Nottingham City Council
How To Complete an Energy Statement Planning Guidance
An Energy Statement for the purposes of a planning application need not be a
weighty document. There is a small amount of basic key information that is
required to ensure that the development is able to meet the target 10%
carbon reduction from on-site or decentralised, renewable or low carbon,
energy supply. (see Appendix 4 for full definitions)
The key information required is:
 How much CO2 will the development emit annually in operation?
 Reference to how these emissions have been calculated?
 Which technology/ies has been chosen to deliver a 10% reduction in
annual carbon emissions?
 How have annual savings from the chosen technology/ies been
calculated for this site?
The document should be structured with 3 sections (see pro forma) :
Section A : An Executive Summary
Section B : A cover sheet clearly outlining calculations to
ascertain development carbon emissions and 10% target.
Section C : A cover sheet clearly outlining the technology
selected and how 10% carbon savings will be achieved.
Each section should be completed using the proscribed layout given
answering all relevant questions. All relevant data must be completed on
forms provided, with supplementary material if appropriate.
A number of methodologies are used for calculating a building’s future annual
energy use and carbon emissions. For the purposes of this Energy Statement
you must use the benchmark data for domestic and non-domestic buildings in
Appendix 1. If a directly benchmark is not available, use of the nearest
equivalent from the list is acceptable. If more recent or applicable data is
available from elsewhere, it is acceptable to use this if properly referenced.
It should be noted that it is often less expensive to reduce a buildings carbon
emissions as far as possible through energy efficiency first; before applying
the 10% reduction from renewables. A lower carbon footprint as a starting
point will mean you have to spend less on renewable energy technologies.
Note all benchmark data must include building fabric energy use and a factor
for realistic energy use, under standard occupancy.
When completing an energy statement it would also be helpful for monitoring
purposes to also provide the amount of generation the renewable energy
development / installation is capable of producing (installed capacity) in
Megawatts– by the following categories: wind, solar photovoltaics, hydro and
biomass. Biomass should be sub-divided into landfill gas, sewage sludge
digestion, municipal (and industrial) solid waste combustion, co-firing of
biomass with fossil fuels, animal biomass and plant biomass.
For more information contact :
Development Management
City Planning
Loxley House
Station Street
Nottingham
NG2 3NG
Tel : 0115 8764447
www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/planning
e-mail : development.management@nottinghamcity.gov.uk
Energy Statement
A. Executive Summary
1. Project name:
2. Gross Internal or Treatable Floor Area (GIFA or TFA):_____ m2 (H)
3. Data summary:
Required information
Annual whole development CO2
emissions (tonnes)
10% target (tonnes)
Required
information
Chosen energy
technology
Annual CO2 savings
from chosen
renewable energy
technology (tonnes)
Total CO2 saved
(tonnes)
% CO2 saved
3. Notes:
(G)
(I)
Technology 1
Technology 2
(J)
(J÷G)x100
Technology 3
B. Development Carbon Emissions
1. Basic Development emissions
Building emissions must be calculated from benchmarks. A wide range of
benchmarks covering most types of building are available in Appendix 1.
Note that the format for calculations is slightly different for domestic and nondomestic buildings. For domestic buildings use table 4 and non domestic uses
tables 2 and 3, for mixed use you will need to use all 3 tables.
If an exact benchmark match is not available use the nearest equivalent.
Only use emissions factors from Appendix 2.
Developer calculated or externally sourced benchmarks may only be used if
an appropriate or comparable benchmark is unavailable in Appendix 1. These
must be listed, with sources referenced. Additional supporting documentation
may be requested.
Under named building type, you may have only one type eg medium density
housing or in the case of a mixed use development, you may have several
distinct types including domestic and non-domestic.
Different benchmarks are suitable for different types of development. You
must calculate emissions from each distinct type of use within your
development and add these together using the tables below.
Table 1- Summary
Calculation
Total annual emissions (Tonnes CO2)
Total floor area
10% carbon saving required
(E1+E2+E3)÷1000
F1+F2+F3
Above x 0.10
(G)
(H)
(I)
2. Non Domestic buildings
Table 2- Non-domestic buildings fossil fuel use
Named building type
Floor
Benchmark
Total fossil
Area m2 fossil fuel use fuel use
kWh/m2/year kWh/year
(appendix 1)
(A1)
(B1) (A1xB1)=C1
Calculations
1
2
3
4
(F1)
Total
Carbon
Emissions –
emissions
fossil fuels (kg
factor
CO2)
(appendix 2)
(D1)
(C1xD1)
(E1)
Table 3-Non-domestic buildings electricity use
Named building type Floor area Benchmark
Total electricity
(m2)
electricity use use kWh/year
kWh/m2/year
(appendix 1)
(A2)
(B2) (A2xB2)=C2
Calculations
1
2
3
4
(F2)
Total
Carbon
Emissionsemissions
Electricity
factor
(kg CO2)
(appendix 2)
(D2)
(C2XD2)
(E2)
2. Domestic buildings
Table 4-Domestic buildings carbon emissions
Dwelling type used from
Floor area
Benchmark
Dwelling type emissions (kg CO2)
benchmarks
(m2)
emissions
(appendix 1)
(A3)
(B3)
(A3x B3)
Calculations
1
2
3
(F3)
(E3)
Total
Notes
C. Low or Zero Carbon Energy Technologies
You, your technology supplier or consultant must calculate the carbon saved
from your renewable energy technologies. Additional guidance and evidence
requirements on individual technologies is found in Appendix 6
To calculate carbon savings you may use either:

The simple tools on the website of the Nottingham Energy Partnership
(http://www.nottenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools2 ) for solar water
heating, solar electric, wind power (and soon ground source heat
pumps.)

Calculations provided in the national guidance Appendix 3 ‘Low or Zero
Carbon Energy Sources; Strategic Guide’.

Another nationally recognised methodology such as SAP2005
calculations.
You may wish to ask your technology supplier to do these calculations for you
If the carbon calculations or technology is complex, as in the case of CHP
systems or multi-component systems such as ground source cooling and
heating; you may wish to consider using a consultant.
You must submit a sheet detailing your working and results for each unit to be
installed. If you are using the NEP online calculators, these can be simply
printed off the results screen.
You must have considered answers to the technology specific questions that
are relevant to your chosen technologies in Appendix 6. You may be
questioned on these by planning officers.
Results
Technology
Number of units
Carbon saving from technology
1
2
3
Total carbon
saving from
renewables
(tonnes)
(J)
Appendix 1
Carbon Emissions Benchmarks for Domestic Buildings
Suburban medium density housing†
Infill medium density housing†
Town centre residential tower†
Average minimum requirement for UK new housing*
- 30.5kg CO2/m2/year
- 30.5kg CO2/m2/year
- 28.9kg CO2/m2/year
- 40kg CO2/m2/year
†
London Renewables Toolkit 2004
* BRE eco-homes guidance, April 2006
Energy Consumption Benchmarks for Non-Domestic Buildings
Compiled by BRE June 2005
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
3
Offices
Commercial offices
naturally
ventilated, cellular
Fossil fuel
79
Electricity
33
Treated
1
4
naturally
ventilated, open
plan
79
54
Treated
1
5
air conditioned
standard
97
128
Treated
1
6
air conditioned
prestige
114
234
Treated
1
7
8
Insurance
Other business
services
9
Local government
Town Hall
Better to use tailored benchmark tool on the Carbon
Trust web site. Benchmarks available for each end
use (heating, lighting, cooling, etc)
Consider as commercial offices, rows 3-6
Consider as commercial offices, rows 3-6
138
84
Gross
Internal Area
2
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
Fossil fuel
Electricity
(GIA)
10
11
Civic offices
Police stations
Head-quarters
138
108
Net lettable
3
Consider as commercial offices, rows 3-6
Acceptable but based on NI data
12
Stations
125
91
Net lettable
3
Acceptable but based on NI data
13
Fire stations
223
64
Gross
3
14
Ambulance
stations
350
50
Treated
4
Data old
15
Law courts
Magistrates
125
31
Treated
5
Acceptable although some indication that tailoring
could be improved
16
County
125
52
Treated
5
17
Crown
139
68
Treated
5
18
Combined County/
Crown
111
57
Treated
5
225
29
Gross
6
7
19
20
Government estate
Offices
Defence Multi
occupancy
accommodation
21
Workshops
175
29
Gross
7
22
Motor transport
facilities
317
20
Gross
7
23
Stores/ warehouses occupied
187
34
Gross
7
24
Stores/ warehouses
unoccupied
54
3
Gross
7
25
Aircraft hangars
(heated)
220
23
Gross
7
26
Officers mess
4.4 kWh/ meal
2.5 kWh/ meal
Per meal
7
27
Junior mess
2.5 kWh/ meal
1.4 kWh/ meal
Per meal
7
28
Prisons High
security
18861
7071
Per prisoner
8
29
Other prisons
18861
3736
Per prisoner
8
Universities &
former
polytechnics:
110
155
Gross
9
30
Education
buildings
Education
Consider as commercial offices, rows 3-6
Acceptable
Acceptable
Needs updated benchmarks
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
Fossil fuel
Electricity
Science
Laboratory
31
Lecture room,
science
110
113
Gross
9
32
Lecture room, arts
100
67
Gross
9
33
Libraries, air
conditioned
173
292
Gross
9
34
Libraries,
naturally ventilated
115
46
Gross
9
35
Catering, fast food
438
200
Gross
9
36
Catering,
bar/ restaurant
182
137
Gross
9
37
Halls of residence
240
85
Gross
9
38
Self catering/ flats
200
45
Gross
9
39
40
41
Public funded
colleges
Private colleges
Primary
113
22
Gross
10
42
Secondary
108
25
Gross
10
Secondary with
swimming pool
142
29
Gross
43
44
45
46
Consider as Universities, rows 30-38.
Hospital
Other teaching
Teaching and
specialist
Consider as publicly funded schools, rows 41-43.
Consider using tool on the Carbon Trust web site.
42
10.5
GJ/ 100m3
heated
11
47
Acute and
maternity
52
9
GJ/ 100m3
heated
11
48
Cottage
55
7
GJ/ 100m3
heated
11
49
Long stay
50
6
GJ/ 100m3
heated
11
50
51
Outpatients
247
44
Gross
Nursing and
Consider as Universities, rows 30-38.
Consider using tool on the Carbon Trust web site,
which is based on DfES data. Tool does not
acknowledge high energy uses – currently all
schools grouped together
10
Private schools
Hospitals
Needs updated benchmarks
Need to be revised to account for changes in
equipment
Consider as health centre & surgery, row 52
12
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
Fossil fuel
Electricity
174*
*
residential homes
52
53
Health centre &
surgery
Hotels and
restaurants
Hotel & catering
54
Primary health
care (GP surgeries
and Dentist
practices)
Boarding house
Gross?
22
No benchmarks but could consider as small hotel,
row 60
No benchmarks but could consider as university bar/
restaurant, row 36
No benchmarks but could consider as small hotel,
row 60
Café
55
Youth hostels
56
No benchmarks but could consider as halls of
