References
Gardes &
Bruns 1996
Goals of the study...
Results of the study
...to determine the correspondence between The correspondence between above-and below-ground
above-and below-ground views of EMF
view of the EMF community is imprecise.
species composition in natural stands of
Bishop pine.
Dahlberg et The structure (diversity and distribution) of
al. 1997
biomass above-and below-ground among
EMF in an old-growth Norway spruce
forest.
The correspondence between above-and below-ground
view of the EMF community is imprecise. Survey of
sporocarp production and mycorrhizal occurrence indicate
that patchy distribution are common. The analysis of
mycorrhizae revealed rather high spatial variation in EMF
taxa among the soil core, sporocarp-producing EMF
species were rather evenly distributed .
Conclusions
There was no ecological gradient.
There was no ecological gradient.
Pritch et al. Characterization and identification of Black The diversity of fruiting alder mycobionts only partly
1997
alder ectomycorrhizas.
matched the diversity observed from mycorrhizas.
There was no ecological gradient.
Dunstan et
al. 1998
The diversity of EM fungi associated with
introduced Pinus spp. in the Southern
Hemisphere.
There was no ecological gradient.
Jonsson et
al. 1999b
Seedlings and old trees of Scots pine forest Species composition of mycorrhizas colonizing naturally
were compared in terms of the species
regenerated seedlings in forests is similar to that of
composition of their associated EM fungi. mycorrhizas colonizing surrounding trees. The
compositional pattern of the EM community indicated by
sporocarp dry weight biomass production and by
mycorrhizal survey was similar, few species dominate.
Chapella et
al. 2001
Characterisation the EMF community of
Pinus radiata plantations.
Different species composition was found above- and
below-ground.
Can't be investigate by sporocarp
survey. If the intention is merely to
detect the presence of EMF species
forming sporocarps, extensive
sporocarp survey would be more
efficient.
Drastic simplification of the EMF community was showed Not applicable. There were no real
out by both method. Species number dropped to only 3
control plots.
fungal species per plantation.
1
Yamada and Spatial distribution and species diversity of Mycorrhizas showed more diverse and complex
Katsuya
EMF were studied by epigeous fruiting
distribution than fruiting bodies. Discrepancy exists
2001
bodies and mycorrhizas.
between the community composition assessed by the
above- and below-ground survey.
There was no ecological gradient.
Several species abundance and diversity
coefficients changed in relation to both,
the calculation method and fungal
material used, with suggesting the
necessity for a uniform method of
characterizing EMF community
structure.
Taylor, 2002 ...to find the possibilities to estimate the
expected number of species in samples of
different sizes. The diversity of EMF
community was estimate based upon
above-and below-ground sampling.
Different species composition was found above- and
below-ground.
There was no ecological gradient. It
was common to find greater number
of species occurring as sporocarps
than recording below-ground.
Hirose et al. Spatial distribution and biomass of genets
2004
of sporocarps and mycorrhizas of Suillus
pictus were studied.
S. pictus was one of the dominant EMF species in both the There was no ecological gradient.
sporocarp and the mycorrhizal communities in the study
Similar dominant species were
plot. Spatial distribution of EM of each genet and genet
found by the two applied method.
identified from sporocarps were overlapped, but
ectomycorrhizas of each genet were wider then those of
sporocarp.
Valentine et Diversity of EMF community with Quercus Few EMF species were common. The below-ground
al. 2004
garryana.
community of EMF is not reflected in sporocarp. Distance
of host tree to nearest neighbouring oak was negatively
correlated to EM richness by below-ground survey.
Fujimura et
al. 2005
They examined which Pezizales appeared
as sporocarps after a prescribed fire and
whether or not they were detected as
mycorrhizas on the Ponderosa pine
There was no ecological gradient.
No RFLP types from the mycorrhizas matched RFLP from There was no ecological gradient, or
control plots. It was not a community
sporocarps collected.
level study. Post fire fungi may
alternate between saprothrophism
and mutualism or sampling the
below-ground community was
inefficient.
2
Chen et al.
2007
Frequency and diversity of EM fungi in
Eucalyptus plantation in South China.
Species richness and abundance of putative EM fungi
varied between geographic location. There was a low
diversity of EM fungi by either method, bioassay
experiment also confirmed the low diversity of EM fungi
and poor inoculum levels in soil.
Data not available.
Riviere et al. Taxonomic diversity, EM status, and
EMF community was assigned to 5 families, no
2007
geographic patterns of EM fungi in tropical Theleforaceae was collected. Below-ground fungal
rain forest ecosystems.
diversity was dissimilar from that of above-ground
sporocarps. The results all were confirmed by the genetic
investigation.
There was no ecological gradient.
