Aln Estuary Transitional and Coastal Waters
Surveys
May and October 2014
Report prepared by: Jon Green Deputy Chief IFCO (environmental)
Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority
8 Ennerdale Road
Blyth
NE24 4RT
Tel: 01670 797676
Email: nifca@nifca.gov.uk
Website: www.nifca.gov.uk
Executive Summary
This report presents a preliminary assessment of the state of Transitional and Coastal
Waters (TrAC) fish species in the Aln estuary Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ). The main
purpose of this report is to provide information which will be used in future surveys to
ascertain changes in population dynamics within this MCZ.
Fyke nets and seine nets were used to carry out the surveys from May 22nd to May 23rd and
October 3rd and 4th October 2014, correlating with late spring and autumn migration and
spawning patterns of fish species. In previous surveys the most common species included
flounder Platichthys flesus, lesser sandeel Ammodytes tobianus, saithe Pollachius virens and
trout Salmo trutta. Other less common species recorded included pollock Pollachius
pollachius, five bearded rockling Ciliata mustela, viviparous blenny Zoarces viviparous, sea
scorpion Myoxocephalus scorpius and ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta.
The Aln estuary is currently being monitored due to known diffuse water pollution from
agricultural land that surrounds the area as well as the obstructions impeding fish passage.
These ecologically significant issues could be determining what is present or absent from
the estuary. Continuous surveying on a biannual basis will help the Northumberland Inshore
Fisheries and Conservation Authority (NIFCA) gather data that will give an overview of the
estuary and help meet its statutory duties under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009.
Introduction
Estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water which interlink freshwater from rivers and
streams with saltwater from the ocean (Environmental Protection Agency 2012). Estuaries
and estuarine communities are important as they provide various resources, benefits and
services. Species of birds, fish and mammals depend on estuarine environments to live, feed
and reproduce (EPA 2012). Estuaries are frequently used by fish species for the
developmental stages of their life cycle and spawning in particular. Fish species will use the
estuary as a nursery, enabling fish to migrate either upstream to freshwater or downstream
towards a more saline habitat.
A survey of fish species was undertaken in the River Aln, commonly known as the Aln
estuary. The Aln estuary is located beside the town of Alnmouth, Northumberland, and is a
newly designated (2013) Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ). The survey particularly focused
on juvenile fish species to determine if the estuary acts as a nursery habitat for fish. A
habitat is a nursery if fish occur at high densities and suffer lower rates of predation or
higher rates of growth (Gillanders et al. 2003). It is thought that small fish, including
juveniles are most abundant in shallow areas because these habitats enhance survivorship
and growth (Manderson et al. 2004). Shallow habitats function as refuges for prey species
because large predators are often less abundant in shallow water. This may not be universal
as some predators are not limited to deep water by body size or behaviour (Manderson et
al. 2004; Linehan et al. 2001).
The Aln Estuary is 0.44km2 in area and has a range of habitats including mud, sand,
saltmarsh and estuarine rocky habitats (Net Gain 2012). It is thought that the Aln supports
sprat Sprattus sprattus, flounder Platichthys flesus, sandeels Hyperoplus immaculatus, plaice
Pleuronectes platessa and European eel Anguilla Anguilla (Net Gain 2012). Issues that face
the estuary include obstructions that impede upstream migration of important fish species.
There have been 6 fish pass improvements by the Northumbria Rivers Trust,
Northumberland Estates and the Environment Agency in the Aln Estuary to try and restore
the environment for European eel, sea trout Salmo trutta and salmon Salmo salar
(Northumbrian Rivers Trust 2012). The Aln Estuary is surrounded by agricultural land which
has resulted in work being done with Catchment Sensitive Farming to focus on diffuse
pollution and the effects it can have on the estuary. Diffuse pollution is considered a priority
for the Aln in the Rivers Basin Management Plan (RBMP) for the Northumbrian region
(Environment Agency 2009). These harmful disturbances may be used to explain ecological
patterns in the Aln estuary and explain the presence or absence of certain fish species. The
2014 surveys were carried out in May and October to coincide with the spring and autumn
downstream migration of juvenile fish species (Ibbotson et al. 2013).
Pilot projects were carried out in 2012 and 2013 to familiarise the Northumberland Inshore
Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) with surveying methods and with the Aln
estuary. The Northumberland IFCA have carried out this survey due to the importance of the
Aln estuary as a recently designated MCZ and the IFCA’s duties under Section 154 of the
Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 specifically referring to the protection of MCZs.