residence, row 37
Student or nurses
accommodation
57
2
Residential care
homes
492
59
GIA
Sheltered Housing
314
46
GIA
Temporary
homeless units
408
48
GIA
60
Hotels Small
240
80
Treated
13
61
Holiday
260
80
Treated
13
62
Luxury
300
90
Treated
13
63
64
Motels
Public houses
1.5 kWh/m2 per £1k
turnover
0.8 kWh/m2 per £1k
turnover
Gross NB
also related
to turn-over
14
65
Pub restaurant
2700 kWh/ cover
1300 kWh/ cover
Per cover
14
66
Restaurant with
bar
Fast food
restaurant
Wine bar
25m swimming
pool centre
1100
650
Gross
14
480
820
Gross
14
573
152
Gross
15
70
Leisure pool
centre
573
164
Gross
15
71
Local dry sports
158
64
Gross
15
58
59
* total delivered energy, not split into electricity and
fossil fuel.
Acceptable
2
2
Better to use tailoring tool on
www.hospitableclimates.com web site.
67
68
69
Sports facilities
Local authority
sports centre
Consider as holiday hotel, row 61
Old data
Consider as pub restaurant, row 65
Better to use tailored benchmark tool on the Carbon
Trust web site. Benchmarks available for each end
use (heating, lighting, ventilation, etc)
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
Fossil fuel
Electricity
264
96
Gross
15
74
Amusement
arcade
Bingo halls
203
117
Gross
16
Acceptable although data old
75
Cinemas
515
135
Gross
16
Acceptable although data old
76
Libraries
133
32
GIA
2
Acceptable
77
Museums and art
galleries
96
57
GIA
2
78
79
Night clubs
Stadia
50
106
Gross
16
80
Theatres
420
180
Gross
excluding
balcony and
circle areas
17
Acceptable although data old
Could be analogous to social club based on
enclosed, heated area (?), row 81 plus changing
room + sports ground changing facility (which
includes some pitch lighting) row 85
Old data
81
Social clubs
140
60
Gross
17
Old data
82
Youth centres
145
17
Gross
3
Acceptable but based on NI data
83
84
Other
Fitness centre
201
127
Gross
15
85
Sports ground
changing facility
141
93
Gross
15
Ice rink
100
167
Gross
15
Depots
283
27
GIA of bldngs
centre
72
Combined pool
and dry sports
centre
73
Other sport &
entertainment
86
87
Wholesale & retail
trade services
Warehouse
88
89
90
91
Stores
Warehouse
Distribution warehouses
Retail
2
Consider as occupied defence stores, row 23
Consider as occupied defence stores, row 23 (?)
103
53
Gross?
18
Bakeries
92
Banks & Building
Societies
93
Betting shops
Match to another leisure category
Acceptable but better to use tailored benchmark tool
on the Carbon Trust web site
Benchmarks available for each end use (heating,
lighting, ventilation, etc)
63
71
Gross
18
No benchmarks; could consider as small food shop
(row 99) but special equipment makes analogy
weak
Acceptable
No benchmarks; could consider as high street
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
Fossil fuel
Electricity
94
Banks & Building
Societies
63
71
Gross
18
95
Non-food shops
82
224
Sales
16
96
Department stores
194
237
Sales
18
97
150
55
Sales
18
98
High street
agencies
Super-market
200
915
Sales
18
99
Small food shops
80
400
Sales
18
100
Meat butchers (all
electric)
475
Sales
18
101
Frozen food
centres
858
Sales
18
102
Off licences (all
electric)
475
Sales
18
103
Hairdressing
salons
Electrical goods
rental
281
Sales
18
104
105
Laundries &
laundrettes
Dry cleaners
Book stores (all
electric)
622
197
210
Gross
Sales
16
18
108
Clothes shops
65
234
Sales
18
109
Shoe shops (all
electric)
197
Sales
18
110
Electrical goods
retail
172
Sales
18
111
Catalogue stores
37
83
Sales
18
112
DIY stores
149
127
Sales
18
113
Post offices
142
45
Gross
16
114
Repairs not
vehicles
Vehicle
showrooms
106
107
115
agency (row 97) but hours and increased ventilation
make analogy weak
Acceptable but check for increased cooling use and
longer hours
Benchmark assumed analogous with small non-food
shops, but data old
Acceptable but check for increased cooling use and
longer hours
Data old
Acceptable but check for increased cooling use and
longer hours
Acceptable but old data
No benchmarks although could consider as non
food shop, row 95
No benchmarks although could consider as high
street agency, row 97
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Notes
Good practice
Fossil fuel
116
Other types of
energy consuming
buildings
Communications &
transport
117
118
Bus station
119
120
121
Car park Open
Gross
Enclosed
Gross
Acceptable although based on limited data
Petrol filling
Railway
undertaking
Road haulage
122
123
124
Other
125
126
127
Community
centres
125
22
GIA
Day centres
203
51
GIA
Nurseries
121
17
Gross
Hall
129
Holiday centre
130
131
Printing,
publishing, photographic processing
Vehicle repair
132
Workshop
133
Common areas
134
135
Places of worship
136
Historic buildings
137
Not applicable
Industrial
No benchmarks; could consider as defence motor
transport facility, row 22
Telephone
exchange
Club house
128
138
Electricity
Airport terminal
Other rateable
Churches
2
2
3
Acceptable but based on NI data
No benchmarks; could consider as community
centre, row 125
No benchmarks; could consider as holiday hotel,
row 61
80
10
Treated
21
Castles, houses,
etc
Visitor centre
Post 1995: <=
5000m2
No benchmarks; could consider as community
centre, row 125
Acceptable
No benchmarks; could consider as Defence motor
transport facilities, row 22
No benchmarks; could consider as Defence
workshops, row 21
Generally counted within other definitions where
