NORMAL ANATOMY WITH ELEMENTS OF REGIONAL ANATOMY
I.
Department of Human Anatomy
II.
Head of the Department: Dr hab. med. Michał Szpinda
III.
Faculty of Medicine, first year
IV.
Programme Tutor: Dr hab. med. Michał Szpinda
V.
Lectures and tutorials
VI.
Assessment: examination (practical, theoretical: test exam laboratory works), 21
ECTS points
VII.
Subject Hours: lectures 70h, tutorials160h, total 230
VIII.
Aims of the Subject:
1. to familiarise students with human, topographic and clinical anatomy, which will
serve as a basis for developing knowledge of further clinical disciplines,
2. to be able to identify details in anatomic specimens
3. to introduce up-to-date teaching methods of anatomy based on the recent computer
software
4. to familiarise with dissecting techniques of all structures
5. to be able to use correct medical terminology
6. to identify a relation between biological structure of organs and their function
7. to apply anatomical knowledge during clinical practice
8. to familiarise with control, integration and regulation mechanisms responsible for
maintaining homeostasis
IX.
List of practical skills that will be obtained upon completion of laboratory works:
1. Identification of all structures and their topography in relation to body regions.
2. Knowledge of the topography of organs, including skeletopy, which can be
important for examining of the patient (surface anatomy of the heart and great
vessels, percussion and auscultation areas, costal lines of pleural reflection).
3. Ability to read x-ray images showing both normal and some pathological
conditions (e.g. pneumothorax, perforation of the digestive tract, bowel
obstruction, dislocation of joints and bone fracture).
4. Ability to relate biological structure of organs and their function.
5. Ability to identify the symptoms of damages to the nerves of somatic plexuses
(cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral).
6. Ability to identify deficiency signs of damage to the motor and sensory pathways,
occurring at different levels of central nervous system and within peripheral
nervous system.
7. Knowledge of the most important anatomic anomalies (e.g. vascular variations)
and developmental anomalies (e.g. visceral inversion, persisting urachus, Meckel’s
diverticulum, transposition of the great arteries).
X. Lecture Topics:
Semester I
1. Junctions of Vertebral Column and Thorax
2. Junctions of Upper and Lower Limbs
3. Classification of Nervous System. The Spinal Nerves
4. Biomechanics of Movement in Skeletal Muscles
5. Brachial Plexus
6. Autonomic Nervous System
7. Systemic, Pulmonary and Fetal Circulation
8. Alimentary System and Peritoneum
9. Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis. Portocaval and Cavocaval Anastomoses.
10. Autonomic Nervous System of Abdomen and Pelvis
11. Urinary and Reproductive Systems
12. Pelvic Canal
13. Lymphatic System
14. Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses
15. Topographical Anatomy of Lower Limb
Semester II
1. Petrous Part of Temporal Bone
2. Topographical Anatomy of the Skull
3. Larynx
4. Overview of Cranial Nerves. Trigeminal Nerve
5. Cranial Nerves
6. Autonomic Nervous System of the Head and Neck
7. Carotid arteries
8. Internal Ear
9. General characteristics of the Brain
10. Motor Pathways
11. Sensory Pathways
12. Visual, auditory, olfactory and vestibulary pathways
13. Hypothalamus
14. Limbic System
15. Endocrine System
XI. Tutorials
Semester I
1.
Anatomical axes and planes. General structure of bones. Classification of
junctions and joints. Classification of skeleton. Regional characteristics of the
vertebrae. General structure of vertebral column. Curvatures of the vertebral column.
2.
Ribs and sternum. Skeleton of the thorax. Junctions of the thoracic wall and
vertebral column. Movements of thorax and vertebral column. Imaging of thorax and
vertebral column.
3.
Bones, joints and ligaments of the upper limb. Imaging of upper limb.
4.
Bones, joints and ligaments of the lower limb. Imaging of lower limb.
5.
Osteology: Practise and test 1
6.
Regions of upper limb. Surface anatomy of the upper limb. Muscles and fasciae
of upper limb. Synovial sheaths of hand.
7.The spinal nerves. Brachial plexus. Lesions of nerves in the upper limb.