This report will provide an overview of the data collected from the May and October 2014
fish surveys on the Aln estuary, which will be carried forward for analysis against future
surveys at the site.
Methods
Site Description
During the pilot studies in 2012 and 2013, the Officers were given an overview of how to
best use fyke and seine nets. These nets were used for the purposes of this survey. A
desirable fyke net location was identified in the initial pilot project in 2012 and this location
has been used subsequently in 2013 and 2014.The 2012 and 2013 surveys have allowed
through trial and error to successfully locate three sites where the seine net can be easily
set and fished. The 2014 surveys used these locations as will all future surveys. The location
of the fykes is in the deepest portion of the estuary (which is a designated anchorage, but is
rarely used for this); this allows for the nets to be fished for 24 hours without drying out.
The seine net locations are at the mouth of the estuary, below the anchorage and an
upstream location; these sites will allow for the greatest range of species to be sampled as
the salinity will vary between sites.
A Habitats Regulation Assessment and Project Plan were submitted to Natural England and
Northumberland Estates in order to gather the proper consents.
Map 1: Aln estuary with survey locations of fyke nets and seine nets marked.
Position of Fyke nets
Position of Seine nets
Equipment
The equipment required to carry out the survey consisted of marker buoys, weights, otter
guards, a boat, floats, life jackets, two estuary Survey Seine Net 43m x 4m deep – 210/12
6.5mm & 14mm and a seven hoop large double dee fyke net 10 & 14mm – 100cm x (2 x
5.3mtrs) – 32ft Leader. Fyke nets are a series of interconnecting nets with one-way entry
that acts to trap fish. They are conical in shape with a D-shaped or circular opening held
open by metal rings (Colclough et al. 2000; Environment Agency. 2013). A series of in-scales
move the fish from the opening of the net into the ‘cod-end’ of the fyke. They are fixed with
weights or anchors parallel to the shore (usually at low water) and allowed to fish over an
entire tidal cycle (Environment Agency. 2013). The opening of the fyke net (mouth) is
attached to a leader, which is a length of net that’s set in such a fashion to gather fish into
the fyke mouth (Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013). Often fyke nets are ‘paired’, which means
that two nets are attached to one leader. This allows the fyke to fish on both the flood and
ebb tide when placed parallel to the shore (Environment Agency. 2013).
Seine nets are composed of a bunt (bag or lose netting) and long wings that are lengthened
with long ropes for towing the seine to the beach (Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2013).
The head rope floats on the surface and the foot rope is in permanent contact with the
bottom therefore allowing the seine net to act as a barrier to prevent fish from escaping
(FAO. 2013; Environment Agency. 2011).
Survey methods
During the surveys Northumberland IFCA officers, NIFCA members and representatives of
the Northumberland Wildlife trust went to the Aln at mid tide (10am) to set up the fyke
nets. Afterwards they undertook the seining at the mouth of the estuary where fish species
were identified using the Environment Agency 2009 manual “Key to the marine and
freshwater fishes of Britain and Ireland”. The seine net was deployed from the boat and
then brought into the shore. The seine nets used were nets that would be operated from
the shore (Seafish. 2005). Handling the equipment requires a number of individuals to be
present to pull the seine to shore (Seafish. 2005; Environment Agency. 2011). For successful
operation, it is best that the ground rope reaches the beach first so that the gear is brought
from underneath the fish (FAO. 2013). Seining was done twice at all three locations.
On the second day of each survey those conducting the surveys went to the Aln estuary for
09:30am to recover the fyke net. The fyke nets were recovered at mid tide using the boat
and fish caught were transferred into a bin for identification by Deputy Chief IFCO Jon Green
and recorded by other team members. Once both nets were recovered, the group
proceeded to carry out the second set of seine netting below the anchorage before moving
upstream and repeating the process.
Results
Fykes
See Map 1 for the location of the fyke nets. See Appendix 1 for an overview of the fish
species caught in the fyke nets and their mean lengths in millimetres (mm).
Seines
The location of the seine net at the mouth of the estuary is shown in Map 1. See Appendix 1
for an overview of the fish species caught in the seine net, their mean lengths in millimetres
(mm).
Discussion
Information on the characteristics of the fish species caught has been taken from the
Environment Agency, Key to the Marine and Freshwater Fishes of Britain and Ireland.
