Makerere University Department of Sociology Revised Social Anthropology (SAN) Curriculum July 2010 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY 1. The Vision, Mission and Objectives of the Department of Sociology Vision: To enhance excellence in training high-level human resources and the generation of sociological knowledge directed towards understanding society, social relations and problem solving at intellectual, policy and practical levels. Mission: The Mission of the Department of Sociology is to use the methods, philosophy and literature of Sociology and Social Anthropology to equip students with a sound sociological understanding of societal issues and problems, problem solving and impart analytical skills of relevance to societal development of Africa and the world. Objectives: a) To promote quality sociological research and output generation that will enhance understanding of society, social relations and problems. b) To foster quality teaching of Sociology that equips students with the necessary sociological knowledge and analytical skills about society that is beneficial to the student’s career in Sociology. c) To provide academic, policy and practical guidance on social scientific knowledge that enhances problem-solutions to societal needs and problems or dilemmas. d) To provide a solid foundation upon which students may progress to postgraduate studies in Sociology, Criminology and Social anthropology and other related disciplines. e) To network with academic and actors working on development in still developing countries as well as service occasional students from the region and abroad plus other University programs. 2. Social Anthropology Courses and Structure of the Curriculum First Year Students will take six courses each semester, two (2) courses from Social Anthropology and four (4) from the other subjects/area. Each course will have three (3) Credit Units. Second and Third Year Courses Major: Two core courses plus two elective in Social Anthropology and one course in the minor subject in another Department per semester and a minor fields/areas may be taken outside the Faculty. Minor:One course in Social Anthropology plus three (4) courses in the field in which they are majoring 1 2.1. Arrangement of Courses The academic workload will be three (3) contact hours per course for 1st year and four (4) contact hours per course per week for 2nd and 3rd Years core courses and three (3) contact hours per elective course (see the arrangement in this Sub-section below). Year I Core courses Semester I Code Course Name SAN1100 Introduction to Social Anthropology and African Studies SAN1103 Understanding Human Culture Semester II SAN1200 Introduction to Theories of Anthropology SAN1203 Introduction to Crime and Deviance Year II – First Semester Core courses Semester I Code Course Name SAN2100 Social Research Methods SAN2107 Social Structure and Social Stratification Semester II SAN2200 Social Statistics SAN2208 Ethnographic Theory and Methods Electives Semester I Code Course Name SAN2108 Ethnicity, Migration, and Identity Studies SAN2109 Urban Anthropology SAN2110 Community Development SAN2111 Anthropological Perspectives on Religion SAN2112 Computer Modeling in Anthropology SAN2113 African Family Studies SAN2114 Language, Communication and Society Semester II Code Course Name SAN2209 Social Structure of East African Societies SAN2210 Anthropology and African Development SAN2211 Anthropology of Natural Resources SAN2212 Economic Anthropology SAN2213 Perspectives on Land Tenure and Use in Africa SAN2214 Medical Anthropology in Africa 2 CH 45 45 CU 3 3 45 45 3 3 CH 60 60 CU 4 4 60 60 4 4 CH 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 CU 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 CH 45 45 45 45 45 45 CU 3 3 3 3 3 3 SAN2215 SAN2216 SAN2217 Year III Core courses Semester I Code SAN3100 SAN3108 Semester II Code SAN3200 SAN3207 Electives Semester I Code SAN3109 SAN3110 SAN3111 SAN3112 SAN3113 SAN3114 SAN3115 SAN3116 Electives Semester II Code SAN3208 SAN3209 SAN3210 SAN3211 SAN3212 SAN3213 SAN3214 SAN3215: SAN3216 Feminist/Gender and Social Anthropology 45 Ecological Social Anthropology 45 Development and Management of Anthropological 45 Research 3 3 3 Course Name Classical Anthropological Theory Dynamics of African Livelihoods CH 60 60 CU 4 4 Course Name Contemporary Anthropological Theory Anthropology of Globalization CH 60 60 CU 4 4 Course Name Political Anthropology Criminal Anthropology Power, Knowledge and Discourse Anthropology of Social Change and Technology Project Planning and Management Emerging Themes in Anthropology Religion in Contemporary World Independent Study/special topics CH 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 CU 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Course Name African Cultures and Law Anthropology and Human Rights Peace, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution Collective Behaviour and Social Movements Social Organisation of African Societies and Tourism Anthropology and Ethics Anthropology of Material Culture Culture Change and Applied Anthropology Dissertation CH 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 CU 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Course