8.Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels of upper limb. Places for measuring pulse in
the upper limb. Fractures of upper limb’s bones causing injuries of nerves and blood
vessels. Topographical anatomy of upper limb: axillary cavity, axillary fossa,
deltopectoral triangle and groove, bicipital grooves, radial nerve canal, ulnar canal,
cubital fossa, forearm grooves, carpeal canal, radial fovea.
9.
Upper limb: Practise and test 2
10.
Lines and regions of thorax and back. Muscles and fasciae of thorax and back.
Diaphragm. The mammary gland.
11.
Intercostal nerves. Short branches of braxial plexus. Dorsal branches of the
spinal nerves. Phrenic nerve. Thoracic part of vagus nerve. Thoracic part of
sympathetic trunk. Cardiac plexus.
12.
Heart and pericardium. Surface anatomy of the heart and great vessels,
percussion and auscultation areas, heart sounds. Ascending aorta, arch of aorta,
thoracic aorta. Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary veins. Superior cava
vein.
13.
Trachea and principial bronchi. Bronchopulmonary segmentation (tree). Lungs.
Pleural cavity. Mechanics of respiration.
14.
Thymus. Esophagus. Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. Azygos veins
system. Topographical anatomy and subdivisions of mediastinum. Topographical
anatomy of the back: suboccipital triangle, intersplenial triangle, superior and inferior
lumbar triangle, triangle of auscultation.
15.
Thorax: Practise and test 3
16.
Regions of abdomen. Muscles and fasciae of abdomen. Inguinal canal. Rectus
sheath. Abdominal hernias. Lower intercostal nerves. Lumbar plexus. Peritoneum.
Omental bursa, epiploic foramen, lesser and greater omentum. Peritoneal cavity and
peritoneal reflections.
17.
Abdominal part of esophagus, stomach, duodenum. Liver, gallbladder and
biliary ducts. Pancreas. Spleen. Celiac trunk.
18.
Small and large intestines. Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Portal vein.
19.
Retroperitoneal space. Abdominal aorta. Inferior cava vein. Abdominal
lymphatic system. Lumbar part of sympathetic trunk. Celiac and intermesenteric
plexuses. Topographical anatomy of posterior abdominal wall.
20.
Abdomen: Practise and test 4
21.
Regions of perineum. Pelvis and urogenital diaphragm. Internal iliac artery.
Inferior
hypogastric
plexus.
Pudendal
nerve.
Lumbar
splanchnic
nerves.
Neurovascular connective tissue lamina. Pelvic canal. Fibrous spaces of pelvis.
Ischiorectal fossa. Pubic recess. Pudendal canal. Superficial and deep perineal space.
Greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
22.
Urinary system - organs, vessels and nerves
23.
Male genital system - division, organs, vessels and nerves
24.
Female genital system - division, organs, vessels and nerves
25.
Pelvis: Practise and test 5
26.
Regions of lower limb. Muscles and fasciae of lower limb. Synovial sheaths of
lower limb.
27.
Sacral and lumbar plexuses. Lesions of nerves in the lower limb.
28.
Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels of lower limb. The places for pulse
measuring in the lower limb.Topographical anatomy of lower limb: muscular and
vascular lacuna, femoral canal, adductor canal, greater and lesser triangles, iliopubic
fossa, popliteal fossa, medial and lateral ankle canals.
29.
Lower limb: Practise and test 6
30.
Revision of semester I
Semester II
1.
General structure (overview) of cranium. Parietal bone, temporal bone,
occipital bone. Canals of temporal bone. Tympanic cavity.
2.
Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, ethmoid bone, palatine bone, maxillae, inferior
nasal concha, zygomatic bone, lacrimal bone, vomer, nasal bone, mandible, hyoid
bone. Paranasal sinuses. Fonticuli (fontanelles).
3.
Osteal
exits
of
cranial
nerves.
Temporomandibular
joint.
Cranial
synchondroses and syndesmoses. Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae. Orbit.
Pterygopalatine
fossa.
Temporal
and
infatemporal
fossae.
Nasal
cavity.
Retromandibular fossa. Passage of cranial nerves through openings in the cranial base.
4.
Skull: Practise and test 1
5.
Regions of neck and head. Muscles and fasciae of neck and head. Triangles of
neck. Fascial compartments of the neck.
6.
External nose and nasal cavity. Paranasales sinuses. Oral cavity. Tongue.
Deciduous and permanent teeth, hard and soft palate. Pharynx. Salivary glands:
submandibular, sublingual and parotid.