relevant
Consider which other building types are analogous
Old data
Usually one-off, impossible to benchmark
96
-
Gross
20
No benchmarks; could consider as non-food shop,
row 95
Better to use benchmark tool on the Carbon Trust
web site
Building categories
covered by EPBD
Categories
matching available
data
Further subdivision
within category
Delivered energy consumption benchmarks
(kWh/m2/yr unless otherwise stated)
Floor area
basis
Bench-mark
source
Good practice
Fossil fuel
92
Electricity
-
Gross
20
139
Post 1995:
> 5000m2
140
Pre 1995: <=
5000m2
107
-
Gross
20
141
Pre 1995:
> 5000m2
103
-
Gross
20
Sources
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Where not otherwise stated, publications can be found on the Carbon Trust web site
ECG019; the Carbon Trust web site
ECG087
Jones et al, Energy benchmarks for public sector buildings in Northern Ireland, CIBSE Conf
2000
EEB012
ECG082
ECG019; GPG286 for normalising method
ECG075
ECG084
Energy management study in higher education sector, HEFCE 1996
GPG343; the Carbon Trust web site
ECG072
ECG057
ECG036; HCIMA Hospitable Climates web site
EEB002
ECG078; the Carbon Trust web site
Jones & Cheshire, Bulk data for benchmarking non-domestic building energy consumption,
CIBSE Conf 1996
EEB011
BMI retail sector energy benchmarking report 7/99
EEB10
ECG081; the Carbon Trust web site
EEB008
GIL062
Notes
Appendix 2
UK Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors (kgCO2/kWh)
2003
Source- ‘CO2 emission figures for policy analysis’- Christine Pout 26th July 2005
available from www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/co2emissionfigures2001.pdf
Same figures also used for SAP and SBEM
Energy source
Electricity from grid
Electricity displaced from grid
Mains gas
LPG
Bottled LPG
Heating oil
House coal
Non-domestic coal
Anthracite
Manufactured smokeless fuel
Dual fuel appliance (mineral and wood)
Wood logs
Wood pellets in bags
Bulk wood pellets
Wood chips
Heat from boilers – biomass or biogas
Heat from boilers – waste combustion
Waste heat from power stations
Heat from Nottingham DH network*
Electricity from Enviroenergy*
kgCO2/k
Wh
0.422
0.568
0.194
0.234
0.234
0.265
0.291
0.300
0.317
0.392
0.187
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.057
0.018
0.000
0.126
*Nottingham Energy Partnership Calculations. www.nottenergy.com
(Figures calculated using proposed SAP 2009 carbon factor for Energy from
Waste @ 0.047 kg/kWh)
Appendix 3
Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources : Strategic Guide
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
May 2006
http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_ZEROCARBONfi
nal.pdf
Appendix 4
Definitions and Glossary of Terms
Nottingham City Council
Sustainable Energy Planning Requirement
Definitions Document
Carbon Emissions
Carbon is used as a shorthand unit derived from carbon dioxide (1 tonne of
CO2 or CO2e is equivalent to 12/44 tonne of carbon).
City Council’s Sustainable Energy Planning Requirement
That “10% of energy supply (interpreted through carbon emissions) in all new
developments over 1,000 square metres be gained on-site and renewably and
/or from a decentralised, renewable or low carbon, energy supply” (As adopted
by the City Council Executive Board at their meeting on 22 nd May 2007). These
are also known as Low or Zero Carbon (LZC) energy sources.
Decentralised Energy Supply
Energy supply from local renewable and local low-carbon sources (ie on-site
and near-site, but not remote off-site); usually on a relatively small scale.
Decentralised energy is a broad term used to denote a diverse range of
technologies, including micro-renewables, which can locally serve an individual
building, development or wider community and includes heating and cooling
energy.
This includes heat, power and potentially in the future cooling from the City
District Heating Scheme.
Design and Access Statement
A planning requirement for a document that clearly explains the design and
access principles and thinking behind a planning application.
Energy Statement
A technical report; written as a supplement to a Design and Access Statement,
clearly showing how a development proposal will meet the City Council’s
sustainable energy planning requirement. The Statement should include a
clearly written executive summary as well as sections recording the energy
demand assessment of the proposal and conclusions/commitments.
Energy Supply (the 10% Requirement)
For consistency the percentage of energy supply should be interpreted through
carbon emissions rather than energy usage and should be related to the
development’s baseline CO2 emissions calculated for the Building Regulations
Part L.
PPS1 Supplement
Planning Policy Statement: Planning and Climate Change Supplement to
Planning Policy Statement 1 (consultation draft December 2006); Department
for Communities and Local Government.
Renewable and Low-Carbon Energy/ Low or Zero Carbon (LZC)
Renewable energy covers those energy flows that occur naturally and
repeatedly in the environment – from the wind, the fall of water, the movement
of the oceans, from the sun and also from biomass. Low carbon technologies
are those that can help reduce carbon emissions.
Renewable energy supplies include, but not exclusively, those from:











Liquid, solid or gaseous biomass, and energy crops; This includes, but
not exclusively, biogas, biodiesel, bio-ethanol, woodchip and wood pellet
Ground source heat pumps (heating)
Water sourced heat pumps(heating)
Air sourced heat pumps(heating)
Hydropower
Solar thermal
Photovoltaic electricity generation;
Wind generation.
Geothermal from hot rocks (not likely to be applicable in Nottingham)
Solar air collectors (very small energy contribution and difficult to
calculate and measure)
Fuel cells using hydrogen from renewable sources (not currently
commercially available)
Eligible Low Carbon energy supplies include;







Energy from waste; where waste is non-recyclable biomass
Heat from the city district heating network (fuelled by gas CHP and
energy from waste)
Electricity from the city ESCO (generated from gas CHP and energy
from waste)
Gas or oil Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Gas or oil Combined Cooling Heat and Power (Trigeneration or CCHP)
Ground/water sourced cooling
Ground cooling air systems (no experience currently in the UK)
Note
Carbon savings from the cooling cycle from Air Sourced Heat Pump systems is
not a renewable or low carbon energy technology.
Substantial New Development
Substantial new development (to which the City Council’s 10% requirement
applies) is proposed new development with buildings, individually or in
aggregate, with a total useful floor area over 1,000 m2.
June 2008
Appendix 5
Rules of Thumb for Renewable Sources in
Development Scenarios
(Source London Renewables Toolkit September 2004)
CENTRAL RETAIL BLOCK
Scenario – town centre multi-storey retail building not shared with other
uses e.g. 3/4 storey department store.
Ground sourced heating is likely to be able to provide the highest
renewable contribution at least cost, with ground cooling also possible.
SMALL RETAIL UNIT
Scenario – town centre retail unit in a building with other uses, e.g.
offices or flats above.
Due to location issues, ground sourced heating may be the only
possibility.
PRESTIGE OFFICE
Scenario – prestige (i.e. high quality cladding, common area fit-out and
space specification) central office building; circa 3000m2.
Ground sourced heating and cooling (possibly in combination) are
likely to provide the least costs renewable contribution. PV cladding
could be used to replace an expensive façade.
A 10% contribution can be made by a combination of ground sourced
heating and cooling at just over 3% of capital cost. Assuming PV
cladding is replacing an expensive façade the increase cost on base
build for the same proportion of energy demand met could be 1.5% or
even less depending on the material being replaced.
STANDARD OFFICE
Scenario – standard air conditioned office, possibly shared with other
uses; circa 3000m2.
Biomass heating, if a suitable fuel supply and storage area are
available, could be the cheapest option. Ground sourced heating also
low cost, addition of ground source cooling cycle will also lower carbon
target. A wind turbine could provide a low cost renewable source, if
there is space and an adequate wind regime available. A 10%
contribution to energy demand can be made by ground sourced heating
at less than 2% above base build capital costs.
STANDARD INFILL NATURALLY VENTILATED OFFICE
Scenario – naturally ventilated office building, possibly shared with other
uses; circa 1000m2.
Biomass heating, if a suitable fuel supply and storage area are
available, or ground sourced heating are the cheapest options.
Ground sourced heating can provide a 10% contribution to energy
demand at less than 1% above base build capital costs. Addition of
ground source cooling cycle for cooled areas, such as server rooms, will
also lower carbon target.
INDUSTRY
Scenario - factory building on an industrial site.
A wind turbine, if there is space and an adequate wind regime
available, can be the cheapest option, alternatively biomass heating, if
a suitable fuel supply and storage area are available, and ground
sourced heating can be low cost. Solar water heating could be viable
if the particular building use has high hot water demand e.g. for washing.
Wind is the least cost option if available, costing just over 1% above
base build for 10% of energy demand met, Biomass heating can provide
nearly 20% of energy demand at 3% above base build capital costs.
Gas CHP should be considered if there is a high year round heat
demand. CHP can also be fuelled with steam from process waste
combustion; gas from process waste digestion or gasification or
