Questions for final examination from
BIOLOGY (2015/2016)
Biology
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Life – definition, philosophy and classification of life
Living systems – definition, characteristic, phylogenesis, taxons, methods of study
Origin of life – theories, chemical evolution, evolution of genetic information, eobiont
stage
Non - cellular forms of life - prions, viroids, virusoids
Viruses – characteristic, stages of replication, gene expression in different viruses
Cell theory
Prokaryotic cell – characteristic, structure, examples
Bacteria – characteristic, cultivation and staining
Plasmids and conjugation
Eukaryotic cell – characteristic, structure, examples
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Nucleus - structure, function
Endoplasmic reticulum - structure, function
Golgi apparatus - structure, function
Secretion pathway
Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles – function
Chloroplast - structure, function
Mitochondrion: structure, function.
Evolution of cells - endosymbiont theory
Water – function, osmosis
Proteins – monomer, conformation, denaturation
Proteins – function
Nucleic acid - monomer, conformation, denaturation, depolymeration
Nucleic acid - types of NA and their functions
Polysaccharides – monomer, function
Lipids – monomer, function
Cell membrane - structure and function, fluid mosaic model
Membrane proteins - types, function
Thickness of plasmatic membrane - cell cortex, glycocalyx, cell wall, extracellular
matrix
Transport across membranes - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels,
active and passive transport
Sodium potassium pump and secondary active transport - principle, importance
Ca2+ pump - principle, importance
Proton pump and secondary active transport - principle, importance
Transport across membranes - endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptormediated endocytosis, exocytosis
Vesicular transport - clatrine vesicles, SNARE proteins
Metabolism – anabolism, catabolism, enzymatic catalysis
Cellular respiration
Catabolism - digestion, glycolysis, acetyl CoA, Kreb´s cycle
Chemiosmosis in mitochondria - oxidative phosphorylation
Photosynthesis – light reaction, Calvin cycle
Chemiosmosis in chloroplast - photosynthetic phosphorylation
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The cytoskeleton - structure and function
Microfilaments (actin filaments) - structure, function
Microtubules - structure, function
Movement - molecular motors, princip
Intracellular transport
Centrosome - structure, function
Flagellar and ciliary movement - principle
Amoeboid movement - principle
Muscle contraction – principle
Mitosis – cytoskeleton and molecular motors
Cell cycle - phases
Regulation of cell cycle – checkpoints, cyclin, cyclin-dependent protein kinases
Mitosis - phases, importance
Differentiations of cells - different levels, principle
Cell death – principle and differences
Cell signaling - signaling pathway, stages, types of signals
Cell signaling - forms of extracellular signaling, surface receptors
Cell signaling - G protein, activation of kinase A and kinase C
Cell signaling - activation of kinase CaM and proteinkinase III
Gene expression - central dogma
Transcription - phases and importance
Posttranscription modification of RNA
Translation - phases and importance
Ribosome - structure, chemical composition, function, eukaryotic and prokaryotic
ribosome, polysome, ribosome of mitochondria and chloroplast
66. Postranslation modification of proteins
67. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes – RNA interference,
ubiquitination
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Genetics
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Genome and genomics - types of genomes, genome projects
Gene – characteristic, TATA box, ORF, promoter, enhancer
Gene – differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Gene regulation of ontogenesis (homeobox genes)
DNA replication - steps, principle, difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA replication - function of topoisomerase, DNA-helicase, DNA-polymerase, RNA
primase, RNA nuclease, DNA-ligase
DNA replication - replication fork and its asymmetry, leading strand, lagging strand,
Okazaki framents, replication bubble
Telomeres - description, telomerase, problem with aging
DNA replication and repair pathways - DNA mismatch repair, base excision repair,
deamination, depurination, pyrimidine dimers
Transposition - transposons, retrotransposons
Microsatellites, minisatellites.