7.
Larynx. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Cervical part of esophagus and
trachea.
8.
Common, internal and external carotid arteries. Subclavian artery.
9. Dural infoldings and dural venous sinuses. Intracranial haemorrhages. Veins of the
head. Internal, external and anterior jugular veins. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of
neck and head.
10.
Cervical plexus. Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal and abducent nerves.
11.
Facial, intermediate, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal
nerves. Autonomic nervous system of neck and head. Cranial parasympathetic ganglia.
Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal, parotid, submandibular and sublingual
glands.
12.
Topographical anatomy of the head: orbit, pterygopalatine fossa, temporal
fossa, infatemporal fossa, nasal cavity, oral cavity, retromandibular fossa,
parapharyngeal space, retropharyngeal space, buccal space. Limitations and contents.
13.
Neck and Head: Practise and test 2
14.
Visual apparatus. Eyeball, accessory visual apparatus. Optic nerve. Nerves of
extraocular muscles (III, IV, VI). Pupillary light reflex and accommodation reaction.
15.
Auditory and vestibular apparatuses. External, middle and internal ear.
Vestibulocochlear nerve. Sound pathway.
16.
Sensory Organs: Practise and test 3
17.
Ontogenetic, topographical and anatomical classification of the brain. Gross
structure of the brain. Cerebral cortex: main sulci and fissures, lobes and gyri. The
main cortical areas. Telencephalic nuclei. White matter of hemispheres. Small brain
(rhinencephalon). Limbic system components. Lateral ventricle.
18.
Diencephalon. Third ventricle. Thalamus and hypothalamus.
19.
Mesencephalon. Cerebral aqueduct. Metencephalon.
20.
Myelencephalon. Spinal cord. Cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem. Fourth
ventricle. Reticular formation of the brain stem. Cranial meninges. Cerebellum and
spinal cord. Subarachnoid space. Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Arteries of the
brain, circulus arteriosus of Willis. Lumbar puncture.
21.
Neuroscience - brain: Practise and test 4
22.
Nerve fascicles of the cerebrum (association, projection and commissural
fibres). Extrapyramidal system. Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts. Dysfunction of
efferent pathways. Spinocerebellar tracts. Vestibular tract.
23.
Pathways of thalamus and hypothalamus. Integration of autonomic functions.
Afferent pathways of internal organs. Ascending tracts (dorsal funiculus,
spinothalamic tracts). Dysfunction of efferent pathways. The role of limbic system and
its relation with afferent and efferent fibres.
24.
Reticular system. Tegmental central tract. Medial longitudinal fasciculus.
Tracts of extrapyramidal system. Visual, auditory, olfactory and gustatory pathways.
Hemisection and transection of the spinal cord.
25.
Neuroscience - nervous pathways: Practise and test 5
26.
Topographical and clinical anatomy of limbs.
27.
Topographical and clinical anatomy of trunk.
28.
Topographical and clinical anatomy of neck and head.
29.
Topographical anatomy: Practise and test 6
30.
Revision of semester II.
XI. Bibliography - basic:
1) Moore Keith L. and Dalley Arthur F. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 5th ed., 2009.
2) Drake R. Gray’s Anatomy for Students. Ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2nd ed., 2009.
3) Tank P. W. Grant’s Dissector. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 13th ed., 2005.
4) Agur Anne M.R., Dalley Arthur F. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 11th ed., 2005.
5) Weir J., Abrahams P.H. Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy, Mosby, 3rd ed., 2003.
6) Chung Kuang W. Gross Anatomy - Board Review Series, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
5th ed., 2005.
7) Netter Frank H. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Urban & Partner, 3rd ed., 2006.
NEUROSCIENCE
1) Young Paul A. and Young Paul H. Basic Clinical Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams&
Wilkins, 1997.
2) Brodal Per The Central Nervous System. Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.
3) Waxman S.G. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
4) Haines Duane E. Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications. 3rd ed.,
Elsevier, 2006.
5) Haines Duane E. Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections and Systems. 7th ed.,
Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2007.
6) Fix, J.D. Neuroanatomy - Board Review Series, 3rd ed., Culinary and Hospitality Industry
Publications Services, 2006.
XII. Bibliography - additional
Journals:
1) „Folia Morphologica”
2) „Annals of Anatomy”.