Passage Based Reading: Answers & Explanations 1. Ans : E, because the author talks about survival they threats of annihilation. 2. Ans : C, because he wanted the war to start, but she wanted to keep peace and not show that he was encouraging it 3. Ans : D, because the author clearly states the opinion of nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict. 4. Ans : D, because irrepressible means unrestrainable. Which means death or a dark side. 5. Ans : B, because in the passage they author starts to describe what a phenomenon. 6. Ans : A , because it says in the passage that happens. So ‘A’ is the best possible answer. 7. Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The author identifies the starting point of her research project when she writes “My search had begun in libraries and archives—repositories of conventional history” (lines 36-37). In these places, she discovered that the “available sources were to be found in census reports, church records, directories, and other such statistical information” (lines 37-39). These sources all share the characteristic of being written public materials. 8. Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The “census reports, church records and directories” (line 38) are representative of the “available sources” (line 37) that the author finds inadequate specifically because they “cannot provide one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience” (lines 40-42). That is, they do not tell the human side of the story. 9. Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The “gap” (line 43) is discussed in the context of written sources and the pictures of life they represent. The author discovered that fact-based conventional records lacked “one of the essential dimensions of history, the full narrative of the human experience” (lines 40-42). She suggests that “diaries, memoirs, and letters” (lines 43-44), which are included in the category of “personal written sources” (lines 48-49), would present that other viewpoint. The “gap” lies between these two types of sources. 10. Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. A "role" is the position or the expected social behavior of an individual. When the author writes "I was initially unsure of my place" (lines 58-59), she is expressing uncertainty about how she should think of herself and about how she is perceived by doña Teodora and other Mexicana interviewees. In this context, "place" refers to her social "role." This is made clear in the subsequent text, when she wonders if, despite speaking Spanish and being Mexicana, she is an "insider" (line 59) or an "outsider" (line 62). 11. Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The author acknowledges that she is connected to doña Teodora and other Mexicana interviewees through their shared ethnicity and language. She writes, "I could speak Spanish and am Mexicana" (line 61). Yet the author wonders if she was "still an outsider" (line 62). The fact that she raises this question suggests that sharing these common bonds might not be enough to make her an insider. Passage Based Reading: Answers & Explanations 12. Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. The author suggests that the spoken word can provide greater insight than the existing theories and models that are “derived solely from victorious imperialistic experiences” (lines 66-67). These presently accepted theories and models are considered problematic by the author because they were developed without the insights of the Mexican people. She argues that “theoretical constructs must follow the voices of the people who live the reality” (lines 74-75). 13. Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Lines 69-70 suggest that the “concepts” will originate in the “new sources” (line 68), which, the passage implies, are the oral histories and personal written sources of ordinary people. These new sources of information “will determine which concepts are needed to illuminate and interpret the past, and these concepts will emerge from the people themselves” (lines 69-71). 14. Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Passage 1 discusses stage fright by focusing on the vulnerability of the actor, explaining why “appearing in front of an audience is a scary proposition” (lines 3-4). So Passage 1 can be said to analyze a phenomenon. Passage 2 similarly addresses the experience of stage fright, but discusses ways of coping with it. So Passage 2 can be said to suggest a solution to a problem. 15. Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Passage 1 suggests that “maintaining the reality of the character” involves the “unique problem of hiding and showing at the same time” (lines 4-7). The text further suggests that the actor must not allow “the audience to see something it is not supposed to see: namely, the performer's fear, or stage fright” (lines 9-11). This suggests that the actor must hide things that do not relate to the character and, by extension, show the audience only behavior relevant to the character. 16. Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Passage 1 specifically suggests that “performance” is the “domain of stage fright” (lines 1-2). Passage 1 emphasizes that situations unique to the theater contribute to stage fright. Passage 2 states that “the key to most fears is substitution” (lines 17-18), and shows how actors can use substitution to overcome stage fright. Passage 2 thus sees stage fright as “similar in one way to most other fears.” 17. Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The author gives the following advice to actors: “If you will . . . think more about the comfort of your listeners than their verdicts, everything will fall into place” (lines 20-23). A performer who thinks of the audience as friends would be following this advice. 18. Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The author opens by explaining how “[t]he world can be classified in different ways” (line 1) and states that “[t]he classifications . . . determine which comparisons seem natural or unnatural, which literal or analogical” (lines 3-6). The passage then shows how comparisons differ according to which system of classification is used. comparison between species.” Passage Based Reading: Answers & Explanations 19. Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The Aristotelian classification scheme is hierarchical, with only three possible classifications: 1) vegetative only; 2) vegetative plus sensory only; 3) vegetative plus sensory plus rational. Accordingly, species possessing a rational soul must possess a sensory soul because they are a subset of the group possessing a sensory soul. 20. Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The Aristotelian scheme classifies species according to a hierarchy with all species included in the bottom layer (possessing a vegetative soul), some from the bottom layer included in the middle layer (also possessing a sensory soul), and some from the middle layer included in the top layer (also possessing a rational soul). Comparisons are only legitimate regarding soul types the species have in common (lines 26-34); comparisons between species regarding a type of soul found only in one are “merely analogical” (lines 33-34). Since all living organisms have a vegetative soul, comparisons on the basis of this attribute are always legitimate. However, since only some living organisms have a sensory soul, and only species at the top of the hierarchy have a rational soul, comparisons with respect to these attributes cannot be legitimately made among all living creatures. 21. Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. Through exaggeration and sarcasm, the author ridicules people's need for greater distinction. The author suggests that this need stems from defensiveness and insecurity: "it is very important that the species to which we belong be uniquely unique. It is of utmost importance that the human species be insulated from all other species with respect to how we explain certain qualities." (lines 41-45). The author then implies that whether a capability is classified as strictly human depends on how it is defined, thus making the classification subject to opinion and bias: "even if 'language' is so defined that the waggle dance slips in" (lines 53-54). 22. Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The author indicates that when referring to the uniqueness of Homo sapiens, the general uniqueness of all species "is not enough for many (probably most) people" (lines 39-40). This exaggeration and subsequent examples are used to ridicule the need people have to define Homo sapiens as "uniquely unique" (line 42). The examples of how human beings distinguish themselves from other species are likewise sarcastic and disapproving: "No matter how ingenious other species get in the manipulation of objects in their environment, it is absolutely essential that nothing they do count as 'tool use'" (lines 56-59). 23. Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The subsequent text explains that each species is unique in accordance with its separate and distinct position in the classification schemes. However, many humans see Homo sapiens as also being distinguished for reasons existing outside the classification systems. The text provides examples of how certain abilities are not considered shared by any other species and are thus distinctly human: “For some reason, it is very important that the waggle dance performed by bees not count as a genuine language” (lines 47-49) and “No matter how ingenious other species get in the manipulation of objects in their environment, it is absolutely essential that nothing they do count as ‘tool use’” (lines 56-59). Passage Based Reading: Answers & Explanations 24. Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Segregated from" means separated from or kept distinct from. The surrounding text discusses how human beings want to distinguish their species on grounds outside of the classification systems by which every species is considered unique. Examples are used to illustrate how people try to characterize certain abilities of Homo sapiens as not shared by any other species and thus, "uniquely unique" (line 42): "For some reason, it is very important that the waggle dance performed by bees not count as a genuine language" (lines 47-49). The example of the definition of tools to exclude use by other species is offered in the same light. Thus, the author emphasizes people's need to be "segregated from" other species. 25. Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Through exaggeration and sarcasm, the author indicates that attempts to distinguish Homo sapiens from animals on the basis of certain abilities not related to the classification schemes are ridiculous, subjective, and futile: “little is gained” (line 52). It is those who insist that Homo sapiens and animals be seen as separate who are the subjects of the author's criticism.