Ratified July 2010
FELLOWSHIP GUIDELINES
Veterinary Ophthalmology
ELIGIBILITY
1. The candidate must meet the eligibility prerequisites for Fellowship outlined in
The Blue Book: General Advice to Fellowship Candidates.
2. Membership of the College must be achieved prior to Fellowship examination.
3. Membership must be in Canine Medicine, Feline Medicine, Small Animal
Medicine, Small Animal Surgery, Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Equine
Medicine or Equine Surgery.
OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate that the candidate has sufficient knowledge, training, experience, and
accomplishment to meet the criteria for registration as specialist in Veterinary
Ophthalmology.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. The candidate will have a detailed knowledge1 of:
1.1. the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential
diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases in all domestic animal and
major wildlife species
1.2. the principles of ophthalmic pharmacology and therapeutics
1.3. ocular diagnostic procedures including gonioscopy, tonometry, cytology,
ultrasonography, computerised tomography (CT scanning) and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI)
1.4. ocular techniques including medicine and surgery of the eye and neuroophthalmology
1
Knowledge levels:
Detailed knowledge — candidates must be able to demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the topic
including differing points of view and published literature. The highest level of knowledge.
Sound knowledge — candidate must know all of the principles of the topic including some of the
finer detail, and be able to identify areas where opinions may diverge. A middle level of knowledge.
Basic knowledge — candidate must know the main points of the topic and the core literature.
1
1.5. ocular embryology, ocular and comparative anatomy, ocular biochemistry,
ocular physiology, optics and physiology of vision, ocular immunology
1.6. clinical microbiology and clinical pathology as they relate to diseases of the
eye
1.7. ocular pathology and ocular histology and histopathology
1.8. the principles of comparative ophthalmic examination.
2. The candidate will have a sound knowledge of:
2.1. ophthalmology as a comparative science with particular reference to all
domestic animals, major wildlife species, birds, fish and reptiles
2.2. eye diseases in exotic species, wildlife, laboratory animals, fish and reptiles
2.3. ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in animals
2.4. aspects of human eye research and clinical ophthalmology that have
relevance to ophthalmology of domestic animal species
2.5. ophthalmic oncology.
3. The candidate will, with detailed expertise,2 be able to:
3.1. perform all specialist level ophthalmologic diagnostic and surgical
procedures
3.2. design pre-operative, operative and post-operative management plans in
clinical cases involving the eye and related organ systems
3.3. analyse complex ophthalmologic medical problems and make clinical
judgements
3.4. collect, interpret and record clinical data including interpreting a range of
diagnostic modalities (gonioscopy, tonometry, cytology, ultrasonography,
computerised tomography (CT scanning) and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) in complex ophthalmologic cases
3.5. communicate effectively with clients, referring veterinarians and peers
3.6. integrate these skills to provide high-quality care for patients with the most
efficient use of resources in a manner that is responsive to the owner’s needs
and wishes
2
Skill levels:
Detailed expertise — the candidate must be able to perform the technique with a high degree of skill,
and have extensive experience in its application. The highest level of proficiency.
Sound expertise — the candidate must be able to perform the technique with a moderate degree of
skill, and have moderate experience in its application. A middle level of proficiency.
Basic expertise — the candidate must be able to perform the technique competently in uncomplicated
circumstances.
2
3.7. evaluate and incorporate new scientific information relevant to the practice
of Veterinary Ophthalmology
3.8. advance knowledge in Veterinary Ophthalmology through clinical
innovation, research and publication.
EXAMINATIONS
Written Paper I: Basic Science and Principles
This paper is designed to test the candidate’s knowledge of the principles of
Veterinary Ophthalmology as described in the Learning Outcomes listed earlier.
Answers may cite specific examples where general principles apply, but should
primarily address the theoretical basis underlying each example. The format will be
twenty short answer questions to be answered in one hour and four essay questions to
be answered in two hours.
Written Paper II: Clinical Practice and Applications
This paper is designed to (a) test the candidate’s ability to apply the principles of
Veterinary Ophthalmology to particular cases/problems or tasks, and (b) test the
candidate’s familiarity with the current practices and current issues that arise from
activities within the discipline of Veterinary Ophthalmology. The format will be
twenty short answer questions to be answered in one hour and four essay questions to
be answered in two hours.
Practical Examinations
These examinations further test the candidate’s achievement of the Learning
Outcomes. The duration of the practical examination (Parts 1 and 2 combined) must
be a minimum of one hour and a maximum of three hours.
• Practical Examination — Part 1: Ophthalmic Examination
and Diagnostic Techniques (approximately one hour)
The candidate will be required to demonstrate and discuss ophthalmologic
examination, observation and diagnostic skills pertaining to commonly
encountered species. Methods of delivery of question material include
radiograph, CT and MRI images; audiovisual presentation of images; verbal
presentation of scenarios; written presentation of clinical material and the
use of a whiteboard. The candidate may also be expected to critically
examine and discuss the pathological changes in histological sections of
ocular tissue.
• Practical Examination — Part 2: Surgical Technique
(approximately one hour)
The candidate will be required to demonstrate and discuss preoperative
ophthalmologic surgical preparation; surgical knowledge and techniques
pertaining to the adnexa, eyelids, anterior and posterior segment; choice of
suture materials; and postoperative management.
3
Oral Examination (duration of minimum one hour, maximum two hours)
The oral examination will consist principally of a digital image session and the
candidate will be required to identify, assess and problem solve using the information
presented. The images used will include but not be limited to clinical photographs of
the eye of a patient, fundus photographs, gonio photographs, photographs of imaging
techniques, special diagnostic techniques, slit lamp photographs, cytologic specimens
and gross and microscopic pathology specimens. Questions typically include listing
lesions or abnormalities, discussing a differential diagnosis list for the specific disease
process, stating the most likely aetiologic diagnosis(es) and pathogenesis, listing
morphologic diagnosis, listing appropriate therapy for the condition, or identifying
species on the slide.
TRAINING PROGRAM
In addition to the requirements of the The Blue Book: General Advice to Fellowship
Candidates, the Chapter imposes the following:
1. 144 weeks of Direct Supervised Training (DST), at least 35 hours a week, is
required during a three-year, 156-week period.
2. In addition to DST, the candidate should be able to demonstrate active
participation in formal teaching conferences such as clinicopathologic case
conferences and resident seminars. A seminar is defined as a scientific
presentation attended by peers and followed by informed discussion.
3. The candidate is expected to attend relevant scientific meetings and conferences
and attendance at an international veterinary conference is recommended. The
credentials document must show documentary evidence that the candidate has
prepared and presented at least one oral or poster presentation paper at a national
or international ophthalmologic meeting or conference prior to examination.
4. Cases must be of the type seen in ophthalmology referral institutions which are
considered to be specialist procedures. The candidate should attempt to gain as
broad a range of experience as possible.
4
TRAINING IN RELATED DISCIPLINES
Refer to The Blue Book: General Advice to Fellowship Candidates, Section 3.4.2
Candidates for Fellowship in Veterinary Ophthalmology must spend eight of the
144 weeks supervised time in the Training in Related Disciplines (TRD). Five weeks
must be as per the following:
• William Magrane Basic Science Course in Veterinary and Comparative
Ophthalmology (40 hours, 1 week)
• small animal medicine (80 hours, 2 weeks)
• small animal or large animal surgery (80 hours, 2 weeks).
