ANATOMY WITH ELEMENTS OF TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
The term anatomy is derived from Greek roots temnein, that mean “to dissect”
The study of anatomy is linked to dissection of cadavers, and it is complemented by viewing
previously dissected material and plastic models. Gross anatomy deals only with structures that can
be displayed by dissection and that are visible to the naked eye, without the aid of magnification.
Gross anatomy itself is divided into systemic anatomy (e.g. skeletal, vascular, nervous), regional
anatomy (e.g. limbs, head and neck) and clinical anatomy. Anatomy constitutes the basis of the gross
anatomy are:
1. familiarize students with human, topographical and clinical anatomy, which will serve as basis for
developing knowledge of further clinical disciplines,
2. to be able to identify anatomical details in specimens,
3. to introduce up-to-date teaching methods of anatomy based on the recent computer software,
4. to familiarize students with dissecting techniques of all structures,
5. to be able to use correct medical terminology,
6. to identify relationships between structures and function of different organs,
7. to apply anatomical knowledge,
8. to familiarize with control, integration and regulation mechanisms responsible for maintaining
homeostasis
TEACHERS:
1. prof. dr hab. n. med. Michał Szpinda,
2. dr n. med. Paweł Brazis
CONTACT: kizanat@cm.umk.pl
SYLABUS
I.
Name of the unit offering the course: Department of Anatomy
II.
Head of the Unit/ Course coordinator: prof. dr hab. med. Michał Szpinda
III.
1st year, number of hours: 188
IV.
Form of the classes: lectures: 86, tutorials: 102
V.
Form of crediting: exam
VI.
Number of ECTS points: 15
VII.
Aims of the course:
1.
to familiarize students with human, topographic and clinical anatomy, as a basis for further
clinical disciplines
2.
to be able to identify details in anatomic specimens
to introduce up-to-date teaching methods of anatomy based on the recent computer
3.
software
4.
to familiarize with dissecting techniques of all structures
5.
to be able to use correct medical terminology
6.
to identify a relation between structure and function
7.
to apply anatomical knowledge during clinical practice
8.
to familiarize with control, integration and regulation mechanisms responsible for
maintaining homeostasis
VIII.
List of practical skills that will be obtained upon completion of laboratory works:
1.
Identification of all anatomical structures and their topography in relation to body regions.
2.
Knowledge of the topography of organs, including skeletopy, which can be relevant for
examining of the patient (surface anatomy of the heart and great vessels, percussion and
auscultation areas, costal lines of pleural reflection).
3.
Ability to read x-ray images showing both normal and some pathological conditions (e.g.
pneumothorax, perforation of the digestive tract, bowel obstruction, dislocation of joints and bone
fracture).
4.
Ability to relate biological structure of organs and their function.
5.
Ability to identify the symptoms of damages to the nerves of somatic plexuses.
6.
Ability to identify deficiency signs of damage to the motor and sensory pathways, occurring
at different levels of central nervous system and within peripheral nervous system.
7.
Knowledge of the most important anatomic anomalies (e.g. vascular variations) and
developmental anomalies (e.g. visceral inversion, persisting urachus, Meckel’s diverticulum,
transposition of the great arteries).
a.
Topics of lectures:
Semester I
1. Junctions of Vertebral Column and Thorax
2. Junctions of Upper and Lower Limbs
3. Classification of Nervous System. The Spinal Nerves
4. Biomechanics of Movement in Skeletal Muscles
5. Brachial Plexus
6. Autonomic Nervous System
7. Systemic, Pulmonary and Fetal Circulation
8. Lymphatic System
9. Alimentary System and Peritoneum
10. Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis. Portocaval and Cavocaval Anastomoses.
11. Autonomic Nervous Systems of Abdomen and Pelvis
12. Urinary and Reproductive Systems
13. Pelvic Canal
14. Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses
15. Topographical Anatomy of Lower Limb
Semester II
1. The Exterior of the Skull
2. Topographical Anatomy of the Skull
3. Larynx
4. Overview of Cranial Nerves. Trigeminal Nerve
5. Cranial Nerves
6. Autonomic Nervous System of the Head and Neck
7. Visual apparatus
8. Auditory and vestibular apparatuses
9. General characteristics of the Brain
10. Cerebral cortex and Limbic System
11. Hypothalamus and endocrine system
12. Motor Pathways part 1
13. Motor pathways part 2
14. Somatosensory Pathways
15. Organosensory Pathways
XI. Topics of tutorials
Semester I
1. Anatomical axes and planes. General structure of bones. Classification of junctions and joints.
Classification of skeleton. Regional characteristics of the vertebrae. General structure of vertebral
column. Curvatures of the vertebral column.