Description SAN1100: Introduction to Social Anthropology and African Studies This course introduces students to the study of Social Anthropology, concepts and theories used in social anthropology. Aimed at developing a sense of the variation and similarities in human cultures, make students appreciate culture as a holistic, and integrated system in contemporary societies. Development of Social Anthropology as a discipline and its relevance in contemporary situation and also explores the subject matter and history of African Studies; contemporary debates in African studies, including setting agendas, control of knowledge, relationships with other disciplines will be addressed. Other areas of focus include international inequalities and the place of Africa. SAN1103: Understanding Human Culture This course provides an exciting insight to humans as the product of evolutionary processes. We will explore primates and primate’s behavior, human growth and development, elementary genetics, the evolution of our species, origins of agriculture and cities, perceptions of race and ethnicity, and current research into human reproduction and sexuality. Students will develop skills in synthesizing information from a range of sources and learn to critically evaluate various hypotheses about human evolution, culture, and behavior. SAN1200: Introduction to theories of Anthropology This course introduces students to the anthropological ways of knowing, understanding, and explaining humankind. A special focus is to initiate students into understanding contemporary theories and theory building. Through a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences among anthropological theories and theorists, the course goes further to discuss how anthropological theories have changed or remained consistent over time adapting to the social, political, and economic trends in science, society, and the world. Thus by focusing on specific contemporary theories, the students explore the history of ideas and theorists that guide anthropological inquiry today. The course introduces the work of major theorists, contextualizing their contributions both in theoretical and historical terms. SAN1203: Introduction to Crime and Deviance This course introduces students to crime and deviance issues with a specific focus on social anthropological approaches. The course surveys the descriptive, empirical, and theoretical issues in the study of crime and delinquency in society. The course considers the role of social, cultural, economic, political, psychological, chemical, biological, and ideological factors in treating behaviors as criminal as well as in causing criminal behavior. This course exposes students to selected perspectives in crime and deviance and their critiques, including perspectives in prevention and response to crime. Students will demonstrate skills in understanding of major theories used in crime and deviance, understanding of crime, and critically think about crime and evaluate competing theoretical perspectives of crime. In addition, students will learn the nature and extent of crime and deviance, and demonstrate an understanding of societal reactions to crime. 4 SAN2100: Social Research Methods An interface between theory, research and practice, aimed at equipping students with knowledge of the main research methods used in Social Anthropology and their limitations, the techniques of identifying research topics, choosing samples, reviewing literature, and collecting and analyzing data. SOC2107: Social Structure and Social Stratification This course provides an overview of the cultural/linguistic regions of Eastern Africa and addresses methodological issues in the study of East African societies. Kinship, as a concept, and linkages between kinship, economic and political spheres of life; the role of age and gender in social stratification; the concept of ethnicity, religion and the social functions of religion; politics, and the maintenance of order in stateless societies. SAN2108: Ethnicity, Migration, and Identity Studies This course will cover current issues related to ethnicity, migration and nationhood, specifically focusing on debates about the concepts of ‘tribe’ or ‘ethnicity’ and how they relate to personal identity and nationality. Students should be able to assess the impact of ethnic migration on access to resources by different ethnic groups. Among the most important issue is the resultant conflicts and competition over resources with case studies from East Africa. (This course is similar to one under sociology) SAN2109: Urban Anthropology Students look at the cross-cultural analysis of urbanization and urban life: the origins and evolution of cities, rural and urban contrasts in lifestyle, migration, adaptations of migrants, and other topics relating to life in complex societies. (This course is the same as Urban Sociology). SAN2110: Community Development This course focuses on the concept of Community Development, especially the need for community development (community problems arising from underdevelopment, development process, general poverty, deprivation and inequity). In addition, theoretical explanations of existing community problems and response to community problems