The other three weeks of TRD should be composed from any of the following
disciplines:
• veterinary ocular histopathology training (40 hours, 1 week)
• veterinary diagnostic imaging (40 hours, 1 week)
• veterinary oncology (40 hours, 1 week)
• veterinary dermatology (40 hours, 1 week)
• veterinary anaesthesia and critical care (40 hours, 1 week)
• veterinary neurology (40 hours, 1 week)
• human ophthalmic clinical training (40 hours, 1 week)
• laboratory animals/ocular toxicology (40 hours, 1 week)
• aquatic, avian, zoo or wildlife medicine (40 hours, 1 week).
TRD must be undertaken with a registered specialist or other person approved by the
Fellowship Training and Credentials Committee (FTCC) in that discipline (see
Appendix 4).
EXTERNSHIPS
Refer to The Blue Book: General Advice to Fellowship Candidates, Section 3.4.1
Candidates for Fellowship in Veterinary Ophthalmology must complete four weeks of
Externship activity. This may be completed in two, two-week blocks or alternatively,
one continuous four week externship. The candidate may be required to complete
additional Externship(s), following assessment of the Training Program Document by
the FTCC.
5
ACTIVITY LOG
The Activity Log Summary (ALS) should be divided by species and by activity using
the examples in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.
A one month Activity Log (AL) is required to be submitted after the first 12 months
of supervised training. This AL should be recorded using The Blue Book: General
Advice to Fellowship Candidates, Appendix 8.5. An example of an AL is included in
Appendix 3.
PUBLICATIONS
Refer to The Blue Book: General Advice to Fellowship Candidates, Section 3.11
RECOMMENDED READING LIST
The candidate is expected to research the depth and breadth of the knowledge of the
discipline. This list is intended to guide the candidate to some core references and
source material. The list is not comprehensive and is not intended as an indicator of
the content of the examination.
CORE TEXTS
Anatomy, Histology, Embryology
Cook CS, Ozanics V, Jakobiec FA. Prenatal development of the eye and its adnexa. In
Tasman W, Jaeger EA, editors. Duane’s foundations of clinical ophthalmology, Vol.
1, ch. 2, pp. 1–93. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
Duke-Elder S. The eye in evolution. System of ophthalmology, Vol. 1, Mosby, 1958
(especially important are chapters on exotic and domestic species).
Evans H, editor. Miller’s anatomy of the dog (ocular and orbital sections). 3rd edn.
WB Saunders, 1993 (chapters on eye, orbit, and cranial nerves).
Hudson L. Atlas of clinical anatomy of the cat. WB Saunders, 1993 (special senses
chapter).
Kern T, editor. Laboratory and exotic animal ophthalmology. Wiley Blackwell, 2002.
Prince JH. Comparative anatomy of the eye. Charles C Thomas, 1956 (recommended
review of the rabbit, pig, ruminant sections, other species covered in more
contemporary text).
Walls GL. The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Hafner Publishing, 1967.
Wilkie DA & Wyman M. Comparative anatomy and physiology of the mammalian
eye. In Hobson DW, Dermal and ocular toxicology, CRC Press Inc., 1991.
6
Physiology
Kaufman PL & Alm A. Adler’s physiology of the eye. 10th edn. Mosby Co, 2003.
Pharmacology
Bartlett JD, editor. Ophthalmic drug facts 2009. 20th edn. Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins.
Bartlett JB and Jaanus SD. Clinical ocular pharmacology. 5th edn. ButterworthHeinemann, 2007.
Mauger TF & Craig EL, editors. Havener’s ocular pharmacology. 6th edn. Mosby,
1994.
Pathology, Immunology
Klintworth GK & Garner AG, editors. Garner and Klintworth’s pathobiology of
ocular disease. 3rd edn. Informa HealthCare, 2008.
Maxie M, editor. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer’s pathology of domestic animals. 5th
edn. Saunders Elsevier, 2007 (eye chapter only).
Peiffer RL & Simons KB, editors. Ocular tumors in animals and humans. Iowa State
Press, 2002.
Peiffer RL, editor. Comparative ophthalmic pathology. CC Thomas, 1983.
Saunders LZ & Rubin LF. Ophthalmic pathology of animals. S Harger, 1975.
McGavin MD, Carlton WW, & Zachary JF. Thomson’s special veterinary pathology.
Mosby, 2000 (chapter by Render only).
Yanoff M & Fine, BS. Yanoff and Fine ocular pathology. 5th edn. Text and CDROM package. Mosby, 2002.
Neuro-ophthalmology
DeLahunta A& Glass E. Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. 3rd edn.
Saunders Elsevier, 2009 (chapters relevant to the eye only).
Oliver JE, Lorenz MD, & Kornegay JN. Handbook of veterinary neurology. 3rd edn.
WB Saunders, 1997 (chapter 11 Blindness, anisocoria, and abnormal eye
movements).
Surgery
Benjamin L. Surgical techniques in ophthalmology: cataract surgery. Text with
DVD, Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
Eisner G. Eye surgery. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Gelatt KN & Gelatt J (Peterson). Small animal ophthalmic surgery. Reed
Educational/Elsevier, 2001/3.
7
Obstbaum SA. Cataract and intraocular lens surgery. In Ophthalmology Clinics of
North America, vol. 4. WB Saunders, 1991.
Seibel BS. Phacodynamics: mastering the tools and techniques of
phacoemulsification surgery. 4th edn. SLACK Incorporated, 2005.
Slatter DH. Textbook of small animal surgery. 3rd edn. WB Saunders, 2002, (ocular
surgery sections).
Clinical Ophthalmology
ACVO Genetics Committee Text on Ocular Disease Suspected or Proven to be
Inherited in Purebred Dogs 1999 (Fellowship candidates should familiarise
themselves with this book, but not memorise all specific diseases)
Barnett and Crispin. Feline Ophthalmology: An Atlas and Text, Balliere Tindall, 1997
Bamett. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Williams and Wilkins, 1990.
Barnett. Equine Ophthalmology: An Atlas and Text, Mosby, 2004
Barnett, Sansom and Heinrich. Canine Ophthalmology: An Atlas and Text, Saunders,
2002
Brooks. Ophthalmology for the Equine Practitioner, Teton New Media, 2002
Gilger. Equine Ophthalmology, Saunders, 2005
Gelatt. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th Edition Blackwell Publishing 2007
Gelatt. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology Lippincott 2001
Kettring K and Glaze M. Atlas of Breed-Related Canine Ocular Disorders. Veterinary
Learning Systems 1998
Kettring K and Glaze M. Atlas of Feline Ophthalmology. Veterinary Learning
Systems 1994
Lavach. Large Animal Ophthalmology, CV Mosby 1989.
Maggs, Miller and Ofri. Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th
Edition, Saunders, 2007
Martin. Ophthalmic Disease in Veterinary Medicine, Manson Publishing, 2005
Petersen-Jones and Crispin. BSAVA Manual of Small Animal Ophthalmology 2nd
Edition, BSAVA, 2002.
Rubin, Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmoscopy, Lea and Febiger, 1975, (though this text
is out of print it is still available in most veterinary school libraries and is essential
reading).
8
Rubin. Inherited Eye Diseases in Purebred Dogs. William and Wilkins, 1989 (out of
print but available).