Smith et al. ...to determine EMF community structure in Despite the considerable seasonal differences, the EMF
2007b
a xeric Quercus woodland using sporocarp community structure on roots remained relatively stable
survey and by pooling EM roots.
over a 2 year period. No data about what is the sporocarp
survey result at the same subject. The similarities of the
species composition was 45% between the two different
kind of sampling result.
There was no ecological gradient. It is
Nieto and
Carbone
2009
There was no ecological gradient..
Characterization of juvenile Maritime pine
EMF community.
EMF community on Pinus pinaster root tips is more
diverse than fruit body studies have shown.
Palmer et al. EMF community characterisation of an
The Russulaceae group was the most commonly collected
2008
American Chestnut dominated community. during the above-ground survey and the below-ground
sampling, while species distribution of other groups
illustrated discontinuity between above- and below-ground
sampling.
3
possible, that the inclusion of
hypogeous and resupinate taxa in
future sporocarp survey will
decrease the perceived
disconnection.
There was no ecological gradient. It
cannot be assumed that a dominant
above-ground plant species is also
dominant in the below-ground
mycorrhizal community. Fruit body
survey is vital for identification of
EMF on the roots.
Kårén &
Nylund,
(1997);
Wiklund et
al. 1995
Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur deposition
on the community structure and biomass of
EM fungi in a Norway spruce forest were
examined following fertilization with
ammonium sulphate.
They reported a 50% reduction of the species richness and
the number of EMF sporocarps, whereas they found no
changes in either the degree of mycorrhizal colonization, in
the proportion of fungal biomass in fine root, or in the
number of morphotypes or RFLP types. But the biomass of
fine roots and number of mycorrhizal root tips were
reduced by half following NS fertilization.
It could be provide same answer by
either method if we take account the
reduced biomass of fine roots and
number of mycorhizal root tips.
Jonsson et
al. 2000
...to revealed the effect of enhanced
nitrogen availability in formerly nitrogenlimited forest ecosystems on the species
diversity of sporocarps and mycorrhizas of
EM fungi in a nitrogen addition
experiment.
The addition of nitrogen did not affect the species richness Different answer
or diversity of below-ground EMF species, while diversity
of sporocarps of EM species were lower in the N treated
stands. In accordance with the survey of below-ground
taxa, the sporocarp analysis revealed that most species were
rare, and only a few were widely distributed.
Peter et al.
2001b
Effect of Nitrogen addition on sporocarp
Sporocarp survey showed that diversity of the EMF
First year provided different
production and below-ground EMF species community was drastically reduces following 1 year of N answer, second year provided same
composition in a Norway spruce stand.
addition. Below-ground EMF diversity was less
answer.
pronounced with no change either in the number of EM
taxa or in the diversity. 2 years N addition significantly
lessen the abundance of species forming large sporocarp to
species with no or resupinate sporocarps.
Lilleskov et ...to investigate the pattern of richness and
al. 2001,
relative abundance of EMF taxa to various
2002
N-affected environmental parameters,
above-and below-ground.
Both, sporocarp and below-ground measures revealed, that
long-term N deposition can lead to decline in EMF species
richness, and dramatic change in EMF community
structure.
Same answer. In response to
fertilisation, the below-ground
community response is slower. The
above-ground fruiting patterns may
be good indicators of overall trends
in below-ground species richness.
Avis et al.
2003
Total EMF sporocarp species richness, frequency and
evenness was lower in plots receiving fertilisation in all
year, whereas no significant differences were detected
below-ground. Typically the patterns in EMF abundance
Different answer.
EMF community structure by either
method: few species dominated
while many species were rare.
They measured the diversity, structure and
composition of EMF communities in field
fertilisation experiment.
4
observed above-ground did not correlate strongly with
patterns observed below-ground. Parallel increase in
Russula aff. amoenolens and decrease in Cortinarius spp.
sporocarps and colonized root tips was found.
Carfrae et
al. 2006
...to demonstrate the potential for increased There was correspondence between the above- and below- Same answer for EMF diversity,
N,S or acidity to affect EMF growth and
ground occurrence of Lactarius rufus, Inocybe spp., and
different answer for abundance.
diversity.
Tylospora fibrillosa across the treatments. Species response
to the treatments was different. The general trend was for
fewer sporocarps number and species in the N treatments,
number of mycorrhizal colonised root tips were the greatest
in the N treated plots, while species richness and diversity
was the lowest. S treated plots was opposite.
Visser, 1995 ...to determine whether EM fungi in an age Both fruiting body and root assessments revealed a distinct Same answer by either method
sequence of Jack pine stands, which had
sequence of mycorrhizal fungi with stand age
regenerated following wildfire disturbance
Van der
Hejden et
al. 1999
Above- and below-ground EMF association
of Salix repens communities in succession
of dune ecosystems was investigated in
relation to soil chemistry.
The diversity of EMF sporocarps and root tips
morphotypes were not correlated. However, morphotype
composition yielded different results depending on
sampling date also. Both, above-and below-ground data
support classifying the 16 field sites in four habitat
categories (pH, moisture).
Peter et al.
2001a
...comparison the above-and below-ground
view of the species composition and their
spatial structures of EMF fungi in three
Norvay spruce stands.
All three methods of studying EMF community revealed
Same answer by either method
the same relationship among the three study sites with
respect to similarities of the species composition. Spatial
structure with positive autocorrelation was observed based
on sporocarp data as well as molecular analyses of the root
tips.
5
Same answer. The importance of
investigating both above- and
below-ground variability in EMF is
stressed.
Nara et al.
2003 a,b
...to determine above and below-ground
early primary succession of EMF in a
volcanic dessert on Mont Fuji.
The underground ECM community corresponded closely
with the sporocarp community in species composition.
same answer by either method
Palfner et al. Demography and fungal diversity of the
2005
below-ground EMF community in a
chronosequence of Sitka spruce.
Showed out both by sporocarp survey and root tip sampling Same answer.
there was a progressive increase in species richness in the
mycobiont population along the chronosequence, although
at all ages the number of species encountered were low.
Richard et
al. 2004,
2005
They investigated whether oak age and host
species shape EM diversity. And also
whether host vegetation density have an
impact on EMF community structure.
Quercus ilex age did not strongly shape EMF diversity and
composition by root tip sampling. Above- and belowground species composition only <20% overlapped.
Dominance diversity curves showed very similar
distribution of above-and below-ground diversities,
strongly dominated by rare species and very few the
abundant species. Sporocarp inventory indicated a
preferential fruiting of some species near Q. ilex or Arbutus
unedo, and the below-ground sampling also find that the
two EM hosts tended to share few EM species (only 12,9%
of the taxa were shared).
Gebhardt
2007
...to characterize the diversity and
succession of EM sporocarps and
morphotypes of red oak growing on forest
reclamation sites.
All stands exhibited stand-specific EM fungal communities Same answer. Sporocarp yield was
with low similarity by either method. The total number of generally low due to the long
EM species was the highest at the 46 years old ref. stand by drought period in 2003.
either method. The diversity of EM morphotypes increased
with the age of the red oak reclamation stands( 43), while
by the sporocarp survey the highest number of species was
found in the 21- and 33-year-old stands.
Gehring et
al. 1998
...to determine the EMF community
structure of pinyon pines growing cinder
soils low in nutrient and moisture and
sandy-loam soil with higher moisture and
nutrient level.
Both sporocarp census and EMF root tip patterns revealed Same answer by either method
the same relationship between the nutrient and the moisture
level. The EMF species richness was not correlated with
measures of ecosystem productivity, the two soil types had
similar numbers of EMF species (species richness), while
6
Same answer by either method or
not applicable. They suggest, that
both above-and below-ground
levels have to be explored to obtain
a comprehensive overview of the
composition of the EMF
community.
the species composition was different.
Jonnson et
al. 1999c
...to compare the EMF community structure Despite the differences in taxa found above-and belowin spruce stands treated with different levels ground, similarity test between treatments using either
of dolomite lime.
fruiting body or root tip sampling data revealed a sift in
community structure.
Jonsson et
al. 1999a
...to evaluate the effect of low intensity
wildfires on EMF communities in Scots
pine stands. Species richness and evenness
were analysed by examining mycorrhizas
and sporocarps.
They did not found any consistent change in avarage
Same answer by either method
number of species per stand and species composition
following wildfire by sampling the EMF community either
method.
Peay et al.
2007
How both habitat size and isolation affect
the richness of EM fungi.
Island size had strong effect on EM assemblage structure
by both applied method. Total species richness estimated
together or from root tips and fruit bodies alone, increased
significantly with island area. Distance from the closest
possible source of EMF colonists, alone was a poor
predictor of species richness, reducing species richness
only on the largest island size.
Same answer, despite that common
fruiters were not necessarily
dominant below-ground.
Peter et al.
2008
Determination of the EMF community in a
heavily damaged spruce forest and to
compare it with two other spruce forest
showing a different degree of decline.
The EMF species richness on the root of adult trees was
significantly lower in the heavily damaged site, but less
drastically so than that found in a fruiting body survey. The
roots were fully mycorrhizal although less species-rich.
Same answer. Factors other than
missing EM inoculum constrain
natural regeneration in the heavily
damaged site.
7
Same answer.