through basic services: education, health, agriculture, water and sanitation will be discussed. Students will also discuss the practice of Community development including social organization, mobilization and sensitization, institutional capacity building, and empowerment. Discussion of the roles and skills of community development agents and other actors will form part of the core curriculum. SAN2111: Anthropological Perspectives on Religion Religion has always been one of the most important topics in anthropology. Since the earliest expeditions, anthropologists have sought to understand the often unusual religious practices they encountered. People’s views of their origins, the supernatural, and a moral life are based on a set of shared ideas they learn as they grow up in a given society. Anthropologists call these shared idea cultures and see religion as a central part of a people’s culture. This course uses several case studies to look at themes that have guided the anthropology of religion throughout this century. These include magic & 5 sorcery, symbolism & ritual, spirit possession, shamanism, syncretism, and social change through religious ideas. The course also introduces students to some major traditions of social theory. Each tradition offers a different way of looking at the role of religion in people’s lives. Students will be looking at religion as a source of community solidarity (Durkheim), as a force in shaping people’s world view and motivating action (Weber), as a basis for avoiding psychological conflict (Freud), and as an instrument in colonial domination. (This course is the same as Sociology of Religion) SAN2112: Computer Modeling in Anthropology This course will help students apply computer knowledge in anthropology, such as Microsoft Office (MS Word, Excel, and Power Point). Others include Data Analysis Packages: Scientific Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), QSR N6 – Nudist, ATLAS.ti, Anthropac and other basic Management and accounting Packages. Most of these software programs are powerful workbench tools for the qualitative analysis of large bodies of textual, graphical, audio and video data that are essential in anthropological research. SAN2113: African Family Studies This course introduces concepts and methodologies for studying African families, Social change and family life, Livelihoods and intra-household economic relations, kinship marriage, reproduction, childcare and protection, and the youth. The impacts of epidemics and other types of disasters on families, including aging and family support are part of the focus of the course. Others include the role and influence of socio-economic and other policies on the African family. Students will have to write an extended essay on a case study as part of the course. SAN2114: Language, Communication and Society Historical development of linguistic anthropology; origins of language; language and kinship structure; African language groups; language and other communication systems; non verbal communication in human social interaction; cultural environment in language acquisition and use; language and analysis of social laws; culture and cognition; language, development and mass media; standardization of language; language and educational policies. The expression of cultural meaning in language is an example of how people use language to classify and categorize various aspects of the world in which they live: Folk taxonomies; color terminology Sociolinguistic, ethno-linguistic and psycholinguistic theories that have been proposed to account for the relationship between language and culture: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; Prototype theory. In addition, the status of language in community as a reflection of the prevailing power structure. Illustrations from the rise and fall of empires (colonialism in Africa and its legacy in the languages we use today), for instance, the economic, military, political power of the U.S.A. and the process of the globalization being facilitated by the English language. SAN2200: Basic Statistics The course offers basic skills and techniques of quantitative and qualitative analysis, to enable students to understand and apply basic descriptive, inferential and applied statistics. It addresses the sampling theory and sample size, measuring and scaling, data 6 analysis and interpretation, and application of statistical techniques in quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. SAN2208: Ethnographic Theory and Methods This course introduces students to ethnographic theory and methods, including addressing traditional problems associated with broad-ranging views on social sciences and ethnographic research techniques, including positivist, interpretivist, feminist, and postmodernist frameworks. Ethnographic methodology, in the broadest sense of the concept, is evaluated, including current debates informing the writing, research, and theory. Students conduct research exercises and set up an ethnographic research exercise. SAN2209: Social Structure of East African Societies This course is a thematic, development-oriented approach to explore the contributions of Social Anthropology to understanding social change in Eastern Africa during