Walde et al. Atlas of Ophthalmology in Dogs and Cats. BC Decker Inc, 1990
JOURNALS
Core Journals
Veterinary Clinics of North America (prior to 2001)
Equine Practice: Equine Ophthalmology (December 1992, vol. 8, no. 3)
Large Animal Practice: Large Animal Ophthalmology (November 1984, vol. 6 no. 3)
Small Animal Practice: Small Animal Ophthalmology (May 1990, vol. 20, no. 3)
Surgical Management of Ocular Disease (September 1997, vo. 27, no. 5)
Infectious Disease and the Eye (September 2000, vol. 30, no. 5)
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Journals
Note: articles from these veterinary journals should be reviewed for any situation or
disease that involves ocular, periocular, or neuro-ophthalmic structures, or systemic
conditions relevant to ocular disease. Some of these journals may be no longer
published. It is recommended that the candidate be at least familiar with articles that
have appeared in the last seven years.
American Journal of Veterinary Research
Australian Veterinary Journal
Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice
Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice
Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian
Equine Veterinary Journal
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
Journal of Small Animal Practice
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
9
New Zealand Veterinary Journal
Veterinary Clinics of North America — Equine, Exotic Animal, Food Animal and
Small Animal Practice
Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Ophthalmology
Veterinary Pathology
Veterinary Record
Veterinary Surgery
Other Resource Material
AAHA Self Study Courses in Ophthalmology Kerry Ketring. The Retina Parts I and II
ACVO Histology Teaching Set
FURTHER READING
Journals
Note: Review of basic science and human clinical journals should be limited to those
articles dealing with situations or diseases directly applicable to veterinary
ophthalmology, or one where a common domestic animal is used as an animal model.
Reviews of human clinical conditions or basic science articles unrelated to veterinary
ophthalmology are not necessary for exam preparation.
Journals — Human Titles
British Journal of Ophthalmology
Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
Experimental Eye Research
Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
Survey of Ophthalmology
Vision Research
Journals — Veterinary titles
A copy of some of the classic papers in Veterinary Ophthalmology follows. This list
has been revised in March 1999 by the American College of Veterinary
Ophthalmologists
1. Acland, G.M., and Aguirre, G.D.: Retinal degenerations in the dog: IV. Early
retinal degeneration (erd) in Norwegian Elkhounds. Exp. Eye Res., 44:491, 1987.
10
2. Aguirre, G.D., and Acland, G.M.: Variations in retinal degeneration phenotype
inherited at the prcd. locus. Exp. Eye. Res. 46:663,1988.
3. Aguirre, G.D., and Laties, A.: Pigment epithelial dystrophy in the dog. Exp. Eye.
Res., 23:247, 1976.
4. Aguirre, G.D., and Rubin, L.F.: Progressive retinal atrophy in the Miniature
Poodle: An electrophysiologic study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 160:191,1972.
5. Aguirre, G.D., and O’Brien, P.: Morphological and biochemical studies of canine
progressive rod-cone degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:635, 1986.
6. Aguirre, G.D., et al.: Rod-cone dysplasia in Irish Setters: A defect in cyclic GMP
metabolism in visual cells. Science, 201:1133, 1978.
7. Aguirre, G.D.: Electroretinography in veterinary ophthalmology. J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., 9:234, 1973.
8. Aguirre, G.D.: Retinal degeneration in the dog. I. Rod dysplasia. Exp. Eye Res.,
26:233, 1977.
9. Albert, D.M., et al.: Retinal neoplasia and dysplasia. I. Induction by feline leukemia
virus. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16:325, 1977.
10. Albert, D.M., et al: Canine herpes-induced retinal dysplasia and associated ocular
anomalies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:267, 1976.
11. Anderson: Morphologic recovery in the reattached retina. Invest. Ophthalmol.
Vis. Sci., 27(2):168-183, 1986.
12. Bellhorn, R.W., and Bellhorn, M.S.: The avian pecten. I. Fluorescein
permeability. Ophthalmol. Res., 7:1, 1975.
13. Bellhorn, R.W., Aguirre, G.D., and Bellhorn, M.B.: Feline central retinal
degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 13:608, 1974.
14. Bellhorn, R.W.: A survey of ocular findings in 16-to-24-week-old beagles. J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc., 162:139, 1973.
15. Bellhorn, R.W.; Fluorescein fundus photography in veterinary ophthalmology. J.
Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 9:227, 1973.
16. Bergsma, D.R., and Brown, K.S.: White fur, blue eyes and deafness in the
domestic cat. J. Hered., 62:171, 1971.
17. Berson, E.L., et al.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. II. Supplementation
with methionine, cysteine, or taurine. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:52, 1976.
18. Bill, A.: Formation and drainage of aqueous humor in cats. Exp. Eye Res., 5:185,
1966.
11
19. Bistner, S.I., Rubin, L.F., and Saunders, L.Z.: The ocular lesions of bovine viral
diarrhea-mucosal disease. Vet. Pathology, 7:272, 1970.
20. Bito, L.Z.: Species differences in the responses of the eye to irritation and trauma:
A hypothesis of divergence in ocular defense mechanisms, and the choice of
experimental animals for eye research. Exp. Eye Res., 39:807, 1984.
21. Blair, N.P., Dodge, J.T., and Schmidt, G.M.: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
in Labrador Retrievers. I. Development of retinal tears and detachment. Arch.
Ophthalmol., 103:842, 1985.
22. Blair, N.P., Dodge, J.T., and Schmidt, G.M.: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
in Labrador Retrievers. II. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol.,
103:848, 1985.
23. Bok: Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Invest. Ophthalmol.
Vis. Sci., 26(11):1659-1694, 1985.
24. Buyukmihci, N.C., Aguirre, G., and Marshall, J.: Retinal degenerations in the dog.
II. Development of the retina in rod-cone dysplasia. Exp. Eye Res., 30:575, 1980.
25. Buyukmihci, N.C.: Photic retinopathy in the dog. Exp. Eye. Res., 33:95, 1981.
26. Carmichael, L.E.: The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis
I. Pathology and virological observations. Pathol. Vet., 1:73, 1964.
27. Carmichael, L.E.: The pathogenesis of ocular lesions of infectious canine hepatitis
II. Experimental ocular hypersensitivity produced by the virus. Pathol. Vet., 2:344,
1965.
28. Chase, J.,: The evolution of retinal vascularization in mammals. Ophthalmology,
89:1518-1525, 1982.
29. Donovan, A.: The postnatal development of the cat retina. Exp. Eye Res., 5:249,
1966
30. Engerman, R.L., Molitor, D.L., and Bloodworth, J.M.B.: Vascular system of the
dog retina: Light and electron microscopic studies. Exp. Eye Res., 5:296, 1966.
31. Gelatt, K.N. et al.: Animal models for inherited cataracts: A review. Curr. Eye
Res., 3(5):765-778, 1984.
32. Gelatt, K.N., Henderson, S.F., and Steffen, G.R.: Fluorescein angiography of the
normal and diseased ocular fundi of the laboratory dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
169:980, 1976.
33. Gum, G.C., et al.: Maturation of the retina of the canine neonate as determined by
electroretinography and histology. Am. J. Vet. Res., 45:1166, 1984.
12
34. Gwin, R.M., Lerner, I., Warren, K., and Gum, G.: Decrease in canine corneal
endothelial cell density and corneal thickness as a function of age. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 22:267, 1982.