DNA cloning - polymerase chain reaction, principle and its importance
Gel electrophoresis – principle and its importance
DNA cloning – in bacteria, differences in genomic and cDNA libraries
DNA fingerprinting, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorpism), hybridization principle and importance
Sequencing of DNA – Sanger sequencing, principle and importance
GMO, DNA microchip technology
Chromosomes and chromatin – chemical composition, structure
Chromosomes – differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Cytogenetics - examination of chromosomes, karyotypes, banding, FISH
Mutations - types
Numerical aberrations of chromosomes – euploidy, aneploidy, syndroms
Structural aberrations of chromosomes – examples, syndroms
Gene mutations - examples
Determination of sex in animals - examples, sex chromatin (Barr body), sex
chromosomes X and Y
Genetics – characteristic, types
Clasical genetics (Mendelian inheritance) – characteristic, types, J.G. Mendel
Mendelian inheritance – explain terms: trait, phenotype, gene, allele, locus, P, F1, F2
and B1 generation, phenotype and genotype ratios
Mendelian principals (laws) and conditions
Qualitative and quantitative traits – differences, examples
Gene interaction - reciprocal interaction, dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis,
inhibition
Gene interaction - complementarity, compensation
Gene interaction - duplicity noncumulative, duplicity cumulative with dominance,
duplicity cumulative without dominance.
Genetic linkage - complete linkage, incomplete linkage, power of linkage,
chromosome map
T.H.Morgan and Morgan laws
Sex-linked inheritance
Sex-limited, sex-controlled and sex-influenced inheritance
Meiosis – phases, recombination of gene information
Spermiogenesis and oogenesis – scheme, differences
Non-mendelian inheritance – characteristic, examples
Maternal inheritance, maternal effect – characteristic, examples
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42. Infectious heredity, parental imprinting
43. Trinucleotide repeat disorders, complex (threshold) traits – characteristic, examples
44. Quantitative genetics – quantitative trait, polygenic inheritance, continual variability of
phenotype, examples
45. Phenotype variability, heritability, statistical methods used for selection
46. Population genetics – definition and characteristic of population, genofond, allelic and
genotype frequencies
47. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium – characteristic, conditions
48. HW equilibrium - types of reproduction and their effect on genetic structure of
population
49. HW equilibrium - mutation, selection and their effect on genetic structure of
population
50. HW equilibrium - genetic drift and gene flow (migration) and their effect on genetic
structure of population
51. Practical applications of population genetics – genetic diseases, problems in small
populations, study of evolution
52. Evolution and evolutionary theories
53. Darwinism and Lamarcism
54. Evolution and its mechanisms
55. Microevolution, macroevolution - coevolution, adaptive radiation, preadaptations
56. Species and speciation - anagenesis, cladogenesis, syngenesis, stasigenesis
Drawings
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neuron
nucleus, ER, GA
mitochondria, chloroplast
ciliate with vacuoles
cross section of flegalla and cillia (structure 9+2)
sarcomere
G+ and G- bacteria
bacteriophage
starch grain
avian and mammal erytrocytes
types of leucocyte nuclei
mitotic spindle
phases of mitosis as observed in microscope
scheme of mitosis and meiosis
scheme of spermiogenesis and oogenesis
secundary, terciary and quaternary structure of protein
phylogenetic tree
membrane (model of fluid mosaic)
Na/K pump, Ca2+ pump, H+pump
endocytosi, exocytosis
clatrin vesicle
formula of photosynthesis and cell respiration
chemiosmotic coupling in mitochondria and chloroplasts
centrosome
scheme of activation of A kinasis, C kinasis, CaM kinasis, proteinkinasis
scheme of expression of gene information
gene in procaryotic and eucaryotic cell
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ribozom, polysom
DNA, tRNA
Difference between denaturation and depolymeration of DNA
replication fork and replication bouble
karyotypes in differen animals
the basic genetic crossing
ratios in gene interactions
genetic linkage - cis and trans phase, complete and incomplete linkage
maternal effect
graph for qualitative, quantitative and complex trait
HW equilibrum - formula
Heritability- formula
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