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Chapter 3 – Biochemistry and Organic Compounds
Characteristics of organic compounds:
 All organic compounds are derived from living things or are products of living things
 Examples of organic compounds:_____________________________________
 Over ______________________ organic compounds have been identified
 ALL organic compounds contain _______________________
 There are only 2 known compounds that contain C and are not organic:________________
 Carbon has an atomic number of _______
 This means that it has ________ electrons
 4 of these electrons are in the outer shell and are able to form bonds
 Carbon needs to form _______ covalent bonds to be stable
 Carbon can bond with __________ or also with _____________________
 Carbon is well suited to make the backbone of many compounds because it can bond in
_________________ or ______________________ or ___________
Functional Groups:
In most organic compounds there are additional clusters of atoms called functional groups.
These groups influence the ________________ of the compound and also influence the
_______________________________________ they can undergo.
Large Carbon Molecules:
__________________ are single, simple molecules - ________________
__________________ are the larger compounds made by joining together many monomers.
__________________ very large polymers
_________________ is the process of joining together monomers to make polymers. In order to
form the bond to hold the monomers together a water molecule must be removed. One water
molecule is removed for every bond that is formed. Can also be called ____________________
_____________________ is the process of breaking apart polymers to get individual
monomers. This process requires water to be added for every bond that will be broke.
____________________ shows the makeup of a compound using symbols and numbers Ex:
_________________ shows the makeup of compound by drawing its physical arrangement Ex:
__________________ when 2 compounds have the same molecular formula but different
structural formulas
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There are 4 types of organic compounds we will be studying:
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Carbohydrates
 Are composed of ______________________
 Always in a ratio of _______________________
 Should compose ____________ of our diet
 Usually have names that end in _______________
 Used for ___________________________________________
Monosaccharides -- ______________________
 Are the building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates
 3 most common are:
o
_________________ - produced by plants during photosynthesis. Is the main
___________________ for organisms. This is the primary type of sugar that is
carried in your blood to all your cells. It is regulated by insulin. Your brain neurons
rely entirely on glucose for their energy. In order to have enough energy your body
usually breaks down other sugars to get the glucose. Sometimes this sugars is also
called ____________________
o
___________________ - found in _______________and ______________is the
__________________ sugar and tastes twice as sweet as regular table sugar.
o
______________________ - found in ____________________.
Draw a picture of each of the 3 monosaccharides:
 These 3 monosaccharides have the same formula ___________________ but they are all
structurally different. So they are __________________
Disaccharides -- ______________________
 These sugars are formed when you join 2 monosaccharides together. They are bonded
together by the process of _______________________.
 3 most common are:
o
______________ (_______________) – found in sugar cane and sugar beets. Made
when a ________________ is bonded to a ___________________
o
_________________ (_______________) – found in mammal milk. Made when a
______________________ is bonded to a ____________________. The human
body must break this sugar apart with a special enzyme called lactase. All human
infants have this enzyme. However some people do not produce this enzyme as
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adults. They are called ___________________________________. If a person
continues to eat lactose they will suffer intestinal cramping, gas and acid.
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___________________ ( ________________) – found in barley and used to make
beer and malted milk drinks. Made when a _________________ is bonded to a
________________.
 These 3 all have the same formula ____________________
o
Explain why their formula not the doubling of the formula of a monosaccharide?
 Draw a picture of a disaccharide here:
Polysaccharides -- ______________________
 Complex carbohydrates composed of 3 or more monosaccharides
 Three most common types:
o
_________________ ( __________________) - how plants store their excess sugar
made from photosynthesis. Made by 100s of sugars all bonded in the same direction.
Examples are:__________________________________
o
_____________________ (__________________) – consists of hundreds of
glucose molecules bonded together in a highly branched chain. Stored in an animal’s
________________ and ______________ tissue. The human body stores enough
glycogen to provide sugar to the blood for 24-36 hours.
o
_____________________ - consists of glucose molecules bonded in long straight
chains with the sugars being bonded going in opposite directions. Gives strength,
rigidity and support to plant cells. Humans cannot digest this type of polysaccharides
and get energy because we do not have the proper enzyme to break the bonds.
Some animals have this enzyme and can survive entirely on plants. Humans eat
foods containing cellulose because they are a good source of _______________ ,
_______________and ______________________.
 To use disaccharides or polysacahrides your body must break them apart using
__________________. The _____________________ can then be used for energy.
 In our diet we divide our carbohydrates into simple carbs and complex carbs.
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Lipids
 Composed of large amounts of ___________ and very few ________
 Examples are _______________________
 Are ____________________ in water
 Is essential for the proper functioning of the body – but must be right type
 Have many uses:
o
Chief _____________________ molecule. Concentrated energy for ____________.
They body will start to burn fats after 30 minutes of exercise when they have used up
all the glycogen that was previously stored.
o
o
Provide _______________________
Protective padding around ____________________
o
Composes __________________ making an outer barrier of the cell
o
__________________ for plants and animals
o
o
____________________ for aquatic animals
Maintains healthy _________ and _________________
o
Helps in the absorption and transport of ______________________
 The building blocks or monomers of lipids are ______________ and _________________
 Types of fatty acids
1. ________________________ All carbon are single bonded to all the other C’s.