35. Hayes, K.C., Nielson, S.W., and Eaton, H.D.: Pathogenesis of the optic nerve
lesion in vitamin A deficient calves. Arch. Ophthalmol., 80:777, 1968.
36. Henkind, P.: The retinal vascular system of the domestic cat. Exp. Eye Res., 5:10,
1966.
37. Johnston, M.C., et al.: Origins of avian ocular and periocular tissues. Exp. Eye
Res., 29:27-43. 1979.
38. Jubb, K.V., Saunders, L.Z., and Coates, H.V.: The intraocular lesions of canine
distemper. J. Comp. Pathol., 67:21, 1957.
39. Kaswan, R.L., Martin, C.L., and Chapman, W.L.: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca:
Histopathologic study of nictitating membrane and lacrimal gland from 28 dogs. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 45(1): 112-118, 1984.
40. Martin, C.L., and Chambreau, T.: Cataract production in experimentally orphaned
puppies fed a commercial replacement for bitch’s milk. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.,
18:115, 1982.
41. Martin, C.L.: Development of pectinate ligament structure of the dog: Study by
scanning electron microscopy. Am. J. Vet. Res., 35:1433, 1974.
42. Martin, C.L.: Gonioscopy and anatomical correlations of the drainage angle of the
dog. J. Small Anim. Prac., 10:171, 1969.
43. Martin, C.L.: Scanning electron microscopic examination of selected canine
iridocorneal angle abnormalities. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 11:300, 1975.
44. Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment.
Part I: Introduction and technique. J. Small Anim. Pract., 10:143, 1969.
45. Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment.
Part II: Description. J. Small Anim. Pract., 10:151, 1969.
46. Martin, C.L.: Slit lamp examination of the normal canine anterior ocular segment.
Part III: Description and summary. J. Small Anim. Pract. 10:163, 1969.
47. Martin, C.L.: The normal canine iridocorneal angle as viewed with the scanning
electron microscope. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 11:180, 1975.
48. Mutlu, F., and Leopold, I.H.: Structure of the retinal vascular system of the dog,
monkey, rat, mouse, and cow. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 58:261, 1964.
49. Morrison, J.C., Defrank, M.P., and Van Buskirk, E.M.: Comparative
microvascular anatomy of mammalian ciliary processes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis.
Sci., 28:1325, 1987.
13
50. Murphy, C.J., and Howland, H.C.: The optics of comparative ophthalmology.
Vision Res., 27:599, 1987.
51. Narfstrom, K.: Progressive retinal atrophy in the Abyssinian cat: Clinical
characteristics. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26:193, 1985.
52. Pedler, C.: The fine structure of the tapetum cellulosum. Exp. Eye Res., 2:189,
1963.
53. Peiffer, R.L., Jr., Gelatt, K.N., and Gum, G.C.: Determination of facility of
outflow in the dog comparing in vivo and in vitro tonographic and constant pressure
perfusion techniques. Am. J. Vet. Res., 37:1473, 1976.
54. Percy, D.H., Scott, F.W., and Albert, D.M.: Retinal dysplasia due to feline
panleukopenia virus infection. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 167:935, 1975.
55. Priester, W.A.: Congenital ocular defects in cattle, horses, cats, and dogs. J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc., 160:1504-1511, 1972.
56. Roberts, S.R., and Dellaporta, A., and Winter, F.C.: The collie ectasia syndrome.
Pathology of the eyes of young and adult dogs. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 62:728, 1966.
57. Roberts, S.R., Dellaporta, A., and Winter, F.C.: The collie ectasia syndrome.
Pathologic alterations of the eyes of pups one to fourteen days of age. Am. J.
Ophthalmol., 61:1458, 1966.
58. Roberts, S.R.: The Collie eye anomaly. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 155:859, 1969.
59. Rodriquez-Peralta, L.: The blood aqueous barrier in five species. Am. J.
Ophthalmol., 80:713, 1975.
60. Sandberg, M.A. et al.: Full field electroretinograms in miniature poodles with
progressive rod-cone degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 27:1179, 1986.
61. Schmidt, S.Y., Berson, E.L., and Hayes, K.C.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed
casein. I. Taurine deficiency. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 15:47, 1976.
62. Schmidt, S.Y., et al.: Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. III. Taurine
deficiency and ERG amplitudes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16:673, 1977.
63. Sharpnack, et al.: Vascular pathways of the anterior segment of the canine eye.
Am. J. Vet. Res., 45(7):1287-1294, 1984.
64. Shatz, C.J., and Levay, S.: Siamese cat: Altered connections of visual cortex.
Science, 204:328, 1979.
65. Shively, J.N., and Epling, G.: Fine structure of the canine eye: cornea. Am. J. Vet.
Res., 13:713, 1970.
66. Shively, J.N., and Epling, G.P.: Fine structure of the canine eye: Iris. Am. J. Vet.
Res., 30:219, 1969.
14
67. Shively, J.N., Epling, G.P., and Jensen, R.: Fine structure of the postnatal
development of the canine retina. Am. J. Vet. Res., 32:283, 1971.
68. Shively, J.N., Epling, G.P., and Jenson, R.: Fine structure of the canine eye:
Retina. Am. J. Vet. Res., 31:1339, 1970.
69. Silverstein, A.M.: The pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia. Am. J. Ophthalmol.,
72:13-21, 1971.
70. Stryer, L. The molecules of visual excitation. Sci. American, 257(1), 42-50, 1987.
71. Tripathi, R.C., and Tripathi, B.J.: The mechanisms of aqueous outflow in
primates, lower mammals and birds. A comparative study. Exp. Eye Res., 17:393,
1973.
72. Tripathi, R.C.: Ultrastructure of the exit pathway of the aqueous in lower
mammals. Exp. Eye Res., 12:311, 1971.
73. Van Buskirk, E.M.: The canine eye: The vessels of aqueous drainage. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 18:223, 1979.
74. Wen, et al.: A comparative study of tapetum, retina, and skull of ferret, dog, and
cat. Lab Anim. Sci., 35(3):200-210, 1985.
75. Whiteley, H.E., et al.: Ocular lesions of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Vet.
Pathol., 22:219, 1985.
76. Wilcock, B.P., and Peiffer, R.L.: Morphology and behavior of primary ocular
melanomas in 91 dogs. Vet. Pathol., 23:418, 1986.
77. Wilcock, B.P., and Peiffer, R.L.: The pathology of lens-induced uveitis in dogs.
Vet. Pathol., 24:549, 1987.
78. Witzel, D.A., et al.: Congenital stationary night blindness: An animal model.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 17:788-796, 1978.
79. Wong, et al.: Vasculature of cat eye. Arch. Ophthalmol., 72:351-358, 1964.
USEFUL JOURNAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES
This is intended as a useful guide to more recent publications, it is not a compulsory
reading list.
Acott, T. S. and M. J. Kelley (2008). Extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork.
Exp Eye Res 86(4): 543-61.
Aguirre, G. D., V. Baldwin, et al. (1998). Congenital stationary night blindness in the
dog: common mutation in the RPE65 gene indicates founder effect. Mol Vis 4: 23.
15
Appleyard, G. D., G. W. Forsyth, et al. (2006). Differential mitochondrial DNA and
gene expression in inherited retinal dysplasia in miniature Schnauzer dogs. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(5): 1810-6.