2. Ribs and sternum. Skeleton of the thorax. Junctions of the thoracic wall and vertebral column.
Movements of thorax and vertebral column. Imaging of thorax and vertebral column.
3. Bones, joints and ligaments of the upper limb. Imaging of upper limb.
4. Bones, joints and ligaments of the lower limb. Imaging of lower limb.
5. Osteology: Practice and test 1
6. Regions of upper limb. Surface anatomy of the upper limb. Muscles and fasciae of upper limb.
Synovial sheaths of hand.
7. The spinal nerves. Brachial plexus. Lesions of nerves in the upper limb.
8. Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels of upper limb. Places for measuring pulse in the upper limb.
Fractures of upper limb’s bones causing injuries of nerves and blood vessels. Topographical anatomy
of upper limb: axilla, deltoideopectoral triangle and groove, bicipital grooves, radial nerve canal,
ulnar canal, cubital fossa, forearm grooves, carpal canal, radial fovea.
9. Upper limb: Practice and test 2
10.Lines and regions of thorax and back. Muscles and fasciae of thorax and back. Diaphragm. The
mammary gland.
11.Intercostal nerves. Short branches of braxial plexus. Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves. Phrenic
nerve. Thoracic part of vagus nerve. Thoracic part of sympathetic trunk. Cardiac plexus.
12.Heart and pericardium. Surface anatomy of the heart and great vessels, percussion and
auscultation areas, heart sounds. Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, thoracic aorta. Pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary veins. Superior cava.
13.Trachea and principial bronchi. Bronchopulmonary segmentation (tree). Lungs. Pleural cavity.
Mechanics of respiration.
14.Thymus. Esophagus. Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. Azygos veins system. Topographical
anatomy and subdivisions of mediastinum. Topographical anatomy of the back: suboccipital triangle,
intersplenial triangle, superior and inferior lumbar triangle, triangle of auscultation.
15.Thorax: Practice and test 3
16.Regions of abdomen. Muscles and fasciae of abdomen. Inguinal canal. Rectus sheath. Abdominal
hernias. Lower intercostal nerves. Lumbar plexus. Peritoneum. Omental bursa, epiploic foramen,
lesser and greater omenta. Peritoneal cavity and peritoneal reflections.
17.Abdominal part of esophagus, stomach, duodenum. Liver, gallbladder and biliary ducts. Pancreas.
Spleen. Celiac trunk.
18.Small and large intestines. Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Portal vein.
19.Retroperitoneal space. Abdominal aorta. Inferior vena cava. Abdominal lymphatic system. Lumbar
part of sympathetic trunk. Celiac and intermesenteric plexuses. Topographical anatomy of posterior
abdominal wall.
20. Abdomen: Practice and test 4
21.Regions of perineum. Pelvis and urogenital diaphragm. Internal iliac artery. Inferior hypogastric
plexus. Pudendal nerve. Lumbar splanchnic nerves. Neurovascular plates. Pelvic canal. Fibrous spaces
of pelvis. Ischiorectal fossa. Pubic recess. Pudendal canal. Superficial and deep perineal space.
Greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
22.Urinary system - organs, vessels and nerves
23.Male genital system - division, organs, vessels and nerves
24.Female genitalia - division, organs, vessels and nerves
25.Pelvis: Practice and test 5
26.Regions of lower limb. Muscles and fasciae of lower limb. Synovial sheaths of lower limb.
27.Sacral and lumbar plexuses. Damage to nerves in the lower limb.
28.Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels of lower limb. The places for pulse measuring in the lower
limb. Topographical anatomy of lower limb: lacuna vasorum and musculorum, femoral canal,
adductor canal, femoral triangles, iliopubic fossa, popliteal fossa, tarsal tunnel.
29.Lower limb: Practice and test 6
30.Revision of semester I
Semester II
1. General structure (overview) of cranium. Parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone. Canals of
temporal bone. Tympanic cavity.
2. Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, ethmoid bone, palatine bone, maxillae, inferior nasal concha,
zygomatic bone, lacrimal bone, vomer, nasal bone, mandible, hyoid bone. Paranasal sinuses.
Fonticuli (fontanelles).
3. Temporomandibular joint. Cranial synchondroses and syndesmoses. Anterior, middle and
posterior cranial fossae. Orbit. Pterygopalatine fossa. Temporal and infatemporal fossae. Nasal
cavity. Retromandibular fossa. Passage of cranial nerves through openings in the cranial base.
4. Skull: Practice and test 1
5. Regions of neck and head. Muscles and fasciae of neck and head. Triangles of neck. Fascial
compartments of the neck.
6. External nose and nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses. Oral cavity. Tongue. Deciduous and permanent
teeth, hard and soft palate. Pharynx. Salivary glands: submandibular, sublingual and parotid.