These fats are __________________ at room temperature. They usually come from
animal fat. They are ______________ for your health, increase the bad cholesterol
in your bloodstream and should be limited in your diet. Examples:
2. ___________________________- have several C to C double bonds. They are
better for you than saturated fats and come from plants. They are still high in
calories so you need to limit/watch them in your diet. Examples:
3. _________________________ have one C to C double bond. This means that they
are ________________ at room temperature. They better for you than the poly
unsaturated fats, help to lower cholesterol because they also come from plant
sources. Examples:
4. _________________________ - come from fish and walnuts. Are the BEST type of
fat to eat in your diet. Have many beneficial effects including protecting against heart
disease.
5. ______________________________ - are chemically processed fats. They are the
WORST type of fatty acid and should be avoided completely in your diet. They raise
bad cholesterol levels and lower good levels and are linked to heart disease. On
labels they are called hydrogenated oils.
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Types of Lipids
1. Triglycerides - - type of lipid composed of ______ molecules
of a fatty acid bonded to _______ molecule of
_____________.
a. _____________ - are triglycerides that are
________ at room temperature. Produced by
plants. Also produced by animals for their hair
and skin. Important because they help with
waterproofing.
b. _____________ - are triglycerides that are
_________ at room temperature. Found in
animals. Important to protect vital organs and
store excess food.
2. ________________ - are a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain. This
makes them extremely ________________.
3. _________________- are composed of 4 carbon rings. Are present in hormones, nerve
tissue, plant poisons and toad venom. Abnormal amounts lead to liver disease, intestinal
bleeding and sterility.
4. _____________ - a large lipid that can build up in blood vessels and clog the blood flow.
Amount must be controlled or can lead to heart attacks and strokes. There are 2 types:
a. ___________ which is the bad type, is slow and sticks in your arteries/veins and
b._________________ which is the good type and moves fast through the blood – this
type is needed to stay healthy.
Proteins
 Are composed of __________________
 Are the ___________________________________ for cells and body parts such as:
 Are the _________________________________needed for essential life processes of
organisms. Examples would be:
 Are found in foods such as:
 Made from monomers of __________________
 There are ____________ amino acids. All organisms
use the same 20 amino acids (aa) to make proteins.
Amino acids can be used in different numbers and
combinations to make millions of different proteins.
 Each amino acid has the same basic structure – they are only different in the R group –there
are 20 different amino acids so there are 20 different R groups that could be bonded there.
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 Each individual is unique because of their __________________. The order of the amino
acids in your proteins makes each one different. These different proteins make up your
unique body. Your proteins are determined by your ___________________.
 Our bodies can make many of the amino acids that we need to live The ones we can make
are called _________________________ because we don’t have to get them from our food.
 The amino acids we can’t make are called _____________________ and must be obtained
in our diet. There are _______ that are essential to children and ______ that are essential
for adults.
 If you eat animal proteins (meat, milk etc) you will get all the amino acids you need. Plant
proteins lack some amino acids so vegetarians must be careful to eat a variety of foods to
get all their amino acids.
 Amino acids can be recycled through the food chain and reused over and over to make
different proteins for different organisms.
 Proteins are formed by joining amino acids together through the process of
_______________________. The chains have between ____ and ________ amino acids
 The special bond between amino acids is called a _________________ bond because it
joins a C to a N.
 Two amino acids bonded together is a _______________. Many amino acids bonded in a
chain is a _______________
 When one or more polypeptide chains are joined and folded up it makes a complete and
functional protein
 Special type of proteins:
o
___________________ are proteins that act as catalysts and speed up the rate at
which chemical reactions occur. They lower the activation energy needed for the
reaction to start.
o
Enzymes are not part of the reaction and can be reused over and over again.
o
Enzymes are very specific and will work only on a specific reaction
o
_________ is the reactant in the chemical reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme –
what the enzyme works on
o
________________ is the place on the enzyme that bonds to the substrate.
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Can think of enzymes as a lock and key
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If an enzyme is heated or exposed to strong acids or bases it can denature. This
means that the bonds holding the protein together break and the protein will unfold
and can no longer do its job. (This can be lethal to humans in some cases).
o
Examples of enzymes:
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Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic Acids are the ________________________ of the cell. They contain the
directions that allow all cells to function properly.
 There are 2 types of nucleic acids:
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________________ – (deoxyribonucleic acid) – this molecule is found in the
nucleus of cells. The job of DNA is ________________________________
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________________ - (ribonucleic acid) – this molecules is found in cells. There
are 3 types. Their job is to _____________________________________ .
 The monomer of a nucleic acid is a ________________________.
o
Nucleotides are very small – there are 3 billion DNA nucleotides in the nucleus of
every human cell.
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They have 3 parts
 ____________________
 _____________________
 ____________________
Summary
POLYMER
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
MONOMER
USES