Bentley, E. (2005). Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs: a review. J
Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41(3): 158-65.
Bertelmann, E. and U. Pleyer (2004). Immunomodulatory therapy in ophthalmology is there a place for topical application? Ophthalmologica 218(6): 359-67.
Bjerkas, E., O.Breck, R. Waagbo (2006). The role of nutrition in cataract formation in
farmed fish. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition
and Natural Resources(1, No 033).
Brooks, D. E., A. M. Komaromy, et al. (1999). Comparative optic nerve physiology:
implications for glaucoma, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. Vet Ophthalmol
2(1): 13-25.
Brooks, D. E., A. M. Komaromy, et al. (1999). Comparative retinal ganglion cell and
optic nerve morphology. Vet Ophthalmol 2(1): 3-11.
Carter, R. T., C. Giudice, et al. (2005). Telomerase activity with concurrent loss of
cell cycle regulation in feline post-traumatic ocular sarcomas. J Comp Pathol 133(4):
235-45.
Chandler, H. L., C. M. Colitz, et al. (2007). The role of the slug transcription factor in
cell migration during corneal re-epithelialization in the dog. Exp Eye Res 84(3): 40011.
Chang, J. H., P. J. McCluskey, et al. (2006). Toll-like receptors in ocular immunity
and the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 90(1):
103-8.
Chintala, S. K. (2006). The emerging role of proteases in retinal ganglion cell death.
Exp Eye Res 82(1): 5-12.
Chucair, A. J., N. P. Rotstein, et al. (2007). Lutein and zeaxanthin protect
photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress: relation with
docosahexaenoic acid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(11): 5168-77.
Colitz, C. M., J. A. Bomser, et al. (2005). The endogenous and exogenous
mechanisms for protection from ultraviolet irradiation in the lens. Int Ophthalmol Clin
45(1): 141-55.
Collin, S. P. and H. B. Collin (2006). The corneal epithelial surface in the eyes of
vertebrates: environmental and evolutionary influences on structure and function. J
Morphol 267(3): 273-91.
Cunha-Vaz, J. G. (2004). The blood-retinal barriers system. Basic concepts and
clinical evaluation. Exp Eye Res 78(3): 715-21.
16
Cutler, T. J., D. E. Brooks, et al. (2000). Disease of the equine posterior segment. Vet
Ophthalmol 3(2-3): 73-82.
Davidson, M. G. (1997). Clinical Retinoscopy for the Veterinary Ophthalmologist.
Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology 7(2): 128-137.
Deeg, C. A., B. Amann, et al. (2006). Inter- and intramolecular epitope spreading in
equine recurrent uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(2): 652-6.
Deeg, C. A., E. Marti, et al. (2004). Equine recurrent uveitis is strongly associated
with the MHC class I haplotype ELA-A9. Equine Vet J 36(1): 73-5.
Deretic, D. (2006). A role for rhodopsin in a signal transduction cascade that regulates
membrane trafficking and photoreceptor polarity. Vision Res 46(27): 4427-33.
Devgan, U. (2006). Phaco fluidics and phaco ultrasound power modulations.
Ophthalmol Clin North Am 19(4): 457-68.
Edelhauser, H. F. (2006). The balance between corneal transparency and edema: the
Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(5): 1754-67.
Fautsch, M. P. and D. H. Johnson (2006). Aqueous humor outflow: what do we
know? Where will it lead us? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(10): 4181-7.
Ford, M. M., R. R. Dubielzig, et al. (2007). Ocular and systemic manifestations after
oral administration of a high dose of enrofloxacin in cats. Am J Vet Res 68(2): 190202.
Freddo, T. F., S. Patz, et al. (2006). Pilocarpine’s effects on the blood-aqueous barrier
of the human eye as assessed by high-resolution, contrast magnetic resonance
imaging. Exp Eye Res 82(3): 458-64.
Galan, A., E. M. Martin-Suarez, et al. (2006). Ophthalmoscopic characteristics in
sheep and goats: comparative study. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53(4):
205-8.
Gancz, A. Y., Malka, S.,Sandmeyer, L. et al (2005). Horner’s Syndrome in a Redbellied Parrot (Poicephalus rufiventris). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
19(1): 30-34.
Gilger, B. C., R. D. Whitley, et al. (1994). Modified lateral orbitotomy for removal of
orbital neoplasms in two dogs. Vet Surg 23(1): 53-8.
Gipson, I. K. (2007). The ocular surface: the challenge to enable and protect vision:
the Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(10): 4390; 4391-8.
Gonzalez-Fernandez, F. and D. Ghosh (2008). Focus on Molecules:
interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Exp Eye Res 86(2): 169-70.
Gonzalez, E. M., A. Rodriguez, et al. (2001). Review of ocular ultrasonography. Vet
Radiol Ultrasound 42(6): 485-95.
17
Gregerson, D. S., N. D. Heuss, et al. (2007). Interaction of retinal pigmented epithelial
cells and CD4 T cells leads to T-cell anergy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(10): 465463.
Guillery, R. W., V. A. Casagrande, et al. (1974). Congenitally abnormal vision in
Siamese cats. Nature 252(5480): 195-9.
Guo, Y., M. Satpathy, et al. (2007). Benzalkonium chloride induces
dephosphorylation of Myosin light chain in cultured corneal epithelial cells. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(5): 2001-8.
Guziewicz, K. E., B. Zangerl, et al. (2007). Bestrophin gene mutations cause canine
multifocal retinopathy: a novel animal model for best disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis
Sci 48(5): 1959-67.
Gwon, A. (2006). Lens regeneration in mammals: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 51(1):
51-62.
Hahn, C. N. (2003). Horner’s syndrome in horses. Equine Veterinary
Education(April): 111-117.
Hartskeerl, R. A., M. G. Goris, et al. (2004). Classification of leptospira from the eyes
of horses suffering from recurrent uveitis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health
51(3): 110-5.
Im, E. and A. Kazlauskas (2007). The role of cathepsins in ocular physiology and
pathology. Exp Eye Res 84(3): 383-8.
Ittner, L. M., H. Wurdak, et al. (2005). Compound developmental eye disorders
following inactivation of TGFbeta signaling in neural-crest stem cells. J Biol 4(3): 11.
Jones, M., K. Pierce, D.Ward (2007). Avian Vision: A review of form and function
with special consideration to birds of prey. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 16(2): 6987.
Kanan, Y., A. Kasus-Jacobi, et al. (2008). Retinoid processing in cone and Muller cell
lines. Exp Eye Res 86(2): 344-54.
Kang Derwent, J. J., L. Padnick-Silver, et al. (2006). The electroretinogram
components in Abyssinian cats with hereditary retinal degeneration. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(8): 3673-82.
Katz, M. L., K. Narfstrom, et al. (2005). Assessment of retinal function and
characterization of lysosomal storage body accumulation in the retinas and brains of
Tibetan Terriers with ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Am J Vet Res 66(1): 67-76.
Klauss, G., E. A. Giuliano, et al. (2007). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with
administration of etodolac in dogs: 211 cases (1992-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc
230(4): 541-7.
18
Kumbalasiri, T. and I. Provencio (2005). Melanopsin and other novel mammalian
opsins. Exp Eye Res 81(4): 368-75.
Kuszak, J. R., R. K. Zoltoski, et al. (2004). Fibre cell organization in crystalline
lenses. Exp Eye Res 78(3): 673-87.