7. Larynx. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Cervical part of esophagus and trachea.
8. Common, internal and external carotid arteries. Subclavian artery.
9. Dural septa and sinuses. Intracranial haemorrhages. Veins of the head. Internal, external and
anterior jugular veins. Lymphatic nodes and vessels of neck and head.
10.Cervical plexus. Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal and abducent nerves.
11.Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves. Autonomic nervous system of
neck and head. Cranial parasympathetic ganglia. Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal, parotid,
submandibular and sublingual glands.
12.Topographical anatomy of the head: orbit, pterygopalatine fossa, temporal fossa, infatemporal
fossa, nasal cavity, oral cavity, retromandibular fossa, parapharyngeal space, retropharyngeal space,
buccal space - limitations and contents.
13.Neck and Head: Practice and test 2
14.Visual apparatus. Eyeball, accessory visual apparatus. Optic nerve. Nerves of extraocular muscles
(III, IV, VI). Pupillary light reflex and accommodation reaction.
15.Auditory and vestibular apparatuses. External, middle and internal ear. Vestibulocochlear nerve.
Sound pathway.
16.Sensory Organs: Practice and test 3
17.Topographical and anatomical classification of the brain. Gross structure of the brain. Cerebral
cortex: main sulci and fissures, lobes and gyri. The main cortical areas. Basal ganglia. White matter of
hemispheres. Limbic system. Lateral ventricle.
18.Diencephalon. Thalamus and hypothalamus. Third ventricle.
19.Mesencephalon. Cerebral aqueduct. Metencephalon. Reticular formation of the brainstem.
Cerebellum.
20.Brainstem. Myelencephalon. Cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. Fourth ventricle. Spinal cord.
Meninges. Subarachnoid space. Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Arteries and veins of the brain,
circulus arteriosus of Willis. Lumbar puncture.
21.Neuroscience - brain: Practice and test 4
22.Nerve fascicles of the cerebrum (association, projection and commissural fibres). Basal ganglia.
Pyramidal system. Spinal motor organization. Brainstem supraspinal centers. The ocular motor
system. Dysfunction of efferent pathways.
23.The somatosensory system. Peripheral components. Spinal and cranial tactile, vibration, and
proprioception pathways. Spinal and cranial pain and temperature pathways. Clinical implication of
somatosensory pathways.
24.The organosensory system. Visual, auditory, olfactory and gustatory pathways. Dysfunction of
organosensory pathways. Hemisection and transection of the spinal cord.
25.Neuroscience - nervous pathways: Practice and test 5]
26.Topographical and clinical anatomy of limbs.
27.Topographical and clinical anatomy of trunk.
28.Topographical and clinical anatomy of neck and head.
29.Topographical anatomy: Practice and test 6
30.Revision of semester II.
XI. Booklist:
I. GROSS ANATOMY
1)
Moore Keith L. and Dalley Arthur F. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
7th ed., 2013
2)
Tank P. W. Grant’s Dissector. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 15th ed., 2012
3)
Agur Anne M.R., Dalley Arthur F. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 13th
ed., 2012
4)
Weir J., Abrahams P.H. Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy, Mosby, 3rd ed., 2003.
5)
Chung Kuang W. Gross Anatomy - Board Review Series, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 7th ed.,
2011
6)
Netter Frank H. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Urban & Partner, 5th ed., 2010
7)
Paulsen F. Sobotta Atlas of Anatomy; vol. 1-3 Churchill Livingstone 15th ed. 2011
8) Moses K.P., Nava P.B., Banks J.C., Petersen D.K. Atlas of Clinical Gross Anatomy, 2nd ed.
Saunders, 2012
II. NEUROSCIENCE
1)
Young Paul A. and Young Paul H. Basic Clinical Neuroanatomy. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2007
2)
Brodal Per The Central Nervous System. Oxford Univ. Press, 2004
3)
Waxman S.G. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 26th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009
4)
Haines Duane E. Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications. 3rd Edition,
Elsevier, 2006
5)
Haines Duane E. Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections and Systems. 7th Edition,
Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2007
6)
Gould D., Fix J.D. BRS Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 5th ed., 2013
RULES AND REGULATIONS
I.
Conditions of passing the subject
The condition of passing the subject is to receive 12 positive grades in tests (6 tests each semester).
II.
Conditions of passing classes
Every student should be prepared for classes according to classes’ syllabus posted up on the notice
board of Department of Normal Anatomy.
III. Conditions of passing tests
Two weeks before the beginning of each semester, deadlines of all the tests are announced in
classes’ syllabus on the notice board of Department of Normal Anatomy.
Each test consists of the two parts, practical and theoretical ones.
1)
The condition of taking a test is to complete classes.
2)
The condition of passing a test is to receive positive grades from both parts.
