204.36 23560.74 392.48 < LOD 241.91 < LOD
16095.6 319.22 453.15 146.26
240
257.83 199.59
340.97 219.19
253.4
Monahan 38
9
< LOD 60.85 < LOD
182.08 20095.42 351.18 < LOD 215.35
10
< LOD 69.27 < LOD
222.08 25106.65 431.96 580.33 191.53 < LOD
281.44
11
< LOD 122.71 < LOD
396.85 24426.78 769.43 569.81 417.04 < LOD
507.86
12
< LOD 90.42 < LOD
279.57 23035.74 536.89 < LOD 326.72 < LOD
330.04
13
105.46 75.43 < LOD
238.78 23523.63 464.8 293.9 264.49
621.09 234.25
14
116.7 52.29 < LOD
214.7 22065.28 414.8 328.78 235.37
645.6 213.46
15
92.55 50.65
148.56 24715.84 418.62 < LOD 266.35
697.26 212.17
212.33 24525.49 411.82 < LOD 253.65
284.66 216.49
16
246.15
< LOD 64.88 < LOD
17
65.52 < LOD
19
92.96
207.42 < LOD
321.49 200.63
23708.01 402.96 379.5 173.73
259.25 < LOD
68.1 < LOD
267.11 34241.21 518.24 < LOD 310.65
629.41 235.43
20
< LOD 67.56 < LOD
195.59 19635.91 375.33 < LOD 230.06
284.88 227.39
21
95.78 51.34 < LOD
213.7 21993.72 411.58 428.32 182.29
485.53 204.68
22
< LOD 63.92 < LOD
180.1 15585.56 349.54 < LOD 223.51
308.94 < LOD
23
112.99 55.71
253.3 < LOD
27053.05 488.54 602.71 217.45
597.9 238.11
24
77.32 44.49
192.77 < LOD
21639.72 371.89 224.58 < LOD
455.69 178.97
25
123.06 50.75
205.67 < LOD
21159.9 397.43 243.34 < LOD
422.01 190.84
26
135.97
50
203.49 < LOD
21587.25 387.61 244.58 < LOD
526.79 192.66
27
106.38 46.68
195.97 < LOD
21477.2 375.79 232.53 < LOD
622.03 191.67
28
100.3 49.22
211.07 < LOD
24698.23 407.56 250.22 < LOD
449.58 190.37
29
150.43 54.63
217.69 < LOD
21947.13 416.21 416.25 184.41
598.2 213.48
30
134.68 57.96
250.65 < LOD
27049.57 483.53 340.88 198.61
355.16 240.25
31
110.04 51.05
203.89 < LOD
19794.8 387.51 251.31 168.4
613.82 203.1
32
185.78 57.27
212.05 < LOD
19877.31 409.19 310.68 174.7
738.32 223.71
33
228.24 54.37
205.01 < LOD
21556.58 391.04 263.99 169.97 1056.33 225.46
Monahan 39
34
77.92 51.02
208.73 < LOD
21108.37 401.31 429.06 178.31
463.53 199.62
35
231.53 56.11
210.41 < LOD
21507.65 401.09 258.22 < LOD
936.47 224.48
-12.49
191.01
28823.7 555.38 152.03 216.63
276.38 236.61
313.05 231.8
36
90.04 64.94
37
11.71 59.23
102.59
186.22 28203.67 534.64 123.85 209.74
38
33.8 60.96
47.41
186.51 27879.82 538.89 -30.07 215.18
310.28 235.01
39
197.37 58.11
34.49
164.33
29093.7 475.71 227.17 199.95
894.89 241.52
40
249.39 63.06
170.56
171.13 28806.23 488.22 288.47 206.62
737.78 240.09
41
20.35 43.85
-14.33
107.87 12387.38 311.15 263.23 140.45
134.17 153.59
42
242.94 60.12
-16.68
145.37 20961.97 421.21 -33.37 173.09 1050.15 243.69
43
188.52 60.75
148.63
151.42
44
72.22 58.94
52.61
45
46
47
71.18 -39.93
46.03
0.71
54.81 77.83
20173.5 428.16 -21.87 174.61
597.59 220.86
162.84 22015.94 468.26 169.45 197.05
436.21 226.55
17395.0
172.97
8
15475.6
111.73
1
147.17
20665.1
8
502.89
1
7
2
.
6
424.47 227.79 2
322.02
4
4
6
.
2
177.98 139.96 9
420.76
5
0
5
.
6
135.68 177.14 2
Monahan 40
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
49.71
26.6
54.6 54.43
54.49
43.2
63.58 189.65
44.7 -12.04
64.27 115.26
58.91 -64.81
21302.8
137.85
5
20416.7
146.79
3
141.74
194.17
136.62
209.66
195.92
19677.1
8
29306.6
3
21502.6
6
37423.3
6
41074.5
4
397.8
6
1
8
.
4
180.62 168.87 8
421.5
7
4
3
.
2
282.08 184.16 2
407.14
6
3
0
.
4
190.74 174.68 2
575.73
4
1
5
.
-102.58 226.75 8
397.04
3
0
7
.
0
355.5 172.86 7
616.41
3
3
2
.
127.27 249.18 1
574.15
656.53
5
0
245.6 7
.
Monahan 41
0
7
55
56
57
58
59
60
65.47 126.87
58.76 12.42
61.17 -47.6
52.31 38.37
40.12 -12.89
54.15 84.91
191.45
29643.4
4
26620.0
166.29
1
24982.6
165.26
3
165.52
28820.1
8
14058.1
107.37
7
13166.1
130.65
7
559.59
-105.52
5
6
2
.