Lamb, T. D. and E. N. Pugh, Jr. (2004). Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of
vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 23(3): 307-80.
Lamb, T. D. and E. N. Pugh, Jr. (2006). Phototransduction, dark adaptation, and
rhodopsin regeneration: the Proctor lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47(12): 513752.
Little, B. C., J. H. Smith, et al. (2006). Little capsulorrhexis tear-out rescue. J Cataract
Refract Surg 32(9): 1420-2.
Lohr, H. R., K. Kuntchithapautham, et al. (2006). Multiple, parallel cellular suicide
mechanisms participate in photoreceptor cell death. Exp Eye Res 83(2): 380-9.
Lundmark, P. O., S. R. Pandi-Perumal, et al. (2007). Melatonin in the eye:
implications for glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 84(6): 1021-30.
Maggs, D. J. and H. E. Clarke (2005). Relative sensitivity of polymerase chain
reaction assays used for detection of feline herpesvirus type 1 DNA in clinical
samples and commercial vaccines. Am J Vet Res 66(9): 1550-5.
Marmorstein, A. D. and T. R. Kinnick (2007). Focus on molecules: bestrophin (best1). Exp Eye Res 85(4): 423-4.
Mason, C. S., D. Buxton, et al. (2003). Congenital ocular abnormalities in calves
associated with maternal hypovitaminosis A. Vet Rec 153(7): 213-4.
Mason, D. R., C. R. Lamb, et al. (2001). Ultrasonographic findings in 50 dogs with
retrobulbar disease. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37(6): 557-62.
Mathias, R. T. and J. L. Rae (2004). The lens: local transport and global transparency.
Exp Eye Res 78(3): 689-98.
May, C. A. and K. Narfstrom (2008). Choroidal microcirculation in Abyssinian cats
with hereditary rod-cone degeneration. Exp Eye Res 86(3): 537-40.
Millichamp, N. J., E. R. Jacobson, et al. (1983). Diseases of the eye and ocular
adnexae in reptiles. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183(11): 1205-12.
Moiseyev, G., Y. Chen, et al. (2005). RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid
visual cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(35): 12413-8.
Momke, S. and O. Distl (2007). Bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmos
(BCSE) in cattle: an overview of clinical signs and genetic traits. Vet J 173(2): 272-7.
19
Muniz, A., E. T. Villazana-Espinoza, et al. (2007). A novel cone visual cycle in the
cone-dominated retina. Exp Eye Res 85(2): 175-84.
Murphy, C. J. (1987). Raptor Ophthalmology. Compendium Small Animal 9(3): 241260.
Noller, C., W. Henninger, et al. (2006). Computed tomography-anatomy of the
normal feline nasolacrimal drainage system. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47(1): 53-60.
Parviainen, A. K. and C. M. Trim (2000). Complications associated with anaesthesia
for ocular surgery: a retrospective study 1989-1996. Equine Vet J 32(6): 555-9.
Paskowitz, D. M., M. M. LaVail, et al. (2006). Light and inherited retinal
degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 90(8): 1060-6.
Pauli, A. M., E. Bentley, et al. (2006). Effects of the application of neck pressure by a
collar or harness on intraocular pressure in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42(3): 20711.
Payne, A. P. (1994). The harderian gland: a tercentennial review. J Anat 185 (Pt 1): 149.
Petrescu, M. S., C. L. Larry, et al. (2007). Neutrophil interactions with keratocytes
during corneal epithelial wound healing: a role for CD18 integrins. Invest Ophthalmol
Vis Sci 48(11): 5023-9.
Pitz, S. and R. Moll (2002). Intermediate-filament expression in ocular tissue. Prog
Retin Eye Res 21(2): 241-62.
Polak, M. E., N. J. Borthwick, et al. (2007). Presence and phenotype of dendritic cells
in uveal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol 91(7): 971-6.
Pusterla, N., J. L. Watson, et al. (2003). Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in
horses: 63 cases (1988-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(7): 978-82.
Ropstad, E. O., K. Narfstrom, et al. (2008). Functional and structural changes in the
retina of wire-haired dachshunds with early-onset cone-rod dystrophy. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(3): 1106-15.
Rubowitz, A., E. I. Assia, et al. (2003). Antioxidant protection against corneal damage
by free radicals during phacoemulsification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(5): 186670.
Sanchez, R. F., G. Innocent, et al. (2007). Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: disease
trends in a
review of 229 cases. J Small Anim Pract 48(4): 211-7.
Sidjanin, D. J., J. K. Lowe, et al. (2002). Canine CNGB3 mutations establish cone
degeneration as orthologous to the human achromatopsia locus ACHM3. Hum Mol
Genet 11(16): 1823-33.
20
Simoens, P., S. Muylle, et al. (1996). Anatomy of the ocular arteries in the horse.
Equine Vet J 28(5): 360-7.
Sosnova-Netukova, M., P. Kuchynka, et al. (2007). The suprabasal layer of corneal
epithelial cells represents the major barrier site to the passive movement of small
molecules and trafficking leukocytes. Br J Ophthalmol 91(3): 372-8.
Stepp, M. A. (2006). Corneal integrins and their functions. Exp Eye Res 83(1): 3-15.
Theodossiadis, P. G., N. N. Markomichelakis, et al. (2007). Tumor necrosis factor
antagonists: preliminary evidence for an emerging approach in the treatment of ocular
inflammation. Retina 27(4): 399-413.
Theon, A. P., W. D. Wilson, et al. (2007). Long-term outcome associated with
intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases
(1995-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230(10): 1506-13.
Topaz, M., V. Shuster, et al. (2005). Acoustic cavitation in phacoemulsification and
the role of antioxidants. Ultrasound Med Biol 31(8): 1123-9.
Turney, C., N. H. Chong, et al. (2007). Pathological and electrophysiological features
of a canine cone-rod dystrophy in the miniature longhaired dachshund. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(9): 4240-9.
Willis, A. M., K. A. Diehl, et al. (2001). Effects of topical administration of 0.005%
latanoprost solution on eyes of clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 62(12): 194551.
Willis, A. M., T. E. Robbin, et al. (2001). Effect of topical administration of 2%
dorzolamide hydrochloride or 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride-0.5% timolol maleate
on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 62(5): 709-13.
Wilson, S. E., S. S. Chaurasia, et al. (2007). Apoptosis in the initiation, modulation
and termination of the corneal wound healing response. Exp Eye Res 85(3): 305-11.
Yu, F. S. and L. D. Hazlett (2006). Toll-like receptors and the eye. Invest Ophthalmol
Vis Sci 47(4): 1255-63.
Zarfoss, M. K., G. Klauss, et al. (2007). Uveal spindle cell tumor of blue-eyed dogs:
an immunohistochemical study. Vet Pathol 44(3): 276-84.
Zoukhri, D. (2006). Effect of inflammation on lacrimal gland function. Exp Eye Res
82(5): 885-98.
21
FURTHER INFORMATION
For further information contact The College Office
Telephone:
International +61 (07) 3423 2016
Fax:
International +61 (07) 3423 2977
Email:
acvs@gil.com.au
Web:
www.acvs.org.au
Postal Address: Building 3, Garden City Office Park, 2404 Logan Road
EIGHT MILE PLAINS QLD 4113 Australia.