the twentieth century. It addresses the concept of social change, impacts of social change on marginalized communities, land, agriculture, urbanization, family life, religion, the informal sector. SAN2210: Anthropology and African Development This course will focus on applied anthropology and development, including ethical issues in development and the broader understanding of development. The students will cover areas in ethical and cultural issues in development, including the meaning of putting people first. Other areas of focus are development theory and practice, i.e. its impacts on development efforts in Africa and anthropologist’s contributions to the study of change and development. Anthropological critique of development and the interface between the subject matter of Social Anthropologists, civil society and government, International and local NGOs are covered, including opportunities for meaningful development from the three actors. SAN2211: Anthropology of Natural Resources in Africa Students will learn key concepts in National Resource Management and Human ecology, including types and importance of natural resources, culture, environmental protection or degradation. Students should also cover issues related to human needs and effect on the environment and the importance of common resources in Uganda and East African region. Others are the tragedy of the common resources debate amidst the present economic realities e.g. Privatization. In addition, issues related to anxiety due to myths about the imminent commons extinction. Others are natural resource-based livelihoods: fishing, pastoral life styles, and management of natural resources including national policies. SAN2212: Economic Anthropology The course looks at how traditional subsistence economies continue to be very important in Eastern Africa as well as the rest of the world. It looks at how people’s behavior (including economic behavior) is influenced by culture and varies across time and space. It addresses issues of division of labor (gender), economic changes and their impact on 7 people, reciprocity, and the relationship between kinship and economics. (This course is similar to Economic Sociology. See synopsis in Sociology above) SAN2213: Perspectives on Land Tenure and Use in Africa The major issues covered include, land and identity, land tenure systems and patterns of land use in Eastern Africa, social stratification and access to land. Others include common property resources, land tenure, poverty and development. Comparative studies of land law in Eastern Africa. SAN2214: Medical Anthropology in Africa This course examines beliefs about illness, healing, and the body across cultures. Lectures and readings will use case materials drawn from Africa, and Asia. The course start by distinguishing physical “disease” from cultural understandings of “illness” and will explore the ways that cultural conceptions shape the experience of illness. Students will then examine healing rituals in non-Western societies to explore the ways these rituals mobilize a community and help the patient to understand his/her condition. Next, students will turn to alternative healing cults within East Africa and to critiques of the standard “biomedical” approach to illness. Students will also look at ways approaches to childbirth, menstruation, and menopause is influenced by culture and politics. Finally, students will examine how beliefs about the body and illness are linked to social and political agendas examining case material from Africa, Australia, and the Americas. (This course is similar to Sociology of Health) SAN2215: Feminist/Gender and Social Anthropology This course introduces students to the development of feminist theory in social anthropology, theoretical and methodology shifts in feminist anthropology and ethnography. It will also cover feminist ethnography within the discipline as a whole; current debates concerning the reading and writing of ethnography. SAN2216: Ecological Social Anthropology This covers concepts, theories, and methods of ecological social anthropology (cultural) show how humans interact with the biophysical environment. Compare biological and cultural interactions with the environment and examine adaptive strategies crossculturally. SAN2217: Development and Management of Anthropological Research Training seminar on research development, coordination, grant management, field/laboratory research management, and fundraising (See also Research Management description under Sociology). SAN3100: Classical Anthropological Theory This course examines the development and contributions of classical Anthropological theory to the understanding of human societies. Focusing on classical theories in Social Anthropology, the course aims at enabling the students gain a critical understanding of theory, assist them to garner insights into the main theoretical arguments of classical anthropology, and to debate the best way of understanding human societies. It guides the 8 students to be able to understand what theory and epistemology mean in anthropology; provide a critical reading of the arguments by the founding figures in Anthropological science. In addition, this course also helps the students to appreciate human diversity and unity in an analytical way using the different classical theoretical paradigms defining to a large extent the discipline of Social Anthropology. Through studies of selected classical anthropological monographs, the students are expected to develop insights in the comparative analytical use of anthropological theory on complex empirical cases. SAN3108: Dynamics of African Livelihoods This course focuses on discussing African livelihoods in pre-colonial and post-colonial Era and the interdependence between these livelihoods. Major issues covered include different modes of subsistence or human adaptation and how these links to social organization in selected societies will be analyzed. Other areas of focus are foreign intrusion of Africa and effect on people’s livelihoods and the evolutionary model of livelihoods and its critique. SAN3109: Political Anthropology Students examine political action and political systems around the world and different approaches to studying politics in anthropology. Students should also be able to take a historical perspective on the development of anthropological studies of politics. Throughout, the course will address the nature of power and its roots in coercion, ideology, and control of economic resources. SAN3110: Criminal Anthropology This course covers introductory concepts of deviance, crime, punishment and justice. It also covers African perceptions of ‘crime’ and the control of crime: Cultural variations in the perception of crime and punishment. Physical and Psychic characteristics or attributes to crime: Natural history of the criminal. Students cover criminal law and treatment of offenders and criminal investigative processes as well as ICT and crime. Criminal justice processes, institutions, social change, and impact on crime and dispensation of justice. SAN3111: Power, Knowledge and Discourse The class will focus on analyzing concepts of power, knowledge and discourses that emerge in contemporary world, including use and application. Students will be able to trace the forms these concepts take in the intellectual development of humankind. The course integrates theory and knowledge in explaining the existence of society, examines the theories of social determination of knowledge, problems of technique in historical – social anthropological research and demonstration of the partial nature of traditional epistemology. Key scholars addressed include Michael Foucault, Randy Collins, Karl Marx, and Pierre Bourdieu. SAN3112: Anthropology of Social Change and Technology The aim of this course is to examine the relationship between social change and technology in the broadest sense, from the role of human tools to the impact of high technology in both pre- and post-industrial societies. The course begins with an overview of the theoretical approaches to the linkage between technology, culture and society. 9 Following this, the course follows an adaptation approach in which, for each level of socio-cultural development (i.e., tribal, peasant, industrial, post-industrial), the students will examine the role of technology as a determinant of culture. Particular attention will be given to the diffusion and transfer of new technology and its impact on social development and change. While the course aims to encourage students to think about the influence of technology in all types of societies at all levels of development, this course will lay emphasis on the Third World and the underdeveloped fringes of the industrial world. The course uses case studies that social consequences of technological change as examples. SAN3113/SOA3100: Project Planning and Management (see Synopsis of SOA3100) SAN3114: Emerging Themes in Anthropology The course will discuss current issues that affect day-to-day activities of human beings such as corruption, globalization, destitution, liberalization and privatization, wars, ritual murders, HIV/AIDS pandemic, etc depending on what will be taking place at the time. This is good for students to focus on regional and global issues where they need to be involved in searching for solutions. SAN3115: Religion in Contemporary World Religion being at the centre of cultural worldview, different definitions of religion: etymological; theological, moral, philosophical; psychological; social, anthropological will be explored. Religion is discussed as a dynamic activity that human beings universally engage in, deeply influences their feelings, thoughts and actions, positively or negatively. Causes of such difficulties in discussion depending on the dimensions from which the interlocutors view it: ritual; mythological; doctrinal; ethical; experiential; social; and material will be investigated. It helps the student to think in a systematic, holistic way about religious experience in general and in particular the African religious experience in the context of those features that are common to all religions. The Functionalist theory of religion: culture; knowledge; beliefs; values; adjustment; man and environment; contingency; powerlessness and scarcity will be analyzed in order to help students appreciate the significance of religion, even in the modern “global village” and its role in today’s secularized world. SAN3116: Independent Study (Special topics in Anthropology) This course will involve tutorial for individual students and review of literature on a particular topic. A student and member of staff can jointly work on a project for publication. In addition, student field research work activities. SAN3200 Contemporary Anthropological Theory The course provides an initial overview over the most important anthropological debates by looking at contemporary theoretical approaches in Anthropology. The course explores the major contemporary approaches, helping students to understand how they fit within the larger social, historical and political contexts. The course specifically equips the students with some of the main theoretical assumptions, concepts and patterns of determination identified by each contemporary theorist in his/her approach to the study of 10 the modern human society. It trains the students to master the skills necessary to continue and deepen their reading and understanding of theories and debates in Anthropology on their own. By the end of the course, the students should be able to demonstrate abilities for comparative analytical reasoning over different ethnographic cases and different theoretical representation. SAN3207: Anthropology of Globalization Globalization refers to a variety of political, economic, cultural, and social changes that are currently transforming our world. Countries are increasingly interconnected by flows of information, trade, money, immigrants, technology, and culture. Trans-national corporations and political organizations (e.g., the UN) have grown in size and influence, as have the organized social movements that lobby or oppose them. The goal of the course is clarify what globalization is and how it is affecting societies around the world. For instance, how does global trade affect jobs and the economy? Moreover, how do those effects differ depending upon whether you live in the Uganda, the U.S., India, or South Africa? How does the spread of political ideologies affect politics in the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America? How do international social movements and protesters affect government policies in different societies? This course provides an overview of globalization and its consequences, drawing on new theoretical ideas from sociology and related fields. SAN3208: African Cultures and Law The course is designed to cover an introduction to classifications of legal systems and a comparative study of customary law in Africa. Other areas include law and social change and laws related to marriage, inheritance, domestic relations and children’s rights. Some examples of bye-laws and vigilante groups in Eastern Africa and Culture, law making and law reform will be covered. SAN3209: Anthropology and Human Rights This course is designed as an introduction to human rights. It provides students with an overview to the historical, theoretical, political and legal underpinnings that have shaped and continue to shape the development of human rights. Students will discuss where the concept of human rights originates, how these ideas have been memorialized in international declarations and covenants and how they develop over time and are enforced and monitored. Students will also examine a variety of issues, some controversial, that fall under the rubric of human rights. The overall goal of the course is to encourage students to think differently - to be able to analyze the events of the world and of our community through a human rights framework, including serious violation of human rights, such war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. The main goal is to provide students with some of the necessary tools to investigate, research, and think critically about human rights and the roles that we may assume within this arena. SAN3210: Peace, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution Students will cover conceptual definitions of peace and conflict, conflict control and conflict resolution processes in African traditional societies. In addition, types, causes and implications of conflicts in contemporary Africa and an examination of the social 11 origins of violence in Uganda and Great Lakes region. International dimensions of African conflicts, including actors and interest groups in conflict resolution. The philosophy of non-violence, principles, and strategies for conflict resolution, as well as peace making and Peacekeeping are a few of the topics covered. SAN3211: Collective Behavior and Social Movements This course will review theory and research on social movements, with an empirical emphasis on recent African and East African movements such as the struggle for independence movement, the women's movement, and numerous “issue” movements such as debt relief, peace, environment, neighborhood, etc. The course will give some attention to movements in other countries, especially in Asia and Latin America, and to developing some understanding of the ways in which movements differ between countries, with particular attention to political structures and political cultures. The course will talk explicitly about the differences between movements around enduring social cleavages such as ethnicity, class, and gender and those around narrower issues. The course will also talk about the interrelation among movements. It will address how social movements shift across time and differ among nations. This course generally operates from the intellectual standpoint of the activist who is concerned about an issue and wants to do something about it. This leads to an emphasis on questions of mobilization and strategy and, even for the confirmed non-activist, provides an anchor for analysis. Theoretical issue organizes the class outline, but we will weave discussions of current issues and particular movements into this outline. SAN3212: Social Organization of African Societies and Tourism Tourism is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It affects most countries and peoples of the world, either as “hosts” or “guests.” By the year 2020, the number of people traveling annually as tourists is expected to double. Tourism’s impact on receiving societies is hotly debated and contested. Many poorer nations consider tourism to be the road to economic development and an improved quality of life. Others see it as a new form of Western imperialism that is destructive of the environment and people’s cultural identity. Anthropology is uniquely positioned to study tourism since it adopts a holistic and comparative approach to the study of social phenomena. SAN3213: Ethics and Anthropology This course allows students to learn introduction to the concept of ethics. The students will cover principles of ethics, ethical theories, the nature and rationale of Ethics as well as ethics and Morality. Other topics include ethical relativism: African ethics and morality, ethics and culture, and ethics in Uganda. SAN3214: Social Anthropology of Material Culture This course examines material culture as a social creation, studied from multiple perspectives, i.e. social anthropology, archeology, primatology. Conceptions of how humans articulate with material world they construct. 12 SAN3215: Culture Change and Applied Anthropology This course takes a comparative study of change in cultural systems. Impact of global processes on local cultures and roles of social anthropology and anthropologists in policy, planning, implementation, and evaluation are among the specific focus of the course. SAN3216: Dissertation The research project will be base on fieldwork leading to a dissertation not exceeding 10,000 words. The course is compulsory for Major students. Research students will prepare a research proposal as part of their coursework while still in second year. Only students who have earned a Grade Point of 4.0 and above, and for whom an appropriate supervisor is identifiable will register for the research project. Notification of acceptance into the course will be given by the last week of Year 2. Research fieldwork should normally begin during the long vacation of the second year. The course is examined by continuous assessment and the final dissertation. (This course is the same as dissertation in Social Anthropology). 3.0 Examinations Regulations and Assessment 3.1 Assessment The courses shall be assessed in two (2) parts. There shall be a Progressive/continuous assessment during the course of each semester and an examination at the end of each semester. 3.1.1 Coursework (Progressive/continuous assessment (a) Coursework shall contribute 40% of the Total Marks. (b) It shall consist of a minimum of at least one (1) Test and one (1) Homework/Take-Home Assignment OR two (2) Tests per course. (c) The first coursework should be administered within the first five (5) weeks and the second one by the tenth (10) weeks on commencement of the semester. Course works marks shall be displayed by the fifteenth (15) week of the semester. In administering tests, regulations pertaining to the university examinations shall apply. (d) Certificate of Due Performance: A student who has not handed in the required course-work assignment(s) without reason shall be denied the Certificate of Due Performance and will not be allowed to sit the University examinations. 3.1.2 Examinations (a) Examinations of three (3) hours each shall be held in the courses offered per semester. (b) The University Examinations shall contribute a maximum of 60% of the Total Marks. 3.1.3 The Composite Mark The end of semester examination marks (60%) will be added to the coursework marks (40%) to get the total mark of each course as shown below: End of Semester Examination 60% 13 Course-work Total 40% 100% 3.1.4 Pass Mark a) The pass mark in each course shall be 50%. b) A candidate who fails one course in any semester may be allowed to re-take the failed course when it is next offered. 3.1.5 Grading a) The overall marks a candidate obtains in each course he /she offered shall be graded out of a maximum of one hundred (100) marks and assigned appropriate Letter Grades and Grade Points as follows:Marks (%) Letter Grade Grade Point i. 80 - 100 A 5 ii. 75 - 79.9 B+ 4.5 iii. 70 - 74.9 B 4.0 iv. 65 - 69.9 B3.5 v. 60 - 64.9 C+ 3.0 vi. 55 - 59.9 C 2.5 vii. 50 - 54.9 C2.0 viii. Below 50 Fail 0 b) Additional letters shall be used where appropriate: i. W Withdrawal from a course ii. I Incomplete course iii. AUD Audited courses only c) The course pass grade is 2.0 14