8
221.5 2
482.07
6
3
7
.
2
182.28 201.49 8
483
6
6
7
.
5
465.38 212.83 2
479.11
4
1
8
.
9
2.92 192.32 1
310.31
119.22
3
4
3
.
2
133.2 3
368.31
1
8
1
.
9
257.53 165.49 5
Monahan 42
61
63
64
65
66
67
68
535.97
3
1
8
.
6
-161.97 208.38 9
405.68
2
9
5
.
5
40.36 167.97 6
364.86
1
7
7
.
5
137.49 153.53 8
403.2
2
9
4
.
9
63.15 168.97 5
370.15
2
6
9
.
7
-121.36 146.45 8
48.71 65.63
17225.2
134.7
5
384.62
2
6
0
.
9
-28.3 155.96 6
48.7 99.21
17204.2
132.04
3
374.81
54.42
40
52.23 55.97
45.27 23.57
53.13 -20.15
48.65 36.89
34064.2
184.8
9
16799.3
142.09
6
126.67
17950.2
6
15868.4
139.32
6
16321.8
129.17
1
54.04 156.14 3
9
Monahan 43
2
.
1
9
69
70
71
72
73
74
52.13 23.81
149.45
< LOD 257.51 < LOD
< LOD 257.20 < LOD
55.9 -21.38
134.9
23299.9
2
34167.3
4
27082.4
4
21425.6
2
55.57 231.44 < LOD
23146.6
5
83.91 259.06 < LOD
22194.8
3
431.91
5
0
6
.
3
-7.08 174.91 7
497.43
4
4
8
.
2
429.65 210.61 0
496.13
3
7
0
.
7
309.06 < LOD 8
391.61
1
3
1
0
.
2
271.29 172.05 9
441.98
5
4
7
.
8
263.59 < LOD 7
501.2
4
302.24 < LOD 5
3
Monahan 44
.
1
6
75
76
77
78
79
80
56.84 125.74
157.84
58.04 229.98 < LOD
43.34 79.54
62.27 62.43
64.69 92.28
61.09 49.81
22554.1
9
21055.1
1
14933.6
113.27
5
151.28
19689.3
3
25487.4
188.4
9
24548.4
169.44
9
445.82
5
6
2
.
835.64 210.74 5
442.66
5
4
4
.
7
730.76 207.86 4
321.23
2
3
7
.
3
-5.91 132.16 6
432.73
7
6
7
.
8
-59.78 175.72 7
540.65
8
1
1
.
9
173.4 227.57 2
488.71
6
6
9
.
7
295.36 209.24 5
Monahan 45
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
561.21
3
8
2
.
6
855.47 253.51 3
576.97
4
4
0
.
9
251.02 241.57 9
491.6
2
6
5
.
4
371.88 211.17 9
500.51
4
4
4
.
2
376.63 216.85 3
390.55
5
7
0
.
8
106.75 162.84 4
59.48 133.9
30789.2
187.05
7
537.07
3
9
9
.
8
428.69 229.08 9
64.31 70.52
21530.3
154.05
5
441.32
61.07 -11.51
68.46 61.89
57.25 93.46
57.5 29.85
49.29 -8.66
29950.3
192.61
2
28702.9
199.81
2
171.3
24961.1
9
24431.3
173.08
6
21567.0
134.66
3
271.99 192.37 9
8
Monahan 46
9
.
2
1
88
89
90
91
92
93
65.91
81.8
49.21 77.35
51.59 100.42
50.53 -0.56
22218.4
146.83
2
19861.0
135.28
3
137.69
142.27
19802.7
2
24499.2
8
51.97 110.77
21340.2
142.73
5
59.18 -23.32
28575.3
179.79
9
419.96
1
5
0
6
.
4
395.64 189.03 5
387.07
5
6
3
.
1
99.96 162.21 4
392.63
4
8
4
.
6
391 174.45 5
412.92
5
5
2
.
1
354.96 178.36 9
407.15
6
9
1
.
6
292.32 177.05 2
523.66
5
402.9 224.76 4
2
Monahan 47
.
2
94
95
96
97
98
58.25 58.19
58.6 92.51
50.36 16.66
58.64 121.72
59.7 47.37
149.49
19273.9
1
21721.0
158.14
4
24653.0
144.54
5
19690.8
147.6
9
31187.6
176.22
5
99
52.51 133.46
138.43
100
46.66 78.63
129.39
19485.8
3
20011.7
428.27
6
8
1
.
0
270.04 187.61 9
452.34
6
7
7
.
8
310.34 169.99 2
418.44
5
0
0
.
164.75 174.57 8
418.98
8
3
3
.
7
376.18 187.44 4
510.02
7
3
7
.
270.67 213.96 7
392.52
4
9
2
.
5
172.2 4
370.5
314.2
352.58 163.65
5
Monahan 48
3
101
102
103
104
105
106
69.04 173.52
54.13 31.02
51.53 67.12
53.05 99.76
46.32 60.96
9.4 40.18
26238.9
192.35
1
140.08
20765.6
3
21887.6
137.32
7
21425.7
142.76
2
19089.6
120.14
1
33.08
101.25
9
4
.
3
2
547.06
5
7
9
.
0
371.98 235.81 1
403.83
1
0
1
9
.
2
375.92 180.49 6
394.33
9
3
4
.
9
346.23 173.67 6
408.42
7
0
7
.
3
674.3 190.01 3
344.08
7
5
5
.
1
55.09 143.84 4
11941.2 288.78 444.17 138.14
144.
121.68 65
Monahan 49