22
APPENDIX 1
Veterinary Ophthalmology Case Activity Log Species Summary
Candidate: .................................................................................................................................................................
Address: ...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
{Year}
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Current Previous Cumulative
Total
Total
Total
Species
Canine
Feline
Equine
Bovine
Avian
Laboratory
animal
Wildlife
Other exotic
[TOTAL]
Candidate’s signature: ..............................................
Date: ............................................
Supervisor’s signature:.............................................
Date: ............................................
23
APPENDIX 2
Veterinary Ophthalmology Case Activity Log Activity-Type Summary
Candidate: .................................................................................................................................................................
Address: ...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
{Year}
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Current
Total
Previous
Total
Cumulative
Total
Ophthalmic Examination
(incl. fluoro stain, tonometry,
STT, Cytology, regional
anaesthesia)
Diagnostic Tests:
1.Gonioscopy
2.ERG
3.Retinoscopy
4.Ocular Ultrasonography
5. MRI/CT or other imaging
Management:
1. Orbital {Surgical /Medical}
2. Adnexal
{Surgical /Medical}
3. Conjunctiva/TE
{Surgical /Medical}
4. Lacrimal
{Surgical /Medical}
5. Cornea/Sclera
{Surgical /Medical}
24
6. Uvea {Surgical /Medical}
7. Intraocular
{Surgical /Medical}
8. Lens
{Surgical /Medical}
9. Viteeous
{Surgical /Medical}
10. Retina/Optic Nerve
{Surgical /Medical}
11. Glaucoma
{Surgical /Medical}
12. Neruo-ophtho
[TOTAL]
Candidate’s signature: ..............................................
Date: ............................................
Supervisor’s signature:.............................................
Date: ............................................
25
APPENDIX 3
Australian College of Veterinary Scientists
Veterinary Ophthalmology Case Activity Log
Date
8/9/10
Species
Canine
Breed
Boxer
Age
6
Sex
FN
Presentation*
Initial
History
OS persistent
corneal ulceration
2-3 weeks
duration.
No response to
topical AB & oral
NSAID therapy
Exam
OD NSF. OSMild
watery ocular
discharge &
conjunctival
hyperaemia. Mild
blepharospasm.
Large corneal
epithelial erosion,
loose nonadherent,
epithelial margins,
10 mm D. Mild
focal corneal
oedema.
Fluorescein
positive. No other
significant findings
Diagnosis
OS Chronic
eipthelial
erosion/SCCE
D
* Presentation: Initial/revisit
**Initials: of Clinicians/Investigators – please asterisk the Primary Clinician/Investigator/Surgeon
Candidate’s signature: ..............................................
Date: .............................................
Supervisor’s signature: .............................................
Date: .............................................
26
Category
Cornea/
Scera
Treatment
OS Grid
Keratotomy,
bandage
contact lens
placement &
TT. Under
GA. Topical
Chloromyctein
eye drops
QID; Oral
Rimadyl
2mg/Kg SID
&
Doxycycline
5 mg/kg BID.
Outcome
OS healed in
2 weeks.
Initials**
AA*
APPENDIX 4
This paper is designed to test the candidate’s knowledge of the principles of Dairy Cattle
Medicine and Management as described in the Learning Outcomes. Answers may cite specific
examples where general principles apply, but should primarily address the theoretical basis
underlying each example.
Learning Outcomes for Training in Related Disciplines
Throughout the 144-week training program, the Fellowship candidate in Veterinary
Ophthalmology must be exposed to and actively involved in training in several related
disciplines. The Fellowship candidate is encouraged to develop a working relationship with
one or more specialists in each discipline to facilitate regular discussion and interaction
regarding case management. In addition, involvement and participation of a specialist in these
disciplines in clinical rounds and seminars attended by the Fellowship candidate is
encouraged, as is participation of the Fellowship candidate in relevant rounds and seminars
specific to this discipline. The Fellowship candidate must ensure that this time is spent
effectively in consolidating knowledge and skills and in covering aspects of this discipline
that will not be addressed adequately during the remainder of their program. The Fellowship
candidate is expected to be proactive in searching out opportunities, materials and expert
tuition and in compiling and organizing relevant material for future reference.
Attendance at the William Magrane Basic Science Course in Veterinary and
Comparative Ophthalmology
The William Magrane Basic Science Course will contribute to 40 hours (one week) of the
candidate’s Training in Related Disciplines requirement. For course dates and registration
details see www.acvo.org.
The purpose of course attendance is to assist the candidate in acquiring a detailed knowledge
of ocular embryology, ocular and comparative anatomy, ocular biochemistry, ocular
physiology, optics and physiology of vision, ocular immunology, ocular pathology and
histopathology.
Training in the Related Discipline of Small Animal Medicine
The 80 hours (2 weeks) must be directly supervised by a Fellow of the ACVSc (Small Animal
Medicine, Canine Medicine or Feline Medicine), or a Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM, or
exceptionally and with prior approval from the credentials committee, another recognised
expert. The role of the supervisor is to provide guidance and training in internal medicine as it
applies to veterinary ophthalmology patient.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with, include but
are not limited to the following:
1. exposure to medical conditions with ocular manifestation of disease e.g. diabetes, renal
disease, endocrine diseases, infectious diseases and medical conditions that may affect the
patient during anaesthesia, surgery or recovery
2. the development of a broad view of veterinary medical patient evaluation and their ocular
implications
27
3. the formulation of treatment plans that encompass the medical needs of veterinary patients
4. the indication for laboratory and other diagnostic tests and interpretation of their results
e.g. blood pressure measurement, techniques and pitfalls
5. monitoring the patient’s response to treatment and modifying treatment as indicated.
Training in the Related Discipline of Small Animal or Large Animal Surgery
The 80 hours (2 weeks) must be directly supervised by a Fellow of the ACVSc (Small Animal
or Large Animal Surgery), or a Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM, or exceptionally- and
with prior approval from the credentials committee- another recognised expert. The role of the
supervisor is to provide guidance and training in surgery as it applies to veterinary
ophthalmology patient.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. participation in small animal or large animal surgical cases involving the head and neck
2. an understanding of the underlying principles of surgery including, but not limited to:
asepsis, haemostasis, tissue handling, wound healing, wound infection and antibiotic
therapy
3. formulation of a treatment plan that encompasses the surgical and anaesthesia
requirements of the patient
4. indications for and use of other diagnostic modalities e.g MRI and CT and the
interpretation of these results
5. monitoring the patient’s response to treatment and modifying treatment as indicated
6. evaluation of the patient during anaesthesia, surgery and recovery, and
7. biopsy techniques.
Training in the Related Discipline of Veterinary Histopathology
The 40 hours (1 week) of histopathology training must be directly supervised by a Fellow of
the ACVSc, Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM or exceptionally - and with prior approval
from the credentials committee - another recognised expert. The role of the supervisor is to
provide guidance and training in ocular histopathology.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. normal comparative histological anatomy and embryology
2. ocular cytology
3. histopathological patterns of common ocular diseases e.g. conjunctivitis, keratitis,
ulcerative keratitis, ocular trauma, uveitis, scleritis, inherited retinal diseases (PRA, CEA,
retinal dysplasia), optic neuritis, glaucoma, cataractogenesis and common ocular tumours.
28
Training in the Related Discipline of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging
The 40 hours (1 week) of veterinary diagnostic imaging must be directly supervised by a
Fellow of the ACVSc (Diagnostic imaging), Diplomate of the ECVDI or ACVR, or
exceptionally - and with prior approval from the credentials committee - another recognised
expert. The role of the supervisor is to provide guidance and training in diagnostic imaging as
it applies to the veterinary ophthalmology patient.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. radiography including digital radiography of the head and neck
2. ocular ultrasonography
3. computed tomography (CT) of head and neck
4. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck.
Training in the Related Discipline of Veterinary Oncology
The 40 hours (1 week) of veterinary oncology must be directly supervised by a Fellow of the
ACVSc, Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM or exceptionally - and with prior approval from
the credentials committee - another recognised expert. The role of the supervisor is to provide
guidance and training in veterinary oncology as it applies the veterinary ophthalmology
patient.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. aetiopathogenesis, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and management
measures for common oncological diseases of small animal and large animal patients. This
should include exposure to surgical principles generally, and specifically in relation to
oncology
2. cytology and histopathology of neoplasia.
Training in the Related Discipline of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Critical Care
The 40 hours (1 week) of veterinary anaesthesia and critical care must be directly supervised
by a Fellow of the ACVSc, Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM or exceptionally - and with
prior approval from the credentials committee - another recognised expert. The role of the
supervisor is to provide guidance and training in veterinary anaesthesia and critical
care.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. Critical care:
1.1. fluid and electrolyte disorders and their therapy
1.2. nutrition and metabolism in surgical patients
29
1.3. management of patients with special needs e.g. diabetic patients, animals affected by
endocrine disease and small animals with kidney or liver disease
1.4. cardiac failure and resuscitation
1.5. monitoring the of the veterinary surgical patient.
2. Pain management:
2.1. basic physiology of acute and chronic pain
2.2. recognition and monitoring of pain in surgical patients
2.3. prevention and control of pain: pre-emptive analgesia, post-operative analgesic
techniques, management of acute (including post-operative) and chronic pain.
3. Anaesthesia:
3.1. pre-operative assessment and patient preparation: pre-anaesthetic evaluation and
premedication
3.2. equipment used in general anaesthesia delivery and monitoring
3.3. drugs used for sedation/ tranquilization, analgesia, muscle relaxation and
anaesthesia, and their application in small and large animal patients
3.4. neuromuscular blocking agents, their use and patient monitoring
3.5. application of analgesic techniques before, during and after a surgical procedure and
knowledge of their influence on the course of anaesthesia
3.6. anaesthesia induction, maintenance and recovery techniques in small and large
animal surgery patients
3.7. airway maintenance, oxygenation and ventilation, acute respiratory failure
3.8. special anaesthetic considerations: anaesthesia of the neonate, geriatric patient and
veterinary patients with special needs eg. patients affected by endocrine disease,
renal disease, cardiac disease and liver disease
3.9. standing sedation and general anaesthesia of horses and foals
3.10. monitoring during anaesthesia, effects on the respiratory and CV systems and
support of these systems during anaesthesia
3.11. prevention and management of anaesthesic accidents and crises
3.12. local and regional anaesthesia techniques used in large and small animals.
30
Training in the Related Discipline of Veterinary Neurology
The 40 hours (1 week) of veterinary neurology must be directly supervised by a Fellow of the
ACVSc, Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM or exceptionally - and with prior approval from
the credentials committee - another recognised expert. The role of the supervisor is to
provide guidance and training in neurology as it applies to the veterinary ophthalmology
patient.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. neurological assessment of small and large animals with special emphasis on cranial nerve
examination of veterinary patients
2. diagnostic investigation and management of neurological diseases in small animal patients
3. particular diseases of interest may include neuro-ophthalmic diseases e.g. Horner’s
syndrome, neurological keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), causes of anisocoria and
nystagmus, central causes of vision loss, neoplastic or inflammatory CNS diseases and
disorders of the autonomic nervous system.
Training in the Related Discipline of Human Ophthalmic clinical training
The 40 hours (1 week) of human ophthalmic clinical training must be directly supervised by a
Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmology (RANZCO) or
exceptionally - and with prior approval from the credentials committee - another recognised
expert. The role of the supervisor is to provide guidance and training in human
ophthalmology.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. the aetiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and
treatment of ophthalmic diseases in humans
2. principles of ophthalmic pharmacology and therapeutics
3. ocular diagnostic procedures
4. optics and physiology of vision
5. principles of human ophthalmic surgery
6. aspects of human eye research and clinical ophthalmology that have relevance to
ophthalmology of domestic animal species.
31
Training in the Related Discipline of Laboratory Animals/Ocular toxicology
The 40 hours (1 week) of laboratory animals/ocular toxicology must be directly supervised by
a Fellow of the ACVSc, Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM or exceptionally - and with
prior approval from the credentials committee - another recognised expert. The role of the
supervisor is to provide guidance and training in ophthalmic laboratory animal/ocular
toxicology studies.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. aspects of eye research and clinical ophthalmology relevant to veterinary clinical
ophthalmic practice
2. observations of preclinical laboratory animal toxicology and pharmacology studies in the
biotechnology, pharmaceutical and chemical industries
3. performance of ophthalmic examinations on laboratory animals and observe the effects of
various toxicology studies on the eye.
Training in the Related Discipline of Aquatic, Avian, Zoo or Wildlife medicine
The 40 hours (1 week) of aquatic, avian, zoo or wildlife medicine must be directly supervised
by a Fellow of the ACVSc, Diplomate of the ECVIM or ACVIM or exceptionally - and with
prior approval from the credentials committee - another recognised expert. The role of the
supervisor is to provide guidance and training in aquatic, avian, zoo or wildlife
medicine.
Essential techniques/topics the candidate should gain practical experience with include but are
not limited to the following:
1. understanding the handling, examination and medicating techniques related to the species
being studied
2. gaining an understanding of the most important diseases affecting the species being
studied
3. formulating of a differential diagnosis list for relevant conditions
4. formulating of a treatment plan
5. monitoring the response to treatment and modifying treatment as indicated
6. indications for laboratory and other diagnostic tests and interpretation of results.
32
Training in the Related Discipline of Veterinary Dermatology
The 40 hours (1 week) must be directly supervised by a Fellow of the ACVSc (Dermatology),
or a Diplomate of the ECVD or ACVD, or exceptionally- and with prior approval from the
credentials committee- another recognised expert. The role of the supervisor is to provide
guidance and training in dermatology as it applies to veterinary ophthalmology patient.
Essential areas that should be covered include but are not limited to:
1. where possible the candidate should seek exposure to dermatologic conditions with ocular
manifestation of disease. For example: parasitic, viral, bacterial, mycotic and allergic
blepharitis, immune mediated blepharitis (pemphigus group, ocular-dermatologic
syndrome, medical canthal ulcerative syndrome, discoid lupus, systemic lupus),
inflammatory pseudotumours (histocytoses, nodular fasciitis) and idiopathic facial
dermatitis of brachycephalic cats
2. encourage a broad view of veterinary dermatology patient evaluation
3. indications for laboratory and other diagnostic tests, their evaluation and interpretation of
results e.g. cytology, skin scrapping, microbial culture and sensitivity testing, histological
assessment of tissues and skin allergy testing
4. formulation of a treatment plan that encompasses the medical needs of veterinary
dermatology patients
5. monitoring the patient’s response to treatment and modifying treatment as indicated.
33