3)
Receiving the negative grade from the practical part of each test is equivalent to failing the test.
4)
The condition of passing the practical part (the so called pins) is to give a minimum 60% of
correct answers.
5)
The theoretical part may be either written or oral, and needs to give a minimum 60% of correct
answers.
6)
Retake 1 is conducted by the assistant running classes, while retake 2 is run with head of
Department.
7)
During a test it is forbidden to use any kinds of cheating notes, mobile phones, and the like.
Breaking this ban causes failing both parts of the test.
IV. An exam in this subject
The final exam in normal anatomy, consisting of practical and theoretical parts, takes place after the
2 nd semester (in June).
1)
The condition of taking the exam is passing all the tests during classes.
2)
Passing the practical part of this exam (50 “pins”) is necessary to take the theoretical part of the
exam. In order to pass the practical part of the test, it should be given a minimum 60% (30
“pins”) of correct answers.
3)
The theoretical part of the exam is a single-choice test (100 questions); the condition of passing
it is to give a minimum 60% of correct answers.
4)
The condition of passing the whole exam is to receive positive grades from both theoretical and
practical parts.
5)
Failing the practical part equals failing the whole exam.
6)
In case of the absence on the exam, Study Regulations are applied (point VIII, 32).
7)
During the exam it is forbidden to use any kinds of cheating notes, mobiles, and the like.
Breaking this ban causes failing the whole exam.
8)
Retake exams take place during repeat end-of-term examinations. The date of repeat exams is
set by unit’s head of department and it is posted up on the notice board a month before
deadline.
9)
Students, who previously passed the practical part, have to take only the theoretical part of the
exam during retakes. Dates of all the exams that take place before the end-of-term
examinations are set by unit’s head of department.
10) Student may take the final exam before the end-of-term examinations, if an average grade of all
tests is at least 4.5.
V.
Conditions of making up for missed and excused classes or classes not completed due to other
reasons
1)
Student is obliged to take part in all classes.
2)
The absence must be excused immediately after the reason of it disappears. It should be done
during the first class that student takes part in right after the absence.
3)
In case of the absence due to sickness, sick-leave from a doctor is necessary; if the absence is
caused by bad fortune, a student’s duty is to provide a written excuse from the proper
Authorities.
4)
The excused absence from classes means classes not completed.
5)
The unexcused absence makes it impossible to complete thematic section.
6)
It is acceptable to have one unexcused absence from only one class within thematic section.
7)
It is possible for a student to make up for missed class, according to the rules set up by the
assistant running classes.
8)
Not making up for classes makes it impossible to take tests.
VI. Deadlines of supplying studies, reports etc. required in the Unit
Classes are run in the way that does not require preparing studies and reports.
VII. General and detailed health and safety-at-work legislation (BHP) required in the Unit
1)
Classes take place in dissection rooms in Department of Normal Anatomy.
2)
Only students of Collegium Medicum UMK dressed in clean protective clothes may enter
dissection rooms (gowns, disposable rubber gloves, bonnet or scarf).
3)
It is necessary for each student to bring for classes the following items: scalpels, anatomical
tweezers, books and anatomical atlases.
4)
Students must be particularly careful while preparing specimens in order not to cut themselves
or others.
5)
Students are obliged to behave with respect in dissection rooms.
6)
It is forbidden to leave the dissection room during classes without assistant permission.
7)
It is strictly forbidden to eat, smoke and use fire in dissection rooms. It is obligatory and
necessary to keep this place clean.
8)
In case of being cut or applying formalin into the conjunctiva, the assistant running classes must
be informed immediately.
9)
Taking photos or making films is strictly forbidden.
10) Students are forbidden to be in the dissection rooms of Normal Anatomy Department beyond
classes and the hours of consultancy.
11) Outsiders are strictly forbidden.
List of practical skills concerning normal anatomy
Student’s name and surname: …………………….
Study year:………………………………
Academic year:………………………….
Group:…………………………………...
Kind of skills
Date
1. Performing anatomical dissection
osteology
superior limb
thorax
abdomen
2. Identifying anatomical
details in the human
body:
pelvis
lower limb
skull
head and neck
sensory organs
brain
3. Performing skeletopy of organs in living
individuals (projection of cardiac valves,
surface anatomy of the heart and great
vessels, percussion and auscultation areas of
the lungs, costal lines of pleural reflection).
Confirmation
Remarks
4. Analyzing radiographic pictures, presenting
both normal and some pathological
conditions
(e.g. pneumothorax, perforation of the
digestive tract, bowel obstruction, dislocation
of joints and bone fracture)
5. Performing presentation of deficiency signs of
damage to the motor and sensory
neuropathways, at different levels of the
central nervous system and within the
peripheral nervous system.