biomass. This can also significantly reduce waste disposal cost against
escalating landfill tax. CHP can also act as a grid backup/emergency
power supply system
WAREHOUSING AND DISTRIBUTION
Scenario – storage or distribution warehouse on an industrial park.
A wind turbine, if there is space and an adequate wind regime
available, can be the cheapest option, alternatively ground sourced
heating could be used at reasonable cost.
Gas CHP should be considered if there is a high year round heat
demand. CHP can also be fuelled with steam from process waste
combustion; gas from process waste digestion or gasification or
biomass. This can also significantly reduce waste disposal cost against
escalating landfill tax. CHP can also act as a grid backup/emergency
power supply system
HOTEL
Scenario – luxury hotel in prime location.
Ground sourced heating is likely to be the cheapest renewable source
with a combination of solar hot water and ground cooling also
reasonable. PV cladding, if used to replace an expensive façade could
also provide a contribution. Ground sourced heating or biomass CHP
can provide at least 10% of energy demand at less than 1.5% above
base build capital costs. Solar water heating can provide 5% of energy
demand at less than 1% above base build capital costs.
CARE HOMES AND SHELTERED HOUSING
Scenario – 40 bedsit flats plus resident care, bathrooms etc.
Biomass heating, if a suitable fuel supply and storage area are
available, could be the cheapest option, with ground sourced heating
and cooling also low cost.
MEDIUM DENSITY HOUSING, SUBURBS
Scenario – medium density development with mix of house types (e.g.
50 units @ 35 – 75 (avg. 44) dwellings/ha).
Solar hot water systems on individual houses are likely to be the
easiest. However a stand-alone wind turbine could provide the lowest
overall cost renewable source, if there is space away from the houses
and an adequate wind regime available. Solar water heating gives more
than 10% of total energy demand at 1.3% above base build capital
costs.
MEDIUM DENSITY HOUSING, INFILL
Scenario – Infill block, possibly 3 – 6 storey possibly shared with other
uses below.
Solar hot water systems are likely to be the cheapest option, as long
as adequate roof space is available. Individual ground sourced heating
systems are also a reasonable option. If communal heating is to be
installed, biomass heating, becomes viable, as long as a suitable fuel
supply and storage area are available.
RESIDENTIAL TOWER
Scenario – high density, high rise development e.g. 80 apartments in 22
storey block, possibly with other uses below.
If communal heating is to be installed, biomass heating is cheapest, as
long as a suitable fuel supply and storage area are available. Communal
solar hot water is a further reasonable costs option.
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY SCHOOL
Scenario – school on an open site.
A stand alone wind turbine could provide the lowest overall costs
renewable source, if there is space and an adequate wind regime
available. Biomass heating is also a viable option if there is a suitable
fuel supply and storage area available, as is ground sourced
heating/cooling. More than 10% of energy demand is possible from
ground sourced or biomass heating at 0.9 – 1.9% above base build
capital costs. Wind could provide 15%+ carbon reductions at 0.4%
above base build capital costs.
SPORTS CENTRE / HEALTH CLUB WITH POOL
Scenario – site not shared with other uses. 25m pool and 4 court hall.
A stand alone wind turbine could provide the lowest overall cost
renewable source, if there is space and an adequate wind regime. A
solar hot water system can also provide the necessary contribution at
low cost. Biomass heating is a viable option if there is a suitable fuel
supply and storage area available.
Combined heat and power (CHP) supply should be an early
consideration in reducing carbon emissions due to the high year round
heat demand from the pool and water heating. Excess power can be
exported to the grid. This would significantly reduce energy use and the
scale of the renewable system required to meet the 10%
Appendix 6
Additional Information and Guidance on Calculations
for Carbon Savings from Low or Zero Carbon
Technologies
Please read all relevant notes, ensuring you have answers to all applicable
questions.
1.
Solar Water Heating
We recommend completing the online ‘SAP 2005 calculations for Solar
Water Heating Analysis’ on www.nottenergy.com/renewableenergy/tools2
Notes

Individual SWH systems for domestic installations on a 3 bedroom house
should not generally exceed 6m2. larger systems will generate more hot water
than is useful, thus not save more CO2

Neither flat plate nor Evacuated tube panels should not be put on NE, N,
NW facing roofs.

Evacuated tube are more expensive, however more efficient, and better
on E and W facing roofs.

Separate carbon calculations must be carried out for each installed
system and totalled for the final carbon saving from SWH.
3. Photovoltaics
We recommend completing the online ‘SAP 2005 calculations for Solar
PV Analysis’ on www.nottenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools2
Notes

Panels should face at least between E, SE, S, SW, W to ensure cost
benefit for CO2 saving.

Panels will be significantly affected if there is shading

Amount of power used onsite or exported does not affect the carbon
saving, so systems can be included that generate more power than you can
use.

Separate carbon calculations must be carried out for each installed
system and totalled for the final carbon saving from PVs.
4. Wind power
We recommend completing the online ‘Wind power calculator’ on
www.nottenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools2
Notes

Due to turbulent and inconsistent wind flow, small wind power systems
are not often suitable for urban environments.

Generally sites must have a clear SW aspect with no obstructions to SW
wind flow within around 100m. Does your site match this description?

Turbine height should be calculated as height above ground level, so
turbines mounted on tall buildings have access to higher and often
uninterrupted wind speeds and generating potential.

Turbines must be mounted above ridge lines and away from the edges of
tall buildings to avoid turbulence.

Amount of power used onsite or exported does not affect the carbon
saving, so systems can be included that generate more power than can
actually be used in the building.
5. Biomass
It is recommended that developers read the guidance notes in
Appendix 3 ‘Low or Zero carbon energy sources-a strategic guide’
particularlyNotes

Biomass requires dedicated and suitably sized onsite fuel storage
facilities and sufficient allowance for regular access for a delivery vehicle. Have
you shown consideration of these issues?

Larger systems need an arrangement for ash removal. Have you shown
consideration of these issues?

Biomass requires at least one; preferably several identified sustainable
local sources (within 25 miles) of the appropriate biomass fuel. At least one
should be able to commit to a long-term supply contract. This could be an
ESCO arrangement where the fuel supplier owns and runs the boiler and sells
the customer heat. Have you identified suppliers?

In domestic installation biomass may cover 100% of the heating load. In
non domestic installations it is safer to size biomass to meet a % of the load to
ensure continuity of energy supply. What % of your energy supply is attributed
to biomass?
6.
Ground Sourced Heat Pumps
NEP will soon have an online ‘GSHP calculator’ on
www.nottenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools2 . Until that point we
suggest using calculations from manufacturers, consultants or
Appendix 3 ‘Low or Zero carbon energy sources-a strategic guide’ for
this relatively complex technology.
Notes

A horizontal system, where pipes are laid in shallow arrays around or next
to a building, can require significant areas of accessible ground to collect a
meaningful amount of heat. Has this area been calculated and identified?

Vertical systems require less space; however there can be many ground
issues that make this option unviable, such as high ground water; mine
workings; voids; coal measures or other unsuitable geological conditions. Have
these been examined?

GSHP systems use an electricity to harvest heat from the ground. For
example one unit of electricity may yield 3 units of heat. This represents a
Coefficient of Performance (CoP) of 3. An overall coefficient of performance
(CoP) of more than 4 for a ground system will need to be exceptionally well
justified. While theoretically possible, a COP over 4 is unusual in practice;
unless the system is linked with a ground sourced cooling cycle, which can
charge the ground up with heat in the summer.

A system with a CoP of less than 3 is unlikely to offer any real carbon
savings vs gas.

If a GSHP system is to be installed has Ground Source Cooling also been
considered? Passive cooling is a very low additional cost, if already installing
ground loop heating. Adding ground sourced cooling can also push up the COP
of the heating cycle over 4 and reduce the required number of ground loops,
thus cut the cost.
7. Air Sourced Heat Pumps
Air source heat pumps are standard for office cooling systems; if used
only for this capacity they are not a qualifying technology. If air source
heat pumps are use for providing heating, they can contribute to the
10% carbon target. ASHP though are unlikely to make a significant
contribution unless replacing electrical heating systems.

Is gas heating an option in the building? If so, ASHP systems are unlikely
to offer significant carbon savings unless the system has a Coefficient of
Performance (CoP) of more than 2.5

What is the CoP of your system in the average UK climate? CoPs of more
than 2.5 are possible in the UK climate with modern technology, though a CoP
exceeding 3.5 is highly unlikely.
8. Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Large, small and Micro-CHP systems offer the potential to reduce
carbon emissions, but their operation and interaction with the
buildings in which they operate is complex. This is particularly true
with Micro-CHP, where understanding the energy performance and
carbon savings benefits is developing and, on the basis of best
available information and operating data to date, these devices are
unlikely to be appropriate for modern flats and individual houses with
small heat loss. Calculations for micro-CHP are available from
Appendix 3 ‘Low or Zero carbon energy sources-a strategic guide’

You will need to undertake an independent professional analysis. This work
should have justification to show that CHP is appropriate for the expected
heat requirements of the development, as well as calculating likely carbon
savings. Has a study been made?

Have you also looked at the possibility of adding absorption cooling to
replace standard cooling units?
9. Enviroenergy District Heating
All district heating systems are different; each with their own
associated carbon emissions. Calculations have been made to
determine the CO2 emissions data for Nottingham’s network. Heat
from the DH network is more than 35% better than natural gas.

If the DH network is to provide your 10% carbon saving you should use
the emissions factor calculated specifically for Nottingham’s system from
Appendix

Will DH provide for all of your heating and hot water or a %?

If you are investigating connection to the DH heat network; have you also
looked at the possibility of buying electricity from Enviroenergy?
10.
Enviroenergy Electricity
All district heating systems are different; each with their own
associated CO2 emissions. Calculations have been made to determine
the CO2 emissions data for Nottingham’s DH network. Electricity from
the city network is more than 50% better than grid.

If Enviroenergy electricity is to provide your 10% carbon saving you
should use the emissions factor calculated specifically for Nottingham’s system
from Appendix 2

Will DH provide for all of your electricity or a %?

If you are investigating connection to Enviroenergy for private wire
electricity have you also looked at the possibility of buying heat from the
Enviroenergy district heating network?
Appendix 7
Emissions Factors for Liquid Biofuels
There is an increasing interest in the use of liquid biofuels in buildings to meet
carbon reduction targets in building regulations and planning policy either in
boilers or for Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
There are a number of issues surrounding the use of these fuels to meet
targets:
1. Carbon emissions from the use of most liquid biofuels are not
appreciably lower than the emissions from equivalent gas fired boiler
plant.
2. Sustained open market availability of affordable and adequate supply of
suitable biofuels is unlikely, with increased demand for low carbon fuels.
3. The use of liquid biofuels has potential secondary impacts on food
security and other wider issues of environmental sustainability.
Generally liquid biofuels are unsuitable as a method of reducing CO 2 emissions
in new buildings unless

There is no possibility of a suitable gas grid connection
And Liquid biofuels will be used in CHP or CCHP
And sufficient feedstock for the production of liquid biofuels can be
proven to come from a permanent on site source; such as waste
cooking oil, tallow, process waste or agricultural products.
Work by the Department for Transport (Renewable Fuels Agency) has
established carbon emissions factors for a wide range of biofuels in transport.
For simplicity only a small representative number of these default factors will be
eligible for use in calculations for energy statements1.
Fuel
Emissions factor kg CO2 /kWh
Bioethanol
0.22
Biodiesel from virgin crops (eg palm,
rapeseed, or soy)
0.198
Biodiesel from waste oil or tallow
0.047
Bio-ETBE
0.245
Diesel
0.263
Petrol
0.253
If when calculating the emissions factors of biodiesel blends the above factors
must be used in appropriate proportions B10 = 10% biodiesel + 90% diesel etc.
As a guide
Biodiesel blend
Waste oil/diesel
KgCO2 /kWh
Virgin
biodiesel/diesel
KgCO2/kWh
B10
0.241
0.257
B15
0.231
0.253
B20
0.22
0.250
B25
0.209
0.247
B30
0.198
0.244
B50
0.155
0.231
B75
0.101
0.214
B100
0.047
0.198
For developer reference
Lower heating value
Fuel
Density kg/litre
MJ/kg
MJ/litre
Ethanol
0.794
26.8
21.3
Biodiesel
0.890
37.2
33.1
Biogas
--
45.1
--
ETBE
0.750
36.3
27.2
MTBE
0.745
35.1
35.1
Gasoline
0.745
43.2
32.2
Diesel
0.832
43.1
35.9
HFO
0.970
40.5
39.3