During the May survey a total of 118 lesser sandeel Ammodytes tobiannus were caught, in
October a total of 53 specimens were caught. Sizes ranged from 78mm to 150mm in May
and 72mm to 159 in October; this is typical for this species which reaches a maximum length
of 20cm. Lesser sandeel are an extremely common inshore fish in northern European seas,
living in sandy bays and on beaches from about mid-tide level to depths of ca 30 m. It is
always found close to clean, fine sand, in which it burrows with great rapidity, or swimming
over the sand often in a head-down posture. The mouth of the Aln estuary consists of
cleaner and finer sand which is consistent with the presence of large amounts of sandeels.
No sandeels were caught at the upper site in May and only 2 were caught during October,
this area has a muddier substrate and is likely to have a lower salinity.
In May 66 saithe Pollachius virens were caught, while only six were caught in October. In
May the sizes ranged from 42mm to 56mm, while in October sizes ranged from 54 to
172mm (of which 5 were 137mm or above; it is possible that these fish are part of the same
year class of the small fish caught in May). In the previous trial surveys in 2012 and 2013 no
saithe were recorded. Saithe is widely distributed in the North Atlantic, living in large
schools near the surface and in midwater at depths of 200-250 m. From Scotland
northwards the young fish are particularly abundant in inshore waters; in their first year
they may be found in intertidal pools, and close to the shoreline in their second year. Saithe
spawn from January to April in depths of 100-200 m. The eggs and larvae drift near the
surface and are carried from the deep-water spawning grounds to the shallower nursery
areas.
Quantities of flounder Platichthys flesus were caught during both surveys, with 36 fish being
caught in May (20-270mm) and 28 in October (44-318mm). No flounder were present in the
mouth of the Aln in either survey. Flounder is a widespread European fish living from the
tide line to 55 m, and also penetrating into fresh water so that it is found in rivers and lakes
in communication with the sea where the water is entirely fresh. The flounder penetrates
further into fresh water in more northern, cooler conditions than in the south. It lives on
sandy and muddy bottoms. It breeds in spring at depths of 25-40 m, the eggs, larvae and
post-larvae live at the surface. The flounder lives on the sea bed from a length of 1.5-3 cm.
The earliest stages live close inshore and, at about the size of a postage stamp, are very
abundant in the tidal reaches of rivers.
Two species of gobies, the common goby Pomatoschistus microps and the sand goby
Pomatoschistus minutus, were caught in large number during both surveys. Due to the
difficulties of identifying the closely related species in the field they have been grouped
together. A total of 40 fish were caught in May with sizes ranging from 37mm to 59mm. In
October 224 fish were caught with sizes ranging from 18mm to 82 mm. The common goby is
a small goby which is found close inshore in intertidal pools, estuaries, and in slightly
brackish drainage ditches and rivers. It is particularly common on muddy, marshy shores,
but is also found in high shore pools on sand. In winter most migrate into deeper water. It
spawns from April to August, the eggs being laid on the hollow surface of an overturned
bivalve shell such as a cockle or a clam. Several broods of eggs are produced by each female,
each guarded within the shell by the male. The sand goby is an extremely common goby on
inshore sandy grounds from about mid-tide level to 20 m. It is possibly most common in
depths of 30 cm below low tide level down to 10 m, and is caught in great quantity by
shrimp nets and trawls. It enters the mouths of estuaries, but is rarely found in low salinity
water. It moves into deeper water in winter. It breeds from March to July, the female laying
her eggs in empty bivalve shells where they are guarded by the male. After hatching, the
young are pelagic until they reach a length of ca 17 mm. It is likely that the majority of the
gobies caught at the upper sites were the common goby as it is able to tolerate lower levels
of salinity, while larger individuals are likly to be sand gobies.
Only one small plaice Pleuronectes platessa, measuring 85mm, was caught using the seines
and this was caught at the estuary mouth during the May survey. The plaice is a bottomliving fish, most abundant on sandy bottoms, but also found on muddy bottoms and gravel
in depths of 0-200 m. It is most common in 10-50 m. Young fish, even newly
metamorphosed plaice of ca 2 cm, live in the shallower depths from the shoreline to 10 m. It
is not uncommon to find them in sandy intertidal shore-pools. Large fish also come into the
tidal zone to feed at high tide on sand and mud flats. The plaice spawns mainly between
January and March throughout its range, but tending to be concentrated on certain areas in
depths of 20-40 m. The eggs float at the surface initially, hatching after 10-20 days
depending on the temperature. The larvae and postlarvae are also surface-living for
between 4 and 6 weeks, after which, with the eye now migrated to the right side and other
internal changes completed, it becomes bottom-living at a length of 10- 17 mm. By this time
the young fish have usually drifted into shallow inshore water.
During the October survey a total of 80 sprat Sprattus sprattus were caught and were
present in similar numbers at each survey location, sizes ranged from 48mm to 103 mm.
The sprat is an extremely abundant, small pelagic fish in northern European waters. It is
particularly common in inshore coastal waters, the young especially being found in estuaries
and arms of the sea. In summer, sprats are found in depths of 10-50 m, but go deeper in
winter. In all seasons they rise towards the surface at night. The sprat spawns in spring and
summer, the eggs and early larvae are planktonic, and the latter drift inshore as they
develop.
In the May survey 2 herring Clupea harengus were caught at the upper station measuring
51mm and 53mm respectively. The herring was an extremely abundant fish off northern
Europe, but now locally (as in the North Sea) overfished so that it is less economically
valuable than it once was. It forms distinct breeding stocks often referred to as races, which
are recognizable from their spawning grounds and seasons as well as meristic features, such
as the number of vertebrae. The spring spawners shed their eggs close inshore, but others
spawn in summer and autumn offshore and on the edges of ocean banks. The eggs are shed
close to the bottom and form a mat, often several eggs deep, over the gravel or shell beds
of the bottom. The planktonic larvae are slender and about 0.6 cm on hatching. The young
fish form large schools and are particularly common in inshore waters during their first year.
During both surveys brown trout Salmo trutta were caught. In May four fish were captured
ranging in size from 129mm to 320mm, while in October five fish were captured ranging
from 345mm to 720mm. Of the fish caught in May the largest showed signs that it was a
recently stocked fish (personal comments from Les Weller) while the other were parr. The
October Fish were clearly mature adults returning to the river to spawn. The brown trout
shares many of the biological features of its close relative, the Atlantic salmon, but forms
two basic ecotypes: migratory (sea trout) and non-migratory (brown trout); there is no
justification for regarding them as subspecies. Trout spawn in winter from October to
January, the eggs being shed in redds cut by the female in river gravel, usually in upstream
reaches (although many spawn in the gravel below weirs). The eggs hatch in 6-8 weeks,
depending on the water temperature, and the fry remain in the gravel for a further 4-6
weeks before beginning to feed.
A single greater sandeel Hyperoplus lanceolatus were caught during each survey, measuring
253mm and 305mm respectively. This inshore sandeel is found from the low-tide level
(young specimens) down to ca. 150 m, on sandy bottoms. It breeds during spring and
summer at depths of 20-100 m, shedding it’s eggs in sand. The larvae and post-larvae are
pelagic.
A single three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, measuring 40mm was caught at
the upper site during the October survey. G. aculeatus is a very widely-distributed species
throughout northern Europe, often abundant in lakes, rivers and coastal waters. In fresh
water its normal habitat is in shallows of 0-1 m usually in open areas but with cover nearby.
In estuaries it usually lives close to the river bank, and in the sea it is common in coastal
waters in tidal pools, but usually among marine algae. It is only common in fully marine
habitats from Scotland northwards. This stickleback breeds in spring and early summer, the
male constructing a nest of plant fibres in a hollow on the bottom in both fresh and salt
water habitats. Eggs are laid within the nest where the male aerates them and removes
infertile eggs. The nest is central to the male’s territory, which is strongly defended by the
brightly-coloured fish.
A single ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta measuring 80mm was caught during the October
survey. Probably the most abundant large wrasse in the eastern North Atlantic, L. bergylta is
common close to rocks and around reefs from 2-3 m to about 20 m, while the young are
often found in shore pools (provided there is abundant algae and rock). The adults are
usually solitary or form small schools. Like several other wrasses it builds a nest of fine
algae, wedged into a crevice, in which the eggs are laid in summer. After hatching, the
larvae are pelagic for a short while before drifting into shallow inshore waters.
Fyke nets
The fyke nets caught a much smaller quantity of fish; in May this amounted to 4 flounder
measuring between 62mm and 166mm. Also caught was a single saithe measuring 53mm.
During the October survey 8 flounder where caught ranging in size from 77mm to 134mm.
One plaice at 82mm, one goby 74mm and one cod at 88mm were also caught. Cod Gadus
morhua is widely distributed in a variety of habitats from the shoreline to depths of 600m
on the continental shelf. To the south of its range it is found in shallow water only during
the winter, and there, as elsewhere, it is the younger, smaller fish which live close inshore. It
usually schools at least 30-80 m off the bottom, although it forages for food on the sea bed
and in mid-water.
Historically the River Aln has had obstructions that would impede migration movements for
sea trout, salmon and European eel. Records of European eel in the River Aln date back to
1966, but no records have been made since (Environment Agency. 2001). Fish passage has
improved on the Aln estuary which has increased opportunities for fish species to migrate
(Northumberland Rivers Trust. 2012).
The current ecological quality of the estuary is moderate with the overall area being
probably at risk (Environment Agency. 2012). The Aln estuary is addressed in the
Northumbrian Rivers Basin Management Plan stating that diffuse water pollution from
agriculture is a problem for the area (Environment Agency. 2009). The levels of diffuse water
pollution may be affecting the presence and absence of certain fish species. Water quality
information such as dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature were not recorded, however
should be recorded in the future as these parameters may provide the necessary data
requirements and allow for a complete overview of the estuary (Environment Agency.
2011a). A diverse range of juvenile fish species were caught giving an initial assessment as
to what can be expected during future surveys.
Conclusions
These surveys have provided an initial assessment as to what can be found in the estuary
and where. The next survey will take place in April/May (spring) 2015 to correlate with the
migration and spawning patterns of other fish species. The recent Net Gain report
developed by the North Sea Marine Conservation Zone Project has indicated that the Aln
estuary supports sprat, flounder, sandeels, plaice and European eel. These surveys support
the occurrence of these species in the estuary along with saithe in spring, however the small
number of plaice caught during spring indicates that the Aln is not important for this species
and to date no European eel has been caught in any of the surveys. The time of year is
important when considering what fish species may be present or absent. The survey
methods and locations used for this survey were successful and it can be anticipated that
the Northumberland IFCA will repeat the methods used for consistency in the future. Future
work will allow for statistical analysis to be used in order to determine whether the results
are significant or not.
Acknowledgements
Thank you for those who took time to help with the survey, in particular fellow IFCO’s,
Committee Members Les Weller and Ian Thompson, Steve Lowe from the Northumberland
Wildlife trust and members from the Northumbrian Rivers Trust.
References
Amara, R., Paul, C., (2003). Seasonal patterns in the fish and epibenthic crustaceans community of an
intertidal zone with particular reference to the population dynamics of plaice and brown shrimp.
Estuarine and CoastalShellfishh Science: 56: 807– 818
Colclough, S.R., Dutton, C., Cousins, T., Martin, A., (2000). Fish Population Survey of the Tidal
Thames. Environment Agency, Bristol. Fyke net. (2013). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222985/fyke-net
Environment Agency. (2009). River Basin Management Plan, Northumbria River Basin District 58.
Environment Agency (2011). Seine netting for monitoring fish. Operational instruction 145.
Environment Agency (2011a). Data requirements for WFD transitional fish surveillance monitoring.
Operational instruction 328.
Environment Agency (2013). Fyke netting for monitoring fish. Operational instruction 25.
Basic information about estuaries (2012) Environment Protection Agency. Retrieved from
http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/nep/about.cfm
Gillanders, B.M., Able, K.W., Brown, J.A., Eggleston, D.B., Sheridan, P.F. (2003) Evidence of
connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component
of nurseries. Marine Ecology Progress Series: 247: 281-295
Ibbotson, A.T., Riley, W.D., Beaumont, W.R.C., Cook, A.C., Ives, M.J., Pinder, A.C., Scott, L.J.
(2013).The source of autumn and spring downstream migrating juvenile Atlantic salmon in a small
lowland river. Ecology of Freshwater Fish: 22: 73–81
Linehan, J.E., Gregory, R.S., Schneider, D.C., (2001). Predation risk of age-0 cod (Gadus morhua)
relative to depth and substrate in coastal waters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology:
263: 25– 44.
Maitland, P.S., Herdson, D. (2009). Key to the marine and freshwater fishes of Britian and Ireland.
Environment Agency.
Manderson, J.P., Pessutti, J., Hilbert, J.G., Juanes, F. (2004) Shallow water predation risk for a
juvenile flatfish (winter flounder; Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum) in a northwest Atlantic
estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology: 304: 137-157
Net Gain. (2012) The north sea marine conservation zones project. 2.1
The River Aln (2012). Northumberland Rivers Trust. Retrieved from
http://www.northumberlandriverstrust.co.uk/rtsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&
id=54&Itemid=64
Appendix 1
Aln survey results
May 2014
Total
No.
mid 1
mid2
up 1
mouth
1
up2
Saithe
Goby
LSE
Flounder
Flounder
LSE
Goby
Goby
Flounder
S trout
Herring
Flounder
Goby
S trout
1
49
50
122
90
270
90
50
41
28
129
53
66
40
141
2
41
37
110
30
141
57
39
72
131
51
69
3
41
45
101
115
41
40
70
142
4
46
92
164
42
42
39
320
5
45
102
94
39
36
6
45
131
126
40
7
42
96
94
8
51
121
9
45
10
41
Plaice
85
mouth2
LSE
Saithe
Fyke 1
fyke2
LSE
GSE
Goby
Saithe
Flounder
Flounder
253
56
53
166
70
62
68
90
50
150
42
112
44
142
62
40
129
51
122
73
39
115
54
133
25
41
125
56
128
30
20
56
112
53
98
42
25
18
48
125
50
110
101
40
90
62
36
100
45
114
99
136
46
30
33
45
100
46
90
111
121
56
69
26
40
86
54
97
11
105
95
40
25
18
100
50
115
12
128
97
39
37
72
109
51
100
13
114
121
42
32
26
98
42
118
14
126
122
45
30
20
136
49
105
15
132
145
42
71
104
52
108
16
114
117
40
65
45
96
17
96
95
45
56
50
130
18
111
102
49
29
52
108
19
90
95
39
75
53
112
20
96
92
40
69
52
102
21
104
102
45
55
90
22
78
51
102
23
146
41
105
24
118
47
122
25
126
47
131
26
107
52
105
27
110
47
105
28
85
54
112
29
111
44
95
30
122
52
122
31
151
52
88
32
102
53
120
33
90
48
94
34
97
46
112
35
105
51
130
36
105
53
105
59
37
48
125
38
47
110
39
55
104
40
44
100
41
57
106
42
48
111
43
52
91
44
56
116
45
53
104
46
52
116
47
52
48
52
49
47
50
44
51
44
52
50
53
46
Aln Survey October 2014
Total
No.
Seine up
2
Seine
up1
Seine
mid 1
Flounder
Goby
Sprat
LSE
Saithe
Flounder
1
56
63
64
148
148
60
2
51
62
70
159
159
3
62
4
S Trout
Goby
Sprat
3ss
720
62
72
28
74
600
62
70
79
76
610
61
61
83
72
5
61
80
6
61
71
7
60
8
Seine mid
2
Flounder
99
STrout
495
Flounder
Goby
Saithe
B Wrass
80
Flounder
73
Fyke 1
Sprat
Flounder
Fyke 2
STrout
Goby
345
55
85
99
53
95
85
85
53
92
134
134
77
77
280
62
152
85
76
62
172
78
134
80
61
54
60
92
77
76
61
51
48
60
78
53
60
50
56
60
66
318
60
46
78
56
60
75
62
60
46
60
84
83
60
66
75
60
45
9
58
73
44
60
63
70
60
45
10
58
85
59
60
48
60
44
11
56
73
291
60
76
59
44
12
56
75
58
60
55
43
13
56
90
58
63
52
42
14
56
58
73
52
41
15
55
58
76
52
41
16
55
58
52
50
41
17
55
56
85
50
41
18
54
56
73
50
40
19
54
56
58
49
40
20
54
55
65
48
40
21
54
55
86
48
40
72
Seine
low 1
Cod
88
Goby
74
Flounder
99
Plaice
82
22
52
54
64
48
40
23
52
54
70
45
40
24
52
54
75
45
40
25
52
53
44
40
26
51
53
44
39
27
51
53
43
38
28
50
52
42
38
29
50
52
42
38
30
43
52
42
36
31
41
52
42
36
32
40
51
41
36
33
35
50
40
36
34
79
50
40
36
35
70
46
40
27
36
66
45
40
18
37
41
40
73
38
40
40
70
39
38
36
68
40
38
35
68
41
35
31
65
42
33
30
65
43
72
82
65
44
70
73
45
66
73
46
65
72
47
65
72
48
64
71
49
64
71
50
63
70
51
33 +
70
52
70
53
70
54
70
55
66
56
64
57
64
58
64
59
64