Standard Grade Mathematics All pupils in 2nd and 3rd year are provided with the opportunity to study Standard Grade Mathematics at General/Foundation or Credit/General level. Near the end of 2nd year, the mathematics department will confirm which level of study each pupil in S3 is to follow. There are a number of recommendations possible here: Credit Mathematics Credit/General Mathematics General/Foundation Mathematics Foundation Mathematics The department feels it is vital to give all pupils every opportunity to achieve their full potential in Mathematics. Equally, however, the department is careful not to create a situation where a pupil may feel pressurised due to having unrealistic expectations made of them. Courses Followed : The Credit course is recommended for those pupils who will potentially sit Highers in 4th and 5th year. In particular it is aimed at pupils whose problem solving abilitities in mathematics is very strong enabling them to handle the Reasoning and Enquiry element of the course. Assessment of the course is based on two external examinations and that focus on two elements of assesment. These are the Knowledge and Understanding element and as previously mentioned the Reasoning and Enquiry element. The Credit/General course is recommended for pupils who could potentially sit Highers in a two year course over 4th and 5th year but have difficulties handling the Reasoning and Enquiry element of the course. The course is assesed at the end of the 2 years by sitting two levels of examinations of examination, both Credit and General level, these marks are combined to gain the best possible award. The General/Foundation course is recommended for pupils who could potentially sit Intermediate 2 Mathematics in 2 year course over 4th and 5th year but who may have difficulties in handling the Reasoning and Enquiry element of the General/Credit course.The course is assessed at the end of 2 year course by sitting two levels of examination, both General and Foundation, these marks are combined to gain the best possible award. The Foundation course is recommended for those pupils who may have experienced significant difficulties with certain aspects of their mathematics education. Once completed these pupils will go on to an Intermediate 1 course. They will complete NAB's over one year within S4, then go on to re-enforce and strengthen their mathematical understanding for an end of course assessment in S5. Course Structure and Assessment All courses in the Standard Grade structure are divided into two main areas of study. These two elements are: Knowledge and Understanding (KU) : This involves the development of mathematical knowledge by building up a toolbox of skills. Reasoning and Enquiry (RE) : This involves the development of problem solving skills, which will use many of the mathematical skills acquired in the Knowlwedge and Understanding part of the course. All Standard Grade courses are assessed externally by two examinations: Paper 1: Non-Calculator Paper Paper 2 : Calculator Paper Both papers have a mixture of KU and RE questions. In Higher Still courses a pass is awarded for overall performance in both elements. The non-calculator requirement of paper 1 reflects the importance placed on mental arithmetic throughout the syllabus. Calculators: Use is made of calculators for paper 2 work at Foundation, General and Credit levels and various aspects of the Access course. The department recommends that all pupils should purchase their own calculator and would suggest that the following calculators are appropriate for the courses taught: Access 2 & 3 and Foundation Level : Basic calculator with the functions +,-, ÷, x, %. General Level: Scientific calculators with the functions cos, sin and tan available. Credit level : Scientific calculators or possibly a graphics calculator which can enhance the pupils understanding of the subject. It is hoped that all pupils will take full advantage ofthe regular offers provided by the department, which allow them to purchase calculators at a very competitive prices. Access 2 & 3 This course concentrates on applying mathematics at a basic level to everyday situations in the home, at work, at the shops etc. The course covers: Calculations with whole numbers, decimals, fractions and percentages; averages; interpreting and drawing graphs; social arithmetic(money); and statisitics. Measurement and calculations of length, area, volume, weight and time; Scale drawings, angle, shapes, formula and equations. Foundation Level This course concentrates on reinforcing and extending the application of mathematics to everyday situations in the home, at work, at the shops etc. The course extends the use of: Calculations with whole numbers, decimals, fractions and percentages, averages, interpreting and drawing graphs, social arithmetic(money), and statistics. Measurement and calculation of length, area, volume,weight and time, scale drawng, angle, shapes, formulas and equations. General Level This course contains all the Foundation Level content, together with much more algebra, geometry and theoretical work. The course covers: Negative numbers, squares and square roots, triangles and other shapes, geometry of solids, Pythagoras' Theorem, direct proportion, coordinates, trigonometry, Speed Distance and Time, algebraic expressions, formulae and graphs. Credit Course This course covers all the General and Foundation Level course content in addition to the following: Surds and indices, trigonometry formulae, direct and indirect proportion, Quadratics, systems of equations, similar shapes, Trigonometry and Pythagoras in 3D, exponential functions, compound interest and variation. Intermediate and Higher Mathematics All pupils in 4th, 5th and 6th year, who have passed a standard grade mathematics course, are provided with the opportunity to continue to study mathematics following either an Intermediate or Higher Mathematics course. The mathematics department will recommend which level of study each pupil should follow. There are a number of recommendations possible here: Higher Intermediate 2 Intermediate 1 The department feels it is vital to give all pupils every possible opportunity to achieve their full potential in Mathematics. Equally, however, the department is careful not to create a situation where a pupil may feel pressurised due to having unrealistic expectations made of them. Courses Followed: The Higher course is recommended for pupils continuing to study Mathematics in the upper school. They can progress onto the Advanced Higher course or alternatively a Higher Mathematics is an entry qualification for most mathematics, engineering or science HNC/D or degree courses innhigher or further education. The Intermediate 2 course is the equivalent of the Standard Grade Credit course. The course is recommended for pupils who could potentially sit Higher in 6th year but who may have difficulty handling the Reasoning and Enquiry element of the Credit course. The course is assessed on three internal tests throughout 4th and 5th year with an external exam at the end of 5th year. The intermediate 1 course is the equivalent of the Standard Grade General course. The course is assessed on three internal tests throughout 4th and 5th year with an external exam at the end of 5th year. Course structure and assessment: All Intermediate and Higher Mathematics courses are divided into 3 units. At the end of each unit all pupils are tested. To gain an overall pass each pupil must pass the end of unit tests and the externally assessed exam. All courses are assess externally by two examination papers: Paper 1: Non-Calculator Paper 2 : Calculator The non-calculator requirement of paper 1 reflect the importance placed on mental arithmetic throughout the syllabus. Calculators Use is made of calculators for paper 2 work at Higher and intermediate level. The department recommends that all pupils ahould purchase their own calculators and would suggestthat the following calculators are appropriate for the courses taught. Intermediate 1: Scientific calculator with the functions cos,sin and tan available. Intermediate 2 : Scientific calculator or possibly a graphic calculator Higher : Scientific calculator however a graphic is very useful at this level and can enhance the pupils understanding of the subject. It is hoped that all pupils will take full advantage of the regular offers provided by the department, which allow them to purchase calculators at a very competitive prices. Intermediate 1 This course covers all the Access content together with much more algebra, geometry, and theoretical work. The course covers: Negative numbers; squares and square roots; triangles and other shapes; geometry of solids: Pythagoras' Theorem, direct proportion, coordinates; trigonometry; Speed Distance Time; algebraic expressions; formula and graphs Intermediate 2 This course covers all the the Access 3 and Intermediate 1 content and the following: Surds and indices, trigonometry formulea, direct and indirect proportion, Quadratics, systems of equations, similar shapes, Trigonometry and Pythagoras in 3D, exponential functions, compound interest and variation. Higher Purpose The aim of this course is to build on and extend the students mathematicsl learning. Topics covered in the course are algebra, geometry, trigonometry and elements of calculus is introduced to the pupils. The course consists of 3 progressive units Mathematics 1,2 and 3. Recommended Entry While entry to this course is at the discretion of the school, pupils would be expected to have attained either a Credit award 2 or abve or an Intermediate 2 award B or above. The Intermediate 2 must include unit 3. Course details Mathematics 1 Higher This unit includes the graidient and equation of a straight line, sketching and identifying related functions and graphs, composite functions, solution of trigonometric equations, basic differentiation and recurrence relationships. Mathematics 2 Higher This unit covers quadratic theory and the remainder theorem, basic integration, use of the addition formulae in trigonometry and equation of a circle and tangency. Mathematics 3 Higher The contents of this unit are vectors in three dimensions and the scalar product, further differentiation and integration, properties of exponential and logarithmic functions and further trigonometric relationships. Staff Within the department there are 8 fulltime teachers. The principle teacher Mr Kearsey can be contacted through the school office S1 / S2 Courses Class work Pupils are set immediately they start at the Academy and the composition of classes is based on primary school performance. After a period of acclimatisation classes are reviewed and adjustments made based on assessments and a term examination. Individualised work A series of booklets for extension work and material for remediation are available. Problem solving Pupils study open-ended mathematical problems using a variety of approaches and methods in preparation for later work in S3/S4. Pupils are assigned to S3 classes based on the results of continuous assessment and the final S2 examination. S3 / S4 Courses Foundation Level The Foundation level course consists of units set in contexts familiar to the pupils and should enable them to understand thoroughly and apply competently a relatively small amount of content. General and Credit Level The General and Credit courses are also based on familiar contexts where possible, but a greater depth of understanding and wider application of principles will be expected over a broader content. Pupils following the Credit course will be expected to show mastery of a wide variety of manipulative skills and develop a strong inter-related network of concepts. Credit Time Formulae Simple Equations Sinmple Inequations Standard Form General Time 1 Number Patterns Simple Equations Approximation Foundation Time Number Patterns Measurement 1 3.2 Variation Similarity Pythagoras Perimeters and Areas Proportion Scale Drawing Pythagoras Perimeters and areas Money 1 Scale Drawing Co-ordinates Curve Stitching 3.3 Variation Similarity Trigonometry 1 – Right Money 1 Symmetry Trigonometry 1 – Right Money 2 Proportion Symmetry 3.1 Angles Angles Straight Line Straight Line Trigonometry 2 - Graphs Money 2 Solid Shapes Factorisation Statistics & Probability Money 2 Solid Shapes Factorisation Statistics & Probability Sport Solid Shapes Codes Credit General Foundation 4.1 Iteration Quadratic Theory Circle 1 Time 2 Simple Equations Probability Money 3 Bearings Probability 4.2 Iteration Quadratic Theory Circle 1 Money 3 Trigonometry 2 Circle Transformations Money 4 Statistics 4.3 Trigonometry 4 - Graphs 3.4 Holidays Circle Measurement 2 S5 / S6 C ourses Mathematics courses in the upper school are designed to build upon and extend pupils’ mathematical skill, knowledge and understanding in a way that enables them to integrate their knowledge of different aspects of the subject. All course are comprised of three units. Higher Course Pupils who successfully complete the course should have a competence and confidence in applying mathematical techniques, manipulating symbolic expressions and communicating with mathematical correctness in the solution of problems. Course content: Mathematics 1(H) Straight Line Functions and Graphs Differentiation Recurrence relations Mathematics 2(H) Remainder Theorem / Quadratic Theory Integration Trigonometry Circle Mathematics 3(H) 3d Vectors Further Differentiation & Integration Logarithmic / Exponential Functions Further Trigonometry Intermediate 1 / Intermediate 2 These courses are designed to meet the needs of pupils who wish to progress to the next level. The emphasis is placed on developing an appreciation of the power of mathematical language and the efficiency of algorithms in the Higher course. Course content: Intermediate 1 Mathematics (Int 1) Basic Calculations Basic geometry Expressions and Formulