Dx Imaging #2 –5/14/08
*** Syllabus Review ***
*** Pretest ***
PRE TEST AND REVIEW
*** The first part of the info is a review of CT scans, MRI’s and other imaging tools…This is a review of DX Imaging #1 and
Fundamentals of diagnostic imaging…See those notes for more info ***
4.Definne:
A). Congenital anomaly: Something that you are born with. (ex. Straight back syndrome, pectus excavatum, and
mechanical/patholgical murmurs)
B). Normal Variant: Ex.Limbus…Does not change clinical picture, but is not truly normal. These are often acquired but have
lack of clinical significance
C). Dysplasia: Often imvolves multiple systems and look repeatable with similar features and risk profiles…Every dysplasia is
a congenital anomaly but not every congenital anomaly is a dysplasia.
5.What is the classification system used for soft tissue calcification
Category
Serum Ca+
Physiological
Normal – Tissue is easy to see
Dystrophic
Normal-local pH changes
Metastatic
High
Tissue Function
Normal Tissue
Damaged Tissue
Normal
Physiologic: Thyroid cartilage, rib cartilage, iliolumbar ligament, pineal gland
Dystrophic: Myositis Ossificans, Calcific tendonitis, Calcific Bursitis
Metastatic: Hyperparathyroidism (PTH elevates serum calcium way too much), Widespread lytic metastasis and multiple
myeloma.
DX IMAGING – 5/19/08
OVERVIEW OF THE CATEGORIES OF ARTHRITIS
Categories
1. Degenerative (the biggest category of arthritis)/OA 2. Inflammatory 3. Metabolic Arthritides (all members have crystalline
deposition) 4. Septic
DJD/OA
The most common arthritide we know is degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis (OA). It is the poster-child for the
category of degenerative arthritis.
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune problem. We describe RA as the poster child for inflammatory arthritides.
Metabolic
Gout: Crystal deposition that creates physical problems. The sequence is a breakdown in purine metabolism.
Septic
Infection within a joint that creates arthritis.
Terms
Enthesis: The sharpey fibers embed in bone and help to anchor soft tissues (tendons, ligaments, and sometimes bone). The
enthesis is a musculo-tendinous insertion in bone. In the condition, “seudotumor of the humerus” the rotator cuff attaches to
sharpey’s fibers and presents as a “pseudotumor.”
Osteophyte: Bone spur/bone growth…Locations typically involve vertebra and specifically come in areas of intersegmental
instability or peri-articular areas or joint margins
Syndesmophytes: Calcification of outer annular fibers…(DJD is the only entity that produces osteophytes).
Sero Negative: Abscense of rheumatoid factor in circulating blood.
Sero Positivee: Rheumatoid factors in circulating blood.
For Each Category Answer the Following?
DJD
A1. Who is the poster child? OA and DJD. We do have local inflammation within the joint complex; however the condition is
not systemic (the inflammatory category has systemic inflammation).
A2. Key clinical Features:
1. Stiffness in the morning
2. Time to loosen up with DJD – DJD patients loose up with time vs. RA patients who are stiff most of the day )
3. ROM affected – Decreases and varies side to side
4. Asymmetrical side to side presentation.
5. Local Swelling and Osteophyte formation
6. Palpable changes in contour of the joint
7. DJD is the most common arthritide
8. Local inflammation (very important that the event is local)
9. Soft tissue changes and local swelling may be present
10. Knee is commonly affected by pressure changes
A3. Key lab findings:
No prominent lab profile
1. Many – Tests:
A). Sero Negative
B). ESR (Erythrocyte Sed Rate is not affected or – with DJD)
C).Lab Biopsises show thin articular cartilage
D).Higher accumulation of MMP (methyl metallo proteinases)
E).Activation of cytokine pathway
F). Histological changes
A4. Key radiographic features:
Decrease Joint Space
Subchondral Sclerosis
Osteophytes
Geode Formation – Subchondral Cysts
.
Radiographic Development/PathologicProcess :
1. The articular cartilage thins = The job of the articular cartilage is to decrease friction and provide cushioning.
When the cushion thins, bone receives more energy. A classic finding for knee DJD is medial joint space narrowing.
The pattern is asymmetric.
2. Subchondral Sclerosis =When bone is stressed, it bone develops subchondral sclerosis. The sclerosis is a stress
response for the bone to maintain integrity via a richer, trabecular network. The sclerosis absorbs more X-ray beams.
Subchondral sclerosis presents radiographically after joint space narrowing.
3. Osteophytic Development = The 3rd thing to present radiographically is osteophyte formation/bony hypertrophy.
When we see this, we assume the first 2 stages have already occurred.
4. Geode Formation = Geodes/subchondral cysts are filled with fluid and are located below the articular cartilage. The
cysts are largely fluid filled and create pressure disturbances. There can be blood/bruising, synovial fluid, and other
fluid within the cysts.
Dx Imaging – 5/21/08
DJD Definition
Gradual loss of articular cartilage combined with thickening of the subchondral bone with bony outgrowths at the joint
margins, and nonspecific synovial inflammation.
Inflammatory Conditions
RA
The posterchild is RA for inflammatory arthritides. RA classically affects the hands presenting with decreased painful hand
movement. RA is a polyarticular process affecting multiple parts of the body vs. DJD which usually is monoarticular. If
DJD affects multiple joints, it is asymmetric affecting one area more than another. RA includes bilateral soft tissue swelling.
RA patients are often on medication to help control the inflammatory response. Diet (Mediterranean diet, Omega 3’s, flax seed
oil) can be an important factor in helping to decrease the inflammatory process.
Depression can be linked with RA because of loss of function and chronic pain. There is a definite genetic component. New
studies are searching for environmental triggers to the genetic component. Dietary modifications are important with
inflammatory arthritis. New protocols call for supplementation of omega 3 and omega 9.
Juvenile RA
Age is the most important criteria to separate juvenile from adult RA. The name doesn’t change, so if they are 40 years old
with first episode at 12, it is called juvenile RA.
Locations of RA
RA affects: 1). Hand 2). C-Spine 3). Big joints (hips, knees, elbow)...The first place affected are small joints like the hands.
Soft tissue swelling and pain are often associated with RA. Be cautious of their hands! Hands are often painful to touch, red
and swollen. RA patients have pannus tissue that distorts periarticualr soft tissues creating the red and swollen appearance.
There is asymmetric pull by tendons presenting with deformities and ulnar deviation of the tissues. The deformities are
not reduceable and attempts to reduce are contraindicated.
Physical Presentation
1. 4 Classic Descriptors apply to RA: Rubor, Dolor, Calor, Tumor (pannus tissue
and local injury)
2. This condition is bilateral and symmetrical (with joint involvement and soft
tissue swelling)
3. The MCP joints are commonly affected
4. Polyarticular
5. Pannus Formation
6. Non-reduceable Deformities
7. Linked to Depression
8. Genetically Linked with an environmental trigger
9. Dietary modification and medication are helpful
10. Cannot work on RA patients during periods of excacerbation due to painful,
tender, and swollen joints
Laboratory Testing for RA and Inflammatory ARthritides
1. Sero (Rheumatoid Factor) = Rheumatoid Factor is not universally found in all cases of RA. It may be in 90%-94%
of the patients with RA (strong association).
2. ESR = Varies within patient and within the condition
3. C-Reactive Protein = C-reactive proteins is an important marker of inflammatory conditions.
Radiographical Presentation
1. Deformity evidenced on radiograph…The film makes the full impact of the
condition evident
2. Bilateral, Symmetric loss of joint spacing is present
3. Periarticular soft tissue swelling
4. Abnormal Underlying bone contour
5. Osteopenic/Periarticular osteoporosis (early presentation)
6. “Rat bite lesions”… Due to pressure erosion by pannus tissue….We lose borders of
bones (later presentation)
Metabolic Arthritides
Gout
Gout is the poster child. Eventually gout and the category will be named CPPD ( Calcium Pyrophospate Dihydrate). The
condition affects older white males with a 3:2 ration (males:females). Protein diets coupled with dehydration cause gout to
flare up. Typically, the big toes, heel and thumb of the hand are affected. These areas are thought to have increased blood
flow and blood supply contributing to crystal deposition. Soft tissue contour and distortions can be present.
Crystal formation of uric acid is met with granulation tissue response by the body causing pannus formation. Pannus formation
occurs with metabolic arthritides and with RA due to the formation of granulation tissue as a physiologic response to stress
imposed to the body. Eventually, pressure erosion and pushing in occur.
Metabolic arthritides don’t change bone make up till quite late in the process. This is a separate and distinct quality of
metabolic arthritides and gout.
The process is typically monoarticular. There can be bilateral presentation but one side will be worse. The presentations
shows distortions of soft tissue causing the doctor to have difficulty inspecting and palpating the affected area (ex.-great toe.)
There is deposition of uric acid crystals (ear – tophi, heel, big toe, or thumb). Pannus formation is present along with redness
(hyperemia). Years of uncontrolled gout create joint alignment changes. Early radiographs show early soft tissue change and
no bony changes. Uric acid crystals can calcify tissues (dystrophic calcification – due to local pH changes).
Lab Findings
There aren’t specific lab findings for metabolic acidosis. Tissue biopsy or structural biopsy can be used. Synovial fluid can be
used to determine what the CPPD is (the actual crystal involved). Needle biopsy is used for gout. Blood and urine findings
can be normal for gout conditions because the crystal must be present in the blood stream or urine to present. This may only
occur during excacerbations because often the crystals have decreaed productions or are eliminated normally in periods where
the condition is not excacerbated.
Review of Metabolic Arthritides
1. Gout is the poster child
2. Can be called CPPD
3. Affects older white males with more males than females affected (3:2)
4. Common areas affected are big toes,heel, thumb and ear
5. Areas of good blood supply are affected first
6. Soft tissue contour changes and distortions may be present
7. Pannus formation occurs causing eventual pressure erosion
8. Boney changes are often last to present (unique to gout and metabolic
arthritides)
9. Typically monoarticular process, and if bilateral it is asymmetrical
10. Difficulty inspecting and palpating involved area (painful to move or touch)
11. Crystal deposition can cause joint alimgnet changes (late) and soft tissue
changes (eearly)
12. Dystrophic Calcification is present (due to pH changes)
13. Tissue biopsy is the best test to diagnose…Urine or blood may not show
crystals
Septic/Infection
Patients present with a bad looking joint, lots of swelling and pain. Younger patients get sick quick vs. elderly patients who
have an insidious onset. Both eldery and young show TTT (tenderness to touch), lots of joint swelling, destruction of both
joint surfaces, warmth to the touch, and the 4 classic descriptors (rubor, dolor, calor, tumor).
Key clinical features are an upper respiratory infection, skin infection, or GI/GU infection that travels to the joint. Expect
white cell elevation in this condition. ESR may not change in small joints, but larger joints may show elevated ESR. The
greater the size of the joint, the greater the elevation of ESR.
Radiographical Presentation
1). Destruction of both sides of the joint space 2). Soft tissue swelling 3).cortical destruction
Overview of Septic/Infection Arthritides
1. Tender to touch
2. Increased Jiont swelling
3. Warm to the touch
4. Rubor, Dolor, Calor, and Tumor
5. Associated with URTI, Skin or GI/GU infection
6. White Cell Elevation
7. Larger Jionts show elevated ESR
8. Radiographic Presentation: a). Both sides of joint destroyed b). Soft tissue
swelling c). Cortical destruction
DJD (IN DEPTH)
The approximation of the joint is at the expense of articular cartilage. This is the only condition required to be directly at the
joint space.
Most common joint disorder in the world
Striking age correlation
1/3 of all 65 years olds affected
More common in men vs. women younger than 50
More Common in women vs. men older than 50 – This is due to hormonal changes.
Preference for weight bearing joints of the lower extremity (hips and knees)…Also involved are cervical and lumbar spine, and
some joints of the hand.
Wear and tear is a valuable and viable model to predict DJD, but it is not the only model associated with DJD.
DJD Etiology -- Known local factors associated with secondary DJD
Weight
Injury (occupational, recreational)
Skeletal anomalies
Quadriceps strength (knee)
It has been shown that as little as 10% reduction in weight or even 10 lbs has helped to eliminate the pains associated with
DJD. Proprioception and strength exercises can also help avoid injury and DJD.
Skeletal anomalies liked blocked vertebra are prone to DJD above and below the level of blocked vertebra. You may want to
educate the patient on proper mechanics (good mechanics decrease the risk for DJD). Quadriceps strength is a strong predictor
of DJD and knee pain. Strengthen the quadriceps to help prevent DJD in the knee.
DJD Etiology Continued -- Known Systemic Factors
Reduction in estrogen levels
Genetic susceptibility
Low vitamin D and C intake
Crystal deposition diseases (can change contour and lead to secondary DJD and polyarthropathy)
Paget’s
Most sero- and sero + arthritides (disturb joint function to accelerate wear and tear)
DJD: A 3 Stage Process
Phase 1: Edema and micro-cracks
Edema of the extracellular matrix, cartilage loses its smooth aspect and micro-cracks appear. There is focal
loss of chondrocytes, alternating with areas of chondrocyte proliferation.
Phase 2: Fissuring and Pitting
The micro-cracks deepen in the direction of forces of tangential cutting along fibrils of collagen. Clusters of
chondrocytes appear and surround these clefts and at the surface.
Phase 3: Erosion
Fissures cause fragments of cartilage to detach. The loose fragments cause the mild inflammation. This
form of inflammation is much more limited than the typical RA. Subchondral microcysts form.
Microcysts can become geodes. Underlying bone exposure can pressure erode and cause cysts.
Pathogenesis
The physiological homeostasis of normal articular cartilage is driven by chondrocytes. Chondrocytes synthesize collages,
proteoglycans, and proteinases. DJD results from failure by chondrocytes to synthesize good quality matrix. The abnormal
chondrocyte synthesis is the result of tissue activation by cytokines, lipid mediators (mainly prostaglandins), free radicals (NO,
H2O2) and constituents of the matrix itself, such as fibronectin fragments. Activated chondrocytes become capable of
producing pro-inflammatory mediators.
Certain proteinases are involved in the destruction of cartilage. Matrix metalloproteinases( MMP’s) are the most potent
proteinases that destroy cartilage. The MMP’s are held in check by tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMP’s). As long as
the MMP’s and the TMP’s are in balance, no degradation occurs. The enzyme aggrecanase also plays a major role in the
degradation of the matrix.
Although DJD is classified as a non-inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory cytokines may stimulate chondrocytes to release
cartilage-degrading enzymes. Lipid mediators and eicosanoids activate chondrocytes to increase synthesis of MMP’s, tipping
the balance towards degradation.
Nitric Oxide pays an uncertain role in DJD. Some studies suggest an ability to induce DJD, while other studies suggest some
protection of the cartilage.
DX. IMAGING #2 – 5/28/07
Table 10.1 -- General Guide to Relative Frequency of Arthritis
Weekly: DJD (Osteoarthritis)
Monthly: Ankylosing spondylitis, CPPD (pseudogout), DISH (more common), Osteitis
Condensans Ilii (more common), Psoriatic Arthritis (more common), Rhemaotid Arthritis
(more common), Synoviochondrometaplasia (some degenerative and some inflammatory
features with genetic links)
Yearly: Gout, Infection, Lupus Erythematosus, Reiter’s syndrome, Scleroderma
Table 10.2 – General age of Onset of Arthritis
0-20 years: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (both sero positive and sero negative types can be in this condition)
20-40 Years: Ankylosing spondylitis, osteotis condensans illii, lupus erythematosus, psoriatic
arthirits, reiter’s syndrome, rheumatoid arhtrhritis, scleroderma
40 and Over: DJD, DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), gout, hypertrophy
osteoarhtropathy, pseudogout (CPPD – crystal deposition disease)
Table 10.3 – Arthropathies associated with Gender
Male: Ankylosing Spondylitis, Gout, Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy, Reiter’s Syndrome Secondary Osteoarthritis
Female: Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus Erythematosus, Osteitis Condensans Illi,
Primary Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scleroderma
SLE fits into the inflammatory category because it is a systemic inflammatory condition.
DJD in Athletes
Running sports, martial artists, spring board divers – May get some DJD in the tibia
The Disc
Discs are cartilaginous joints that may be a site for DJD. The outer fibers of the annulus are collagen, the inner fibers of the
annulus are fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is present on the superior and inferior parts that attach to the end plates.
The highest concentration of GAG’s (glycosaminoglycans) is within the disk. Disc’s are very hydrophilic and grab GAG’s
during a discogram. Tearing in the disc will show migration of GAG’s and fluid migration (can be seen on discograms).
Preferred site for DJD
Spine, Large Weight Bearing Joints (Hip and Knee) ...We can also get DJD in other non-weight bearing joints.
We still don’t have a clear picture of the pathogenesis of DJD. There may be multiple ways to explain DJD. DJD appears to
be an endpoint of many pathomechanical pathways. There is not a traditional inflammatory process going on. There is local
inflammation appearing to disrupt the balance necessary for recovery of the articular surfaces.
DJD X-RAYS, MRI’s, CT SCANS AND INFO
*** Picture of AP Lower Cervical View with DJD ***
1. Narrowing of the Disc/Joint space is present…The bony surfaces approximate because of loss of soft tissue and
decrease in volume of the NP (nucleus pulposus) with ballooning out of the annular fibers. The cushioning is being
removed. Lack of cushion stresses bone. Bone resists by subchondral sclerosis.
2. The decrease in joint space and subchondral sclerosis cause the facets and uncovertebral joints to undergo
degenerative changes….There is Uncovertebral athrosis (UVA).
*** Oblique Cervical Projection with IVF DJD ***
1. Shows abnormal IVF with the beginning stages of encroachment of the uncovertebral and facet joints…The facets
should be relatively oval and concave. Osteophytic development cause the intrusion into the IVF space.
If the patient asks, “Why do I have the arm pain?” You cannot say that the pain is because of osteophytes pinching on nerves.
The pain is actually due to irritation of joint capsules and other soft tissues. Treatment success is not monitored by a change in
the X-ray presentation, but by change in subjective reports and objective evidence (function). The X-ray may show more
degeneration, but have more function and less pain with treatment. Treatment was successful at decreasesing the irritation to
the soft tissues, despite the same or worse X-ray presentation. X-RAYS CANNOT BE USED TO PREDICT PAIN!
*** MRI image of the Spine ***
MRI can be used to identify the stage of DJD and of tissue swelling. We check for the presence of edema to aid in staging
DJD.
Explaining DJD and DJD Research
“Wear and tear” explanation is often used, but does not tell the whole story. Another part of the story is lack of activity. In a
study, they took two groups and compared them: 1 group with a lot of activity, 1 group as the couch potato group (avoiding
physical activity). They followed the group for 5 years. The most new cases of DJD occurred in the couch potato group. The
fastest progression of DJD was in the couch potato group. The physically active group was able to nourish the joint by
movement. New cases of DJD come with significant trauma.
There was another study with genetically identical rats. They aspirated synovial fluid in old rats with DJD. The fluid was
injected into the hips of younger rats. They also used a control group for comparison. They waited for over 1 week and
dissected them looking at their hip joints. The experimental group showed decreased joint space and thickening of subchondral
bone (subchondral sclerosis). One week later, the remaining rats in the experimental group showed osteophytic formation.
The control group showed no changes in joints. The study shows that histochemical changes can lead to DJD. Reducing
histo-chemical stimulation may halt the progression of DJD and even cause reversal of DJD.
More Views of DJD
*** AP Open Mouth ***
1. Asymmetrical Presentation on X-ray…In the C-spine, there is higher incidence for symmetrical DJD, but in most
cases DJD is asymmetric. This X-ray shows a person following a T-bone autoaccident. The view shows DJD on C2
on the side of impact and DJD at C3 opposite the side of impact (due to distraction forces)
*** CT of the C-spine ***
1. Posterior Osteophytes are present…Posterior osteophytes can impede on the IVF and the central canal.
*** AP Lower Cervical View ***
1. Uncovertebral Arthrosis is present…Every level has compromise of joint space and remodeling of bone.
***X-ray of T-L junction ***
1. Facet degeneration with loss of disc space is present.
2. Osteophytic development is present….The patient may have loss of motion with/without pain (osteophytes may/may
not produce pain…the key is irritation of soft tissues).
DJD and Fusion
DJD does not possess the ability to truly fuse/ankylose. The size of the osteophytes may limit motion. Since we don’t
have true trabecular fibers that cross the joint space, we don’t truly have bony fusion.
More Views of DJD
*** CT scan of Lumbar vertebrae (L5)***
1. The shape of the central canal is intruded upon
2. There is facet hypertrophy pushing in from the side
3. Osteophyte formation is present
There is a tree foil shaped central canal, that may affect the dural sleeve and cauda equinae. There is no cord involvement
because the cord ends at about L2. Dural sleeve irritation may create diffuse, hard to pinpoint back pain (lumbago or
lumbalgia).
*** Oblique View of the Lumbar Spine ***
1. Early degenerative change with a little malposition of the articular surfaces.
2. Forward curling of the superior articular process
3. The inferior articular process touches the back of the neck of the Scotty dog.
4. Sclerosis is present.
L5-S1 is most likely to be bothered by DJD. L4-L5 is the next most likely, then L4-L3, then T12-L1, then T11-T12.
*** Lumbar Spine View ***
1. Vaccuum phenomena is present…Vacuum Phenomena = Dehydration/dessication of the nucleus pulposus that
creates a potential space that fills with gas adjacent to the end plate. Gas is released by the tearing of the fibers.
Placing the patient in slight extension for the shot increases the gas release evident on this X-ray.
2. The presentation is called active spondylosis…The process is degeneration of the disc and joint coupled with filling
with gas.
*** Oblique view of the Lumbar Spine ***
1. Claw shaped osteophytes are present following the contours of the disc space.
*** T2 MRI (mid-saggital view of lumbar spine) ***
1. Disc space is compromised (loss of disc space indicating disc dehydration)
2. Han’s fissure is present… Han’s fissure = The arterial supply and venous drainage for the vertebral body. In midsaggittal views Han’s is centered.
Defining Bony Fusion
Fusion = Presents with trabecular fiber bridge and no joint separation.
Vs.
No Fusion = There is still some separation in the joint space with lack of a travecular fiber bridge. We can still get some
movement in the joint space with treatment for a non-fused area. Treatment may be complicated by the osteophytic
development, but you can still treat this patient.
More DJD Views and Conditions Linked with DJD
***Oblique View of the Lumbar Spine ***
1. Spondylolisthesis is present… This X-ray shows the condition as degenerative. A SPECT scan or MRI can look for
hematoma or edema, indicating repair and a chronic condition that the body can adapt to.
2. Anterolisthesis without pars lucency is present…The oblique view is our best view because we can see an intact
cortex, and therefore we can rule out Spondylolysis.
3. Subchondral Sclerosis is present …The superior and inferior facets present with a difference in density indicating
facet degeneration. Facet degeneration is subchondral sclerosis implying the 2 nd step of degerenation is present and
that the first (joint narrowing) has already occurred.
4. Lack of bony hypertrophy is evident (when present it is stage 3)
Using the percentage method, we can determine 10-15% anterolisthesis is present. We treat this patient like everyone else
under chiropractic care. This patient should respond normally.
*** Lumbar Discogenic Spondylosis (Degenerative Arthritides) ***
1. 2 arthritic processes are present on this film (DISH and DJD)…. It is not uncommon for these 2 conditions to appear. DISH
is idiopathic but there is new evidence showing that there is an error in connective tissue production. The view shows
osteophytes (implying phase 3 degeneration).
*** CT – Myelogram View ***
1. Neuritis is Present…The nerve roots present differently side to side. The root is hard to visualize (poorly demarcated
and fuzzy presentation) on one side vs. the other indicating inflammation and swelling,. An inflamed, swollen nerve
root gives bad demarcation indicating neuritis.
2. Osteophytes are Present… The nerve root rests up against osteophytes close to the facet. Joint capsule irritation
creates inflammation that irritates the nerve root.
Adjustments, ice and other conservative care can help this person because irritation of the nerve root is a mechanical condition
as demonstrated by this CT myelogram. You can think of this condition as irritated soft tissues and as chiropractors you can
treat with success the irritated soft tissues. You will not see a decrease in osteophytes size with treatment, but can have success
in reduction of soft tissue inflammation (the cause of the neuritis).
*** Lumbar Scoliosis ***
1. Scolisios is present on this X-ray…Spine straightening is not going to occur. This X-ray and patient shows wedging of the
spine due to asymmetric loading. Wolff’s laws and Volkmann’s laws apply to physiologic loading and adaptation. Loading
can adapt growth causing increased or decreased growth. The goal with this patient is palliative relief or even slow the
progression of the curve. This is a patient you can help to some degree, but probably won’t reverse the curve. You can teach
them about pain management, ergonomic positions, and personal habits to aid in care.
*** L5 Anterolisthesis and L4 Anterolisthesis ***
1. DJD is present…The facets have increased density demonstrating DJD.
2. Anterolisthesis is present…Compression and Distraction views can help to identify the amount of anterolisthesis.
3. Vaccum Phenomenon is present…Gas density is present in the film at the center of the disc space. The NP used to be
there. The NP was thoroughly dehydrated and/or dessicated allowing gas to fill the space.
The disc tends to be symptomatic in these patients. The joint is sloppy and stability is an issue. We have problems
successfully treating these patients. We need to improve core strength, regain motion, change their lifting habits, and modify
activities to decrease microtrauma to the area.
*** CT of the Same patient as above ***
1. One facet is larger than the other…Asymmetric loading causes the disproportional size of one facet over the other. The joint
response is hypertrophy on the side of greater facet loading.
PLL Thickening
PLL thickening is more problematic in cervical and thoracic region. Disc herniation is more common in the lumbar spine.
Disc herniation presents asymmetrically vs. PLL thickening which tends to present symmetrically (especially the central PLL).
*** MRI of the Spine -- HNP ***
1. Herniation of NP with disruption of annular fibers is present…This shows true protrusion at L5-S1. There may be
local inflammation of the soft tissues due to biomechanical irritation.
*** Neutral Lateral View of the Lumbar Spine -- Hemispherical Spondylosclerosis ***
1. There are 2 Half circles of Sclerosis on the Vertebral Bodies…This is Hemispherical Spondyloslcerosis. The
condition is another presentation of DJD, but we must ask if this is an osteoblastic MET or just DJD
There is lack of joint spacing in this neutral lateral view of the lumbar spine. There is transfer of weight anteriorly with the
body reacting by adding greater bone density.
*** Oblique View of the Pelvis and Lumbar Spine – SI DJD ***
1. Whiteness near the SI joint with marginal sclerosis…This is DJD of the SI joint.
The patient is late 40’s and early 50’s with whiteness near the SI joint. The oblique view shows a continuous cortex indicating
SI DJD. You get this Dx. By ruling out osteoblastic disease (as osteoblastic disease destroys cortex).
*** CT study of the Inferior L/S facet joint – L/S DJD ***
1. There is increased density near the ilium with osteophytes on both sides of the joint (R and L) – Indicating DJD. We
tend to see more prominent appearance on the ilium for osteophytes formation and DJD over the sacrum.
DX IMAGING #2 – 6/4/08
DJD WEAR AND TEAR VS. TRAUMA
*** View of the shoulder ***
1. Significant degeneration is present on this film
2. Acromiohumeral space is very small.. …The space is occupied by the supraspinatus tendon. The humerus is being
pulled by both the deltoid and the rotator cuff in opposite directions. The cuff pulls down and in vs. the deltoid pulls
up and in. Tearing inhibits the rotator cuff. Inhibition occurs to further limit the damage and to self protect. The
deltoid is not inhibited and pulls the humerus up and in (limiting the size of the acromiohumeral space)
3. This patient has avascular necrosis…Loss of vascularity occurs impacting healing
The patient is in their 30’s. The largest category of cause of DJD is trauma. Avascular necrosis causes irregular contour first
and then the wear and tear occurs. The acromiohumeral space in this picture is very small due to inhibition of the cuff and
activation of the deltoids. To accelerate the DJD, try to live with the tear. The tear eventually contributes to the DJD. The
problem is that the patient feels better and then wants to perform motions and activities prior to complete healing of the area.
We cannot speed up the healing process, but we can interfere with the outcome by performing activites when we are not
supposed to.
Historically, they used to unload this injury with traction casting. The casting stimulated breakdown, repair, and
revascularization of cancellous bone. The problem was bony atrophy due to lack of trabecular bone formation. Bone is built
through loading. Pulling on the long axis causes the joint surfaces not to touch. The bone will collapse if when loaded because
the support structure was not stimulated to form during traction casting.
Proper management is incremental loading. This is loading the area slowly over time to achieve proper healing. We can
follow the healing rate of avascular necrosis by MRI. The other alternative may be joint replacement; however, that option is
not as good as maintaining your own joint. A good protocol would be pool exercises, exercise bike, resistance exercises with
partial loading, and later on complete loading.
This patient’s age is a factor because they are in their 30’s. The cause of degeneration is not wear and tear. It takes a traumatic
event to cause this type of DJD. We can treat this patient. The humerus in the superior position causes stress on the rotator
cuff. Exercises, range of motion, and release of adhesions may help improve the position of the humerus and decrease the
forces on the rotator cuff. Conservative care may be beneficial to avoid surgery. It may take several weeks of care to help
this patient.
*** CT image of Chest – SC DJD ***
1. Decreased articular cartilage over the SC Joint on one side with contour change…The diagnosis is SC DJD.
*** X-ray of the Pelvis and Hip – Hip DJD ***
1. L Hip Joint Narrowing
2. Osteophytes are present…This means that the condition is in the 3rd stage (moving past the first 2 stages). The hip is a
common area of DJD. You can appreciate the continuous cortex making it an osteophyte. Osteophytes present as
broad ridge that summates on X-ray to make it look smaller and more hooked.
The hip (1st) and knee (2nd) are common weight bearing joints of DJD. The ankle mortise is not as unlikely to get DJD
unless there is trauma.
*** View of the Knee – DJD of the Knee ***
1. Exaggerated superior pole of the patella…The patella is being tractioned.
2. Dystrophic Calcification and Calcific Bursitis of the suprapatellar bursae are present… This tells us that there is
underlying change/damage and local pH change to an alkaline environment. Alkaline environments induce the
calcification.
The knee is a tri-joint complex. The lateral and sunrise view give us the best view of the patello-femoral joint. We can treat
this patient. A method of treatment may be ultrasound with specific cream (phonophoresis) and/or iontophoresis with acetic
acid (using electric current to send a acetic acid into the body to induce an acidic environment). The patient suffered an acute
injury that did not heal. Repeated microtrauma occurred causing the pH change.
*** Tunnel View of the Knee – Knee DJD ***
1. Asymmetric loss of joint space is present
2. Subchondral Sclerosis is present
3. Osteophytic Development is present
There will be pain in this condition due to irritation of soft tissues and joint structures. The patient may be afraid of activity
thinking it will cause pain, further contributing to osteopenia. You must separate an inflamed knee from a DJD
DISH (Degenerative Arthritide)
*** View of the Cervical Spine – DISH **
DISH Overview and X-ray Pesentation
1. Calcification of the ALL is Present on X-ray
DISH (Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis). The actual condition is not painful and presents on X-ray as worse
than what it actually is. The patient presented in the above X-ray has Dysphagia. The patient likely has Dysphagia due to
calcification of the ALL that is described as toothpaste.
ROM would exceed what you predict with observation. They do have hypertrophic and calfcified ligaments, but have
better ROM than you would expect. Dysphagia occurs in 1/5 of DISH patients.
This is a management issue. Past treatments focused on cutting out the ligament and it grew back bigger and thicker. They
later tried radiation and chemotherapy and there was increased risk for cancer. We only manage this aggressively with PLL
thickening because it can impose on the canal. We would do a laminectomy to increase the space in cases of PLL
thickening. A simple solution to the above patient’s problem may be to chew food more, drink more water with food, and
other simple management techniques (instead of surgery). The problems may be mechanical with dyspahgia. A decrease in
available space due to DISH (hyperostosis) is the cultpirt for the mechanical loss of space. Mechanical advice may be best
rather than aggressive treatment.
There may be a 13-40% incidence of diabetes mellitus in DISH patients. The #1 location in the spine for dish is T6-T11.
#2 spot is mid C-spine. #3 spot is L3-S1.
*** View of the Thoracic Spine with DISH*** (progression of X-rays from 1988)
1. Film #1 “Big White Glob on the Lower T Spine
2. Film #2 (1990) – Big white glob increased in size and now crosses two adjacent vertebra with good disc space and
small osteophytic development. Small osteophytic development is present.
3. Film #3, the 1994 X-ray shows multiple levels involved with the white globs…DISH classification (Forrestier’s
Disease) requires 4 segments to be involved. In the 1994 film, it presents as crossing 4 levels.
4. Film #4, the 1998 film has more levels involved in the thoracic spine. Almost every thoracic verterba has thick
ossification evident on the X-ray.
Ligamentous hypertrophy and ossification are early signs of DISH. We really don’t understand the patho-mechanics well
enough to know what to do. This is a common arthritide, that may have minimal to no detrimental affects. We have shown
that chiropractors can be beneficial for palliative treatment. These patients may not cavitate as easy as others. These patients
may respond a little slower vs. the DJD patients with similar presentation.
*** View of the Lumabr Spine -- Flame Shaped Syndesmophytes ***
1. Flame Shaped Syndesmophites are Present – Flame Shaped Syndesomophites are present with 3 diagnoses including
DISH, Reactive Arthritis – Reiter’s, and Psoriactic Arhtritis.
The differential includes 3 for Flame Shaped Syndesmophytes 1). DISH 2). Reactive Arthritis-Reiter’s 3).Psoriatic
Arthritis. Reactive Arthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis are radiographic twins. We must exclude the other 2 members of
the differential.
Posriatic arthritis will present with skin lesions. If they don’t have a skin lesion with the flame shaped syndesmophyte, you can
rule out psoriatic arthritis (red raised flaky lesions). Retier’s presents with conjuctivitis, ploylarticualr arthritis and urethritis.
Often the 4th feature is buboitis or ballinitis. This is inflammation of the glans penis in the male body. The description is can’t
see, can’t pee and can’t dance with me. Can’t dance with me is polyarticular arthritis, osteophytes on the calcaneus (Lover’s
Heel), and fluid filled pustules on their feet or palm of their hands (you don’t want to dance on pustules, they’ll break)
DISH does not share the other features. The only feature it shares with the other members of the differential is the
flame shaped vertebra. Don’t assume it DISH first, because you’ll leave 2 inflammatory arthritides in the differential that my
cause more harm than DISH.
*** View of the C-spine ***
1. Thick ALL Calcification (atypical DISH)…This is DISH. The disc is good with thick ALL ossification present.
2. Decreased joint space and subchondral sclerosis is persent…DJD
This X-ray shows DISH coupled with DJD.
Study Guide Definitions
Bony Outgrowths of the Spine – Paravertebral Ossification
Ossification of the paravertebral connective tissue which is separated from the edge of the vertebral body and disc. The
osteophytes are large, coarse and asymmetrical.
1. Reiter’s 2. Psoriatic ….Both arthritides are C shaped/comma shaped, stuck on and non-marginal.
Claw Osteophytes
Arising from the vertebral margin with no gap and having an obvious claw appearance. Claw osteophytes are a stress
response, but in the absence of disc space narrowing does not indicate disc degeneration.
Undulating Anterior Ossification
Undulating ossification of the ALL, intervertebral disc and paravertebral connective tissue (flowing exuberant ossification of
the ALL or PLL). This ossification indicates DISH.
Syndesmophytes
Ossification of the annulus fibrosus that is thin and symmetrical. Syndesmophytes, when extreme, results in the “bamboo
spine.” 1. AS 2. Alkaptonuria...Both of these should be in the differential. (Alkaptonuria is the twin of AS in enteropathic
arthritis).
DX IMAGING #2 – 6/9/08
*** Picture of the T-Spine…DISH ***
1. Exuberant calcification of the ALL is present
There may be a 13-40% incidence of diabetes in DISH patients. We know there is a relationship, but we don’t know the extent
of the relationship between DISH and diabetes. The cause of DISH is idiopathic. Human antigen #8 is elevated in DISH. PLL
thickening is much more devastating than ALL because it can impact the cord. The C-spine and L-spine are the most common
location for PLL thickening.
*** View of the Lumbar Spine…DISH, DJD and Discogenic Spondylosis ***
1. L4-L5 Level -- Discogenic Spondylosis (DJD of the disc joint)
2. Superior L-Spine (L1-L3) – Early DISH
We can still manage this condition with conservative care.
*** View of the L Spine ***
1. Flame Shaped Syndesmophutes -- This brings up 3 choices. The patient actually has DISH. Flame shaped is the key
sign here indicating DISH. There is normal disc space present.
2. End Plate Fracture -- Upper L-spine end plate fracture. The picture shows a wedge shaped fracture from compression.
3. Check Sign -- This suggest bone pathology at the root of the vertebra.
4. DJD Arthritis – Lower L Spine
This patient has DISH from the mid-thoracic spine down. The DISH crossed into the upper lumbar area from the thoracic
spine. In the lower spine, there is DJD arthritis. This patient also had a compression fracture in the T-L junction. This injury
could be due quick folding of the patient approximating the end plates causing the compression fracture. This may occur in
automobile accidents, falls, and other trauma.
*** Upper thoracic and Lower Cervical Spine X-ray ***
1. 1st Costotransverse Ligament Calcification -- This is a common site of increased bone density and tufting.
Calcification indicates DISH.
The iliac crest and ischial tuberosity are also a common location for calcification.
*** Thoracic Spine View – DISH ***
1. Flowing Exuberant Calcification is Present – Flowing Exuberant Calcification indicates DISH.
Pencil thin line vs. Flowing exuberant -- Flowing exuberant is DISH vs. Pencil Thin (AS). The only examples of pencil thin
are AS and EA. Enteropathic arthritis includes bowel diseases like Crohn’s or Whipples that develop spinal arthropathy.
*** MRI of the C spine ***
1. PLL thickening at multiple levels -- Ligaments are typically black on MRI and when ossified they become more black.
Ossification of the PLL on both T1 and T2 show up as increased darkness. PLL ossification can intrude on the dural sleeves
and generate diffuse low back pain.
*** CT scan of the C-Spine ***
1. Central Canal Stenosis --There is PLL ossification that contacts the cord and narrows the canal. The patient does not yet
show neurological signs indicating a long standing process that the body can adapt to functionally.
*** Chest Film ***
1. Wavy and undulating pattern -- Common in DISH. It is not exclusive to dish, but common to DISH. The ligamentous
structures of the vertebral bodies are involved often in addition to ALL and PLL.
EROSIVE OSTEOARTHRITIS (Degenerative Arthritide)
EOA Description
EOA presents similar to RA. Some Differentiation:
1. Bilateral Condition that can be symmetric or asymmetric
2. Swelling of the digits and rays
3. EOA often involves the DIP’s (RA does not usually involve the DIP’’s)
4. Called “Hand Disease”
5. Gull-Wing Deformity – Up and down sweeps of the digits and rays.
6. No involvement of Rheumatoid or C-Reactice Protein in EOA.
*** Teacup view of the hand and fingers ***
1. The 1st metacarpal-carpal joint space is decreased in the R hand
2. Osteophyte on the R trapezium -- DJD in a joint that normally shouldn’t get DJD.
3. Opposite of L hand Decreased Joint Space at the 1st MCP-Carpal Joint.-- This is EOA.
The L hand or second radiograph presented is worse when looking at the film, but the patient notes pain in the R hand
more. A key question is to ask what they do for a living and what their hobbies are. If they don’t have history of use or
trauma, it is not DJD-OA. A bilateral presentation indicates EOA. The most frequent joint involved with EOA is DP.
Another joint classic but less involved is the 1 st metacarpal-carpal joint.
DX IMAGING #2 – 6/11/08
RA (Inflammatory Arthritide)
Table 10.24 Diagnostic Criteria for Rheumatoid ARhtritis
Physical
1. Morning Stiffness
2. Pain on motion or tenderness in at least one joint
3. Soft tissue swelling or joint effusion in at least one joint
4. Swelling of at least one other joint (within 3 months)
5. Bilateral, symmetrical, and simultaneous joint swelling (except DIP joints).
6. Subcutatnoue nodules, -- boney protuberances (extensor surfaces, juxtaarticular).
Laboratory
7. Positive sheep agglutination test (rheumatoid factor): We take antibodies from sheep and put them in patient’s
blood and look for clumping (indicating high levels of rheumatoid factor)…Be careful because rheumatoid factor is in
many conditions including arthritis, mixed arthritis, and connective tissue disorders. If you see a + test, there is a
strong indication of RA, if not, it may still be RA, but may require additional methods of testing.
8. Poor mucin precipitate from synovial fluid.—Joint aspiration is done to get synovial fluid. This is an aggressive,
invasive test. The synovial fluid is lubrication. As a consequence, the patient may feel very stiff afterwards.
9. Synovium – at least three of the following (to get this they need to open the joint capsule and scrape from the capsule)
a. Marked villous hypertrophy
b. Superficial synovial cell proliferation
c. Marked inflammatory cell infiltrate with fibrin deposition
d. Foci of cell necrosis
10. Nodules – Granulomas with central necrosis, proliferated fixed cells, and peripheral fibrosis …They find a
nodule/bump cut it out and send it to the lab to test.
11. Typical changes – uniform joint space loss, marginal erosions, etc….These are radiographic findings.
Inflammatory arthritis is linked with pannus tissue. Pannus tissue pushes on soft tissue and on bone (causing pressure
erosion). It tends to start in the soft, bare areas of the joint, where the articular cartilage ends and the periosteal tissue
begins.
Classification
Classic: Greater than 7 criteria (with swelling for greater than 6 months)
Definite: Greater than 5 criteria (with continuous joint symptoms greater than 6 weeks)
Probable: Greater than 3 criteria (with continuous joint symptoms) (4-6 weeks)
Possible: At least two of stiffness, pain, swelling nodules, elevated ESR or CRP, or iritis
with joint symptoms for at least 3 weeks.
*** Diagram of RA Joint with progression ***
1. Synovial Proliferation in Soft Tissues Adjacent to Joint Space (Early Pathological Change)
2. Pannus Growth invading bony areas
3. Pressure Erosion of Bone with Osteoclastic cleaning of the area
4. Ankylosis (only present with inflammatory arthritides like RA and psoriatic arthritis)
Table 10.6 Pathologic Radiologic Correlation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Pathologic Features
1. Synovial edema and effusion.
2. Rheumatoid nodule
3. Cartilage destruction by pannus
4. Pannus eroding in the “bare area”
5. Intraosseus pannus and synovial fluid intrusions
6. Inflammatory hyperemia
7. Periostitis
8. Fibrous Tissue Metaplasia
9. Capsule and ligamentous, laxity, tendon rupture
Radiologic Features
1. Periarticular soft tissue swelling
2. Subcutaneous soft tissue mass
3. Uniform loss of joint space
4. Marginal Erosion
5.. Subchondral bone cysts
6. Juxtaarticualr osteoporosis
7. Juxtarticular periosteal new bone (linear)
8. Ankylosis
9. Deformity
*** Know the above charts ***
Definitions
Hyperemia = Flowing blood that washes away bone. Usually the blood comes from circumflex arteries that can bleed and
wash away bone.
Fibrous tissue metaplasia: Loss of joint space by growth of fibrous tissue
Capsule and ligamentous laxity with Tendon rupture: Deformity of the capsule, ligaments and tendon occur with RA. The
structures deform and do not go back into normal alignemtn. The goal of treatemtn is to maintain function and lessen the
chance for progression.
*** Picture of the PA Hand and Oblique Hand ***
1. Soft tissue density is different between some of the metacarplas and phalanges – The patient has an implant in the
joint space due to the harmful effects of RA.
2. Ulnar deviation of the hand is present
*** Bilateral Hands on the Film ***
1. Involvement of the Carpals and MCP --- Classically the MCP and carpals are affected. The carpals no longer show
the 8 bones.
2. Carpal coalition (ankylosis of the carpals) -- This is a congealed mass of bone with loss of joint space. Carpal
coalition is an early feature of RA. The index finger is primary target of RA and middle MCP joint.
*** View of the R Hand ***
1.
Indentation/Granulation Tissue on the Scaphoid -- This is an early sign of RA.
We need to manage the condition between excacerbations. As chiropractors we can change their diet and give them activities
for mobility. We need to keep the joint moving to give them the best chance for long term success.
*** Another view of the hand ***
1. The 1st MCP joint space is decreasing
2. The Metacarpal head intrudes into the base of the phalanx – PENCIL IN A CUP APPEARANCE occurs at the base of
the phalanx and the head of the metacarpal.
*** View of the Upper C-spine ***
Increased ADI with RA -- Growth of pannus tissue affects the ADI.
1/5th of all patient’s with RA develop an increased ADI. If they have hand pain, headaches and have RA, you must get
flexion and extension cervical films to document stability. In the presence of significant RA disease, obtain films every 6
months to a year as a good recommendation to check ADI. We should recognize that the patient’s cord may be in danger.
Regardless of treatment choice, we need to document stability for the patient’s own good. We may need to consult a spine
surgeon if instability is present that could compromise the cord.
Another common set of circumstances is that the suboccipital muscles tighten. The muscles are not designed to hold C1-C2
and therefore fatigue triggering pain and headaches. .
*** Neutral lateral Film of the C-spine, Flexion View and Extension View ***
1. Increased ADI -- The patient gaps further in a flexed view. The patient gets back to normal with extension. This is a
startling finding, meaning that the motion is so increased that the transverse ligament is compromised but still holding. This
person may be catastrophic injury away from quadriplegia. There is urgency in this situation to see a surgeon.
*** View of the lateral C-Spine ***
Increased distance of the ADI -- In this patient, the only thing keeping C1 from going far forward is the cord. In this
patient, you won’t need a flexion film, because the gap is so pronounced it may cause problems.
This patient has Le Hermitte’s sign upon physical presentation. They have shocks going down both arms. Think central
canal stenosis right off the bat. Le Hermitte’s sign is associated with central canal stenosis and increased ADI.
*** MRI of the same patient as above ***
Posterior Tubercle is touching the cord
Pannus tissue in the ADI space with increased space -- When the ADI is that big, the only thing keeping the post. Tubercle
in check is the cord
There is not much left of the odontoid space.
*** AP View of the Pelvis with RA **
Bilateral Symmetrical Decreased Joint Space – The condition causes Protrusio Acetabuli (bilaterally). We base our
diagnosis of RA with checking both joint spaces. Since both joint spaces are gone, we can confidently say bilateral,
symmetric presentation and RA.
Disuse Osteoporosis – Lack of bone density due to disuse. The patient experiences pain with activity and cannot be active
to stimulate bone development. They are at risk for disuse osteoporosis.
Fracture/Discontinous Cortex at the Femoral Acetabular Joint – The discontinous cortex indicates a fracture. The bone
has failed because of protrusio acetabuli. RA and disuse osteoporosis have contributed to the fracture. The patient may
need a hip replacement to help with pain and restore some function.
*** View of both knees ***
Bilateral, symmetrical presentation of medial and lateral joint space narrowing -- There is such loss of joint space
narrowing, that the tibial spines are almost rounded over. Pan compartment, bilateral symmetrical joint space
narrowing indicates RA.
Bad bone density – Typically, there is 40% cortical and 60% trabecular bone. In RA patients, we see more trabecular
fibers (80%) and less cortical (20%).
Periarticular Osteoporosis -- Disuse osteoporosis, coupled with hyperemia lead to decreased density of bone.
*** Athrogram of the Lateral View of the Knee ***
1.
Baker’s Cyst -- Contrast has leaked into a new chamber in the popliteal fossa indicating Baker’s Cyst. Baker’s cyst
is commonly seen in RA and described as a golf ball like lesion with pain. It is a tear in the capsule that allows
protrusion of the synovial lining. Contrast has filled the Baker’s cyst due to defect in the capsule. The cyst can
be disabling and require draining of synovial fluid. These conditions may be surgical if the person has lost significant
function.
*** View of the chest ***
1. Lung Bases Appear More Dense -- Interstitial Fibrosus…RA is a systemic process involving multiple systems, including
the lungs. In this view, the lungs show fibrosus. Fibrosus is the result of RA that can cause hardening of the lungs and joints.
The fibrosus, if uncontrolled, can lead to respiratory problems and death.
JUVENILE RA (Inflammatory Arthritide)
*** Picture of a Juvenile RA case ***
1. Irregular Contour of the Surface of the Humerus
2. An osteophyte is present
This patient is 35 years old. We don’t expect this patient to have DJD (wrong category and age demographic). So, upon
taking a history we found that the patient had Juvenile RA with secondary DJD.
DX. IMAGING #2 – 6/16/08
*** C-Spine Picture Overhead ***
1. Posterior Elements all appear as 1 -- It is difficult to determine individual levels in the view.
2. Lack of Recognizable Facet Joints, Anomalous IVF’s, and Posterior Elements appearing as one (Ankylosis), Short AP
Dimension with Tall Height Vertically-- The bodies of the vertebra don’t mature properly.
This patient has juvenile arthritis. They have the sero + form. The sero + category shows the most involvement in the spine.
Inflammatory arthritides produce ankylosis and premature maturation. Premature maturation involves a growth plate that has
closed.
Hyperemia stimulates a variety of tissues including provoking closure of the growth plate. We see a vertebra trapped as the
posterior elements couldn’t migrate. This patient is at risk for ADI instability. We need some flexion and extension films to
document stability in the best interest of the patient.
*** View of B Feet…STILL’S DIEASE ***
Still’s Disease is sero negative arthritis. The patient in the above film has bilateral, asymmetrical RA and they are younger
than 20. They have Junvenile RA. Generally speaking, Still’s patients have less involvement than other patients with
inflammatory arthritides. The #1 sero negative form of RA is Still’s Disease. Still’s Disease is idiopathic. Some patients
benefit from presception drugs to treat this condition. There are also people that don’t do well with the drugs and drug
protocols. A dietary change to a less inflammatory diet can help this patient
*** Lateral View of the C-Spine ***
1. Calcified Soft tissues
2. United Posterior Elementes
3. Anomalous IVF (due to incomplete migration of pedicles).
4. Disc space whiteness (calcification)
5. Underdeveloped Mandible (not at the correct angle) with Underdeveloped maxilla -Still’s like all other RA is a systemic condition.
*** View of the Wrist and Hands ***
1. Severe degeneration of the hands is present -2. You cannot discriminate the 8 carpals.
3. Pencil in a cup appearance -- Metacarpal head destroyed (pencil), with deepend end of the phalanx (cup). The
pencil in a cup appearance takes a long time to present (chronic severe degeneration into a deformity over time)
They had onset of RA (inflammatory arthritis) since they were a child. This is a juvenile chronic arthritis condition (JCA).
This is definitely a sero + till proven otherwise. If you do get a – test, repeat the test. The test may have failed, rather than it
not being sero +.
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (Inflammatory Arthritide)
Description and View of the Spine
*** View of the Spine – Railroad Track Sign***
1. Vertically Oriented white lines running down the lumbar spine – RAILROAD TRACK SIGN. Railroad track sign
involves ossification of ligamentous structures with pencil thin margins in the upper lumbar spine spine.
2. We also do not see the SI joints – AS affects both SI joints and can induce bony fusion.
AS is an inflammatory arthritide that restricts motion. AS patients have disuse osteoporosis of the vertebra. They
carry loads on the outside because ossification of soft tissue and they will lose internal bone as support. There will be
thinning of the end plates over time.
SI may present as a “ghost joint.” The anterior and posterior interosseus ligaments have ossified and masked visualization.
You need to do a specialty study increasing KVP to view the SI joints to somewhat improve visualization. Taking a CT scan
of this patient will be more beneficial than a plain film study for SI joints.
*** Another view of the L-spine and SI joints – Dagger Sign & Carrot Fracture***
1. Interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament calcification.-- Dagger Sign is present. Dagger sign involves lack
of joint spacing with pencil thin ossification of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments between both joint
surfaces.
2. Decreased Bone Density and Disuse Osteoporosis -- This is a patient with too little bone density (disuse osteoporosis
due to their inflammatory condition.
3. Carrot Fracture – A horizontally oriented fracture of the spine into the disc space.
Women and men get AS (ankylosing spondylitis) at the same rate.
*** Lateral View of Lumbar spine ***
1. Dystrophic calcification of the disc space in the upper lumbar spine
***Another view of Lumbar Spine ***
1. Density of the disc space is greater than bone is this X-ray -- AS is a frequent producer of disk space calcification.
Syndesmophytes (calcification of outer annular fibers) causes thining. The syndesmophytes run from joint margin to
joint margin. The syndesmophytes carry the weight of the body. We are lose the ability to exchange nutrients by imbibition.
*** PA view of Lumbar Spine – Bilateral Sacral Ilitis ***
1. Bilateral Sacral Ilitis -- This is an inflammatory process of the sacrum and ilia (SI joints) that can produce bony
fusion of the SI joints.
Review of AS Findings
1. Railroad Track Sign – Ossification of the Ligamentous strctures with pencil thin margins
2. SI as a “Ghost Joint – SI Jiont fusion from interosseus ligament ossification that makes visualization difficult
3. Dagger sign – Lack of Joint Spacing with pencil thin ossification ofhe interspinous and suprspinous ligaments
4. Disuse Osteoporosis
5. Carrot Fracture – Horizontal fracture of the spine running into the disc space
6. Syndesmophutes – Calcification of the annular fibers as a response to stress. The syndesmophytes now bear weight.
7. Bilateral Sacral Ilitis – Inflammation of the SI joints than can lead to bony fusion
Dx. Imaging #2 – 6/23/08
Table 10.53 Differential Diagnoisis of Psoriatic Arthritis
*** Study and Know the Table ***
All inflammatory arthropathies can give transitory widening.
Ankylosis: AS presents with the most ankylosis
Soft Tissue Swelling: More common in RA (++), also common in Psoriatic (+) and Reiter’s (+)
ESR = Psoriatic +, Reiter’s ++, RA +++, AS +++…ESR levels are up indicates inflammatory stage and if they are down it
indicates minimal to no inflammatory process
Rheumatoid Factor = RA +++
HLA 27 = AS (90% have elevation of this) – Most common found with SI joint problems. RA affects the SI joints
infrequently; however, AS typically affects the SI joints. Reiter’s shows 75% chance for HLA 27. Psoriasis shows 60% HLA
27.
CALCIFIC TENDONITIS (Inflammatory Arthritide)
*** Bilateral Feet on the Screen ***
1. Calcification of the Peroneus Brevies tendon proximal to the styloid of the 5 th metatarsal – There is a cortical margin
with trabecular interior, indicating bony formation.
This patient suffered several inversion injuries to the ankle. The injuries produced an environment of alkaline pH change
allowing calcium to precipitate in this environment. Tendon calcification is called calcific tendonitis. There is a higher rate of
spontaneous rupture in calcific tendonitis.For example, cortisone injections cause pH changes that can lead to rupture (ex.,
spontaneous rupture in athletes due to pH changes from cortisone).
Calcific tendonitis has repeated history of trauma to the area. The area is painful to palpation. You can treat the area with
underwater ultrasound, iontophoresis and acupuncture. The medication used for iontophoresis is weak acids like salicylic
acid or acetic acid.
*** Picture of the AC joint ***
1. Rotator Cuff Calcification is present -- The rotator cuff is a common site for dystrophic calcification (particularly the
supraspinatus tendon). The sharpey fiber attachment site is supplied by the circumflex arteries. The belly and tendon
are supplied by another vessel. There is a critical zone with very little blood supply. Overhead sports wrings out the
tendon and causes repeated microtrauma leading to dystrophic calcification.
METABOLIC ARTHRITIDES
Gout
*** Picture of the Ear – Not an X-ray ***
1. Growth off the top of the ear with shiny white areas -- Tophi in the ear. The tophi are very tender. Squeezing it will cause
crackles. The most common location for gout/tophi is the great toe.
*** Picture of bilateral feet – Overhang Sign***
1. Overhang Sign is Present – This is joint line hanging/deposition of crystals. The overhang sign in this film is at the
1st Metatarsal Joint. Metabolic arthritides take a long time to show up on plain film. Often a lot of damage occurs
before they appear on plain film
DX. IMAGING #2 – 6/25/08
*** Bilateral Feet…Gout is present. It is a metabolic arthritide. We have a crystal we are worried about, uric acid. This is an
aberration of the purine pathway with too much circulating uric acid. This is a transient process. They have excess levels of
uric acid in the bloodd exceeding the bility to excrete by the kidneys and depositing the crystals all over the body. There are
periods of exccerbation and relaxation. The foot is a common area because blood supply slows distally at the end of the system
and the crystals can be deposited. Wherever blood flows, uric acid can go. In this X-ray, the lesions at the great toe is a
classic sign with the overhang lesion. A hallmark feature of metabllic arthriedes is that for quite somet time they leavle joint
space and bone density alone. At the distal end of the 5 th metatarsal, crystal depostis are made, some edema is present, and
some swelling is present. The vasculature has been impacted at the 5 th metatarsal. ***
*** Another picture of Bilateral Feet…The L foot and great toe appears gouged out. Superimposed on the anatomy should be
2 sesamoid bones. This is called the overhang sign, resulting from a break in - pattern of destruction. Another classic
sign, is soft tissue swelling over the great toe. You check the aposing joint surface and . This patient is very red and swollen
over the great toe. 2 classic break in patterns present, prominent soft tissue swelling present. A biopsy of soft tissue will
find UA crystals, but the blodd has transient rise and fall of uric acid based on kidney function. IN gout patients, the
kidney’s get behind and can’t keep up leading to uric acid distribution. ***
*** Picture of Bilateral Hands…There is calcification of sfot tissue. 3 (physioligcal, dystrophic, metastatic)…Dystrophic
calcification is present. UA crystals are invisible on plain film. Uric acid does the dmage leading to local pH change
and depositioing of crystals/calcification. Tophaceous gout is present. Tophaceous gout. At the thumb, there is a
calcification presne.t ***
*** Picture of the great toe…The classic joint is the metatarsal-phalangelal joint and in the hand metacarpal-phalangeal
joint. This has to do with caliber of vessesl with the vessel abile to dump of uric acid. The dystrophic pattern is based on
damage. Damage causes local pH change and calcium deposition. There is big soft tissue swelling present in the great toe. A
bad effect of the Atkin’s diet was the creation of nitrogenous wastes without the ability to clear the waste leading to “gout like
symptoms.”
*** Picture of the Proximal Tib-Fib Joint…***
*** CT scan of the Knee – There is a lucency in the tibia…The rim looks sclerotic. Bone is a slow adapter to stress. The
lucency has been here for awhile. This eliminates the concept of aggressive processes. This uric acid crystals in a granulation
tissue. This is intraosseous gout. Wherever blood flows, UA crystals can go. Sometimes they can preceptiate. Blood flow
through bone is slow, ”swamp like.” The fix is often surgery, digging out the crystal deposition. ***
Pseudo-Gout (CPPD)
The poster child for the metabolic category. This is a crystal that usually doesn’t produce bone change. The key to the finding
is to look at the soft tissues of the joint space. The joint space should be black on plain film. In this picture of the knee joint
the joint space is not very black indicating decreased joint space. There is a white stripe in the jont space. The white space
is indicateive of crystal deposition. Classic, is decrased joint space with white stripe in the middle. Chondrocalcinosis is
present and CPPD until proven otherwise (most common for older patient with knee pain with decrased joint space and
chondrocalcinosis).
*** Pictuer of the Shld…The joint space is decreased between the glenoid and the humerus. Thiere is something laying on the
bone as it leads to the joint space. There is calcification f the articular cartilage and possible thickening of the labrum. ***
***Picture of the Shld…There is small calcification of the humerus…This is articular cartilage calcification. Chondrla
tissue follows the bone vs. calcific tendonitis that does not follow the bone structure and presents above the involved
structure. ***
*** Picture of the Ear…There is increased pigementation in the cheek and a “ditry ear.” This is Homogenticic Acid deptiosn.
When the acid oxidizes, it turns black. When it accumulates, the person is missing an enzyme. This is homogenticic acid
oxidase. Alcaptneuria or ocranosis are the most common names. The patient never had the ability to produce the enzume
and have been accuummulating this over a lifetime. On a daily basis, we don’t produce much. Overtime the accumulation
becomes pathologic (ex. Over 30 eyars). ***
*** AP view of Lumbar Spine…The patient looks old but is 32 years old. This pattern does not fit the DJD category because it
is too many levels. The differential is DJD in the wrong age and distribution (but it isnn’t), so it must be something else like
ocranosis or alcaptneuria. This patient complains of lots of back pain. This pain is often written off. The urinary system
spills the acid. Pee in a cup and have the urine sit there and it will turn balck. The air-fluid interface induces oxygen and
causes the change to black. Homogentisic acid will turn black the longer it is exposed to oxygen. ***
*** Ocranosis/Alcaptonuria…Picture of the Spine with multiple level involvement…There is not pendil thin
syndesmophutes, so no evidence of AS. The patient is young (mid 30’s) and not the right age for AS. This is wrong age and
distribution for DJD. There are no osteophytes or bone change. ***
Osteoitis Condensis Ilia (OCI)
** Picture of Both ilium and sacrum…The hallmark feature is multiple full term pregnancies. The ratio is over 10:1 for
females as compared to males. CT studies show some thicking on the sacrum, but more pronounced on the ilium The sacrum
is already a dense bony structure and is able to distribute the weight. The iliac part of the joint (Si joint)¸shows the sign of
increased stess as it is not designed to bear the load. Elastase, relaxin, and other hormones peak just before child before and
allow childbirth. It takes time to return them to normal. Then another short spian and pregnancy and the levels can’t get back
to normal. Over time the ligaments stiffen and the joint moves less. The increased bone may retreat. As the ligaments
become more capable and joint movement lessens, the distribution of weight becomes more typical. Also, there is weight loss
flowing the pregnancy (typically) and the stresses decrease leading to OCI bone formation decreasing. This is a mechanical
stress response. It is found in the SI joint. It is not crystal deposition, not inflammatory, not degenerative, and is a
special case. We don’t’ find fibriatlltion of the aritcualr surface. This is a miscellaneous category of pathology. It is an
arthritide but is separate/miscellenous ***
*** Another Case of OCI…This person had several full term pregnancy. They don’t have to be vaginal delieveries because the
vagina and pelvis have already received hormones to help with delivery. You need to still check for AS (ankylosing
spondylitis since the pattern is differnte with females). ***
*** another pricture of OCI…The condition is present on both sides. This is due mechanical steres through Shrapey fibers to
liamentous attachments ***
*** Picture of the Tib-Fib…We are looking at the cortico-medullary junction…We see periosteum on the film, and we
shouldn’t see it as it should be black. This is a solid periosteal density. This is a patient in their history has bronchogenic
carcinoma, with lobectomy. The patient has decreased ability of the remaning lung to exchange oxygen and CO2. The
extremities are very sensitive to hypoxia. Our vasomotor system shunts blood to the interior over the exterior. This is a
survival mehcniasm. This is chronic hypoxia that changes local pH at the periostem. The periosteum lays down near bone.
This HPOA (hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthrophaty). This is lung disease that set this condition for the reaction.
Kids can also demonstrate HPOA. Kids get this because of a primary bone condition like Ewing’s sarcoma or
osteosarcoma that sends metastasis to the lungs. The lung is a common site for bone mestastatis. The periphery
becomes hypoxic and the periosteal irritation summates. You need systemic hypoxia. Some other conditions that cause
this are emphysema.
*** Another picture of HPOA... in the Chest film…The picture also shows lung cancer ***
*** Pictuer of Clubbed Fingers…Clubbed fingers can occur with HPOA ***]
*** Miscelannous diseases…There is a picture of a lady with shinny areas at the fignertips that is truncated and retracted.
The patient can have scleroderma. This is connective tissue that shrkins restricting the capillary bed and blood flow to
and from the capillary. Truncated pattern is a narrow. There is squeezing of the blood vessel and we lose the distal phalanx.
The situation is acroosteolysis. Acroosteolysis is the breaking or loss of the distal parts of the body. ***
*** X-ray of the Fingers…There is truncated appearance and narrowing. This person has scleroderma ***
SLE
*** SLE changes soft tissues and not bone. The hands of an SLE person may look deviated. Radiograph of that patient and
they will be able to put their hand flat on the film. This is called reversible subluxation, where the appearance physically is
different than that radiographically. The reversible subluxation is classic. ***
*** Pictuer of the wrist and hand…There is a lucent area over the styloid of the ulna. There is a break in pattern (break in is
common to gout). That is our radiographic though…this was a case of gout ***
*** Picture of the first metacrpala…There is a break in pattern (the best feature for break in pattern is. The white line is the
interface between bone and pannus tissue. An aggressive pattern to break cortex leaves ragged trabecular bone. Break in the
body tries to resist (slow steady push and the body can mount a response) vs breaking out (it has violated the cortex). The
white line is the body’s reaction to the pressure. This is a break in pattern. Break out incluces infection and tumors ***
*** Pcicture of bilateral hands ***
*** Pictures of hand ***
*** The Right Hip joint is polka-dotted…This many be a sclerosing dysplasia (osteopoikylocis). Osteopoikylosis is a
though, but it is outside the bone (a sclerosing dyspalsia of bone. THIS IS INTRACAPSULAR, EXTRACORTICAL
PROCESS CALLED SYNOVIOCHONDRO METAPLASIA. Somtiems you see this with a fabella. Multiple joint mice
indicates synoviochondrometaplasia. There is ossification in the synovial fluid with multiple joint mice. This is a primary
condition where the genetic code is such that there is overprolifeation with ossification. These patients almost always have
problems of joint locking and they can’t straighten up. Jiont locking is common for joint mice, but with this mangintude
it creates a great opportunity for this. JIOnt mice is not often a surgical condition. The surgery to fix this is worse than
the dealing with the locking (minor annoyance) ***
*** another picture of the above condtion…pctire of the knee…It is intracapsular but extracortical…Priamry is
synoviochondrometaplasia.***
*** Another picture of same condition of the knee…The joint mice have affected the jont capsule. Synoviochondrometaplasia
is present in the joint capsuelf of the knee…This patient aslso has calcification of the suprapatellar burseae ***
*** Tunnel View of the Knee…Usually the best view to see joint mice of the knee. ***
*** Shoulder Tomogram…The image appears streaky because of dystrophic clacification of the glenoid labru. The labrum
is caldifiec due to repeat tramatic events. B***
*** A picture of the Sholder…Dystrophic Calcificaiton of the Surpaspinatus ***
*** Distal Femur X-ray…In the interior of the bone there is an area of lucency. Lateral X-ray of Same patient…There is a
break out pattern and some missing cortex. This is a young patient. PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS…The
villus tissue should filter blood to produce snovoal fluid hypertrophies. It attacts hemosiderin and gives it a dark look.
Pigemented Villonodular synovites. Pressure erodes bone. Thisi s a break in pattern ***
DX. IMAGING #2 – 6/30/08
Case Examples:
1.DISH
Usually greater 50 years of age
Calcification and ossification of ALL
Criteria for DISH
4 contiguous levels
Preservation of disc space
Absence of apophyseal ankylosis
Extraspinal enthesophaty
May have OPLL
Exuberant Hyperostosis..There can be ossifcaiton of the ALL and/or PLL
2. RA
Usually 20-50 eyars of age
Infalmamtory arthritis of synovial articulations
Hallmoark = bilateral and symmetric
Uniform joint space narrowing
Marginal erosisions
Deformities
ADI instability (greater than 3 mm in adults)
Protursion Acetablu
Osteopenia
RTC tears
Pannus formation can erode tranversie ligament. Cranial Settling can occur decreasing cord space
3. DJD of C/S
IVD naorrowing
Subchondrla sclerosis
Uncovertebral and
Unvoveertberal joints can hypertohpy and scleross. A mock band is not a fracture but is sclerosis (unoverbreal osteoarthroiss).
The IVF anc b enarrowed.
Apophysieal joints arthroiss can be present.
4. Juevenile Rheuamatoid ARhtiries
ADI isntbailit
Apophysieal anklylosis
Hypoplasia of veretreal bodies and disascs
Osteoporosis
5.Ossiciafcaiton of PLL: can compromise cord space
6.AS
Decrased lordosis and anterior head carriage
Marginal synsdepmphteys
Apophysial ankylosis
ADI instability
Osteoporosis
Disuse atrophy in chornic cases
Spinous process erosions
Carroti stick pathologic fractures
7.Infectious discitis
Widened retropharyngeal and retortracheal soft tissues
Cortical destruction
IVD narrowing
6.AS
Marignal Syndesmophyte
Bamboo spine
Trolley Track Sign
IVD calcification
Dagger Sign (ossification os SS and IS ligamets)
7.REithers
Male to females is 50:1
Classic triad (Can’t see, pee or dance with me)
Lover’sheel
Nonmarginal sysndesmplhtes
Bilteral Symmetric
10. Apophysieal Jiont Arhtorsisi
Increase the pedicle facte angle and cause degerneartve spondylolysthiese -- Non spondylolytic spondylolisthesis
11.Discogenic spondyloiss
On one side predominatly
12.AS
Bilateral SI ankylosis (a hallmoark for AS)…starts in the SI and fuses them…The next site is the TL junction…Nonmarginal syndesmophytes…Dagger sign, Trolley track sign
13.Psoriatic Arhtitis
Age 20-50, males = femles
Psoriatic skin lesions common
Pressnec of nail changes seen in 8-%of arhtitis patients
Affected areas
Si joints
Bilteral
“Sausage” digit deformity
14.RA
Bilaterand Symmetrical, Ulnar deviation of figners, Flexin of PIP an dExtension of DP (Boutinneir’es)…Unirgogrm
joint space narrowing,
15.Psoriatic Arhtitis
Fusinform swelling, Tappering of middle phalanx compared to distal pahalnx (Pendip in cup deformiety)
16. Gout
Disorder of puring metaboilism
Male:F 20:1
Usually 4th or 5th decade
Hyperuricemia
Comon sites
Foot
1st MTP joint
Hand
17. Scleroderma
Sof titususe cange: tapedred conical finertips, rtratciotnof fignerip, soft ftissue calicifation
Bone changes: repsirtion of distal tuts AKA acor-ostellyeis
Jionts normal
Soft tissue calcification is seen. Soft tissue distal to tufts is resorder
18. Synoviochonndrometaplasia
Bening arhtorphaty characterizied formation of intracticlarlloose bodies
Third to fifth decases
70% involves
19. Neuropathit Arhtopahty
Debirs, density, Destruction, Dislocation, Disorganization, Distenstion (6 D’s)
20. Pigmented Villnoduelar Synovitis
Uncommon inflammatory lesion of the synovial tissue liningn the joints
Young to middle aged adults Male greate thanfemale
Monoartiulcar
Radiographic findings
Dense lobulated masses and effusion
“apple core”
21.Hydroxyapatitie deptiosition disease
Male = female
40-70 years
MC = single joint ivnovled
Pain, tendernss, localized swelling and reduced rang eof motin
Tendon Ca++
22. Calcium Pyrosphosphate Dihydrate Deposition
Male = Geamle
usually grater than 30 with peak at 60
Acute presentation 20%, sweloen, hote tender jiotns
Chronic presentation 60% stimulates osteoarhtrosis
23. JRA
Chronic polyarhtitis resmbing RA
Beigns before age 16
Radiogrpahic gindigns
Soft tisuew swelling, osteoporosis, epristitis, balloneed epipyses, unofrm joint spac eloos, inta-articular
ankylosis
24. SLE
Generalized concnectiv tissue disorder affecting ulitple organ systems
Women of child-bearing age
Onset with fevere, malaise, skin rash and arthralgias
Most prominenet feature in hands
Reversible subluxations, dislocations
25. Primary Osteoarthritis
Inflmamtory variant of ostearhtotis involving the IP joint sof the hands
Cnetral erosisoinof the head of rpixmal pahalnsx and peripheral eroiss of the distal phalancx produece “gull” wing
signs.
DX. IMAGING #2 – 7/2/08
PVS
Break in pattern with “apple core.” More villonodular tissue that wrapped around, spreading to the head. Normal caliber and
compressed in an apple core lesion. The lesion is more likely in the femur. This is villi formation that occur. It has an effect
on bone, can cause ischemic compression.
Neuropathic Arthropathies
Tertiary syphilis, Diabetes Mellitus, Syringomyelia can all be causes. CSF is intended to flow. Syrinx formation can cause
compressive myleophaty with anatomic damage to the cord (called syringomyelia).
Nueurologic Injury that disruputs the proprioceptive function. The joint surfaces aren’t in relationship to the other. The joint
surfaces bang off each other. The surfaces aren’t met to strike other surfaces. The chondral tissue is injured frequenctly and
can’t rejuvenate. The underlying bone is now exposed. Aon with loss of ropiroception is loss of sensory. They can’t fully feel
the magniftued of pain (they feel it, but not the extent of it). They walk into your office. “Bag of bones”…There is
unccoridaanted proprioceptve finction. The person does not feel the full extent of the pain.
Syringomyelia picture
*** Picture of Woman With Diabetes Mellitus (lateral view of mortise joint of ankle)…The tallus and calcaneus are hard to
view. We’ve got neurotorphic joint disease. The more common of the two forms is hypertrophic. The 6 D’s of
neurotrohpic joint disease: 1). Destruction (boney destruction) 2).Debris (bone fragments) 3).Distention (bony bleeding
into the capsule) 4).Disorganization 5).Dislocated (a lot of joint motion with the feeling of dislocation) 6). Density (dead
bone gets more dense)…The most likely contributor is diabetes. This patient walked in. The foot is swollen, discolored and
can be unstable. They do walk into your office.
The second version is atrophic. A common descriptor is surgical amputation.
*** Picture of the foot…The 3rd metatarsal shows a candy lick appearance/sign. ***
*** Picture of the hip…Surgically amputated appearance is present…There is a great gap near the intertrochanteric line. The
patient has minimal discomfort despite the shocking plain film sign. X-rays can’t fully predict amount of pain and dysfunction
***
Note the missing/absent part of the bone
The 3 causes: 1). Diabetes mellitus 2). Syringomyelia 3). Tabes Dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)…#1 cause is diabetes mellitus. #2
and and #3 are debatable.
**** Ppicture of the shoulder…Syringomyelina is present. Typically a car accident in the past (months ago) with whiplash or
cervical spine surgyer (considered trauma) can lead to syringomyelia. Spinal fixation surgery (discectomies) are linked with
syringomyelia. New surgeries are attempting to decrease the risk of syringomyelia. Diabetics have poor vascular supply and
weakned immune response. A typical diabetic may have callous, blisters that burst (taking away skin protection), diminished
foot sensations (dermatitis – infection of the skin that respects nobody and no boundaries), lack of proprioceptive function ***
*** Know the 3 causes and know it is atrophic vs. neurotrophic. Know that if RA or psoriasis where present they would look
like (pencil in cup) that favors the atrophic form. The mutilating arthritides favor presenting more like the atrophic form of this
condition ***
SLE
The distinguishing feature is clinical. The problem is a small joint diseae (hand or foot). The hands are deformed. They
present with reversible subluxation (clinically and radiographically). This is a functional problem. You work the
tendons, use paraffin baths and others to treat them. If they can keep holding a fist (without it opening), that is a good
sign. You cannot cure SLE, but you can manage symptoms. Most times patients are happy to have mobility back ***
Enteropathic Arthrtis
The primary problem is inflammatory bowel diseae with an arthritis that looks like the twin (AS). We cannot tell the
difference between the two radiographically. The way to tell the difference is all in the history. They have bowel disease in
their history. IN practice, you’ll see a couple of these cases in practice.
The AS patient will show SI joint fusion that jumps up to the T/L junction. The pattern is genetic related. The spine disease is
accented vs. the bowel disease. The lab marker used to spearte the two is HLA B27. Over 90% of AS patients have the
elevation. A lesser amount have this problem with enteropathic arthritis.
Psoriatic Arthropathy
Almost all the patients present with skin disease. 1-2% don’t have concurrent skin disease, but they get it soon after. Most
everyone has skin diseae first and arthritis second. The twin is Reiter’s (Reactive arthritis). We are trying to tuse the word
REACTIVE more than Reiter’s.
Reactive Arthritis damage in the hand
We tell the difference between reactive and psoriatic by history. We recognize the reactive arthritis patient with the history.
The history would include a clinical triad: Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t dance with me (clinically: 1). Polyarthritis 2).
Conjunctivitis 3). Urethritis…They can contract “lover’s heel” by an STD. The condition can occur at the calcaneal bursa,
calcaneus, Achilles, or plantar fascia. This is a condition with many sexual partners. Reactive arthritis affects the spine and
large joints (not small joints). Psoriatic arthritis affects small joints, along with RA. Psoriasis has a Ray pattern. This
involves multiple knuckles (equal opportunity destroyer of small joitns).
A picture of “lover’s heel”…Ostoephyte in the calcaneus-achilles-plantar fascia area.
The most significant problem of inflammatory joint disease is ADI instability. We need to document stability at this joint by a
cervical series that includes flexion and extension.
Reiter’s affects the spine and hips vs. psoriatic which can and does affect the small joints.
Inflammatory Conditions
Bony fusion/ankylosis can present with inflammatory condition. We can prevent ankylosis for a long time with movement.
It is a potential end product and if we do nothing they will get their more quickly. With treatment, they can postpone or
prolong the bony ankylosis. RA affects both hands (bilateral symmetrical presentation). RA typically doesn’t affect the SI
joints, and if it does it only affects one side (unilateral).
RA is the greatest threat to fusion of the hands (the most frequent diagnosis that can lead to fusion). The highest
percentage of ankylosis is psoriasis (turns the greatest % to fusion, even though it is in the least amount of people).
EX. We have 100 patietns for each arhtopathy and what % of the subgroups develop ankylosis? Psoriases will develop
ankylosis the most over the other conditions.
Ex. If we have 100 people that can present with inflammatory arthritis what will be the most common? RA
Periarticular blood flow in the small joints increases. Hyperemia can pressure erode/wash away bone. The most predictable
change in bone density is down as hyperemia is more common in RA.
Disuse Osteoporosis with Psoriatic Arhtiris?
EOA
Erosive Osteoarhtirtis Arthritis
Scleroderma
Can’t close their mouth because of induration of soft tissue. The skin and conncctive tissue tighten. The fingers and toes
are taken away (Acroosteolysis).
Sclerodemra patient that can’t closer their mouth.
SI Jiont Diseae that is silent and biased to females (OCI). This is osteitis condensans ili. The shape is triangular shaped
and on the iliac side. The classic OCI patient has multiple full term berths. Relaxin, elastase, and other hormones affect
the women during pregnancy. Ofthen the body respons to laxity by bony hardening of the area. C-section does not matter as
the women still produces the hormones during the pregnancy. This condition may/may not go away.
Crystal Deposition Diseases
1. Gout: Uric Acid crystals present (also called sodium mono-urate). Samples of the soft tissue swelling can show he
crystals within it.
2. CPPD: This is another crystal deposition problem. It stands for calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition.
3. Ocranosis/Alcaptneuria: The crystal is found in urine. The urine finding is black urine due to oxygen. It oxidizes
based on room oxdiaiton and occurs at the top of the cup. The crystal is homogeniticic acid. The accumulation is
because of lack of enzyme (homogenticic acid oxidase).
4. Hydroxyapetite Deposition (HAD): This fits in the degenerative conditions. It is a degenerative condition that
presents with DJD with tendonpathy or bursopathy overlay (calcific tendonitis orbursitis). This is dystrophic
calcification. Ex.—Rolling ankle causes peroneal tendon calcium depotision….Multiple trauma is the culptir leading
to the dystrophic calcification.
Tophaceious Gout: Presnet with soft tissue calcifications. What you see is calcium based, but the sodium monourate is
invisible (radiolucent) on X-ray changing the pH and damaging the tissues. The pH is changed to alkaline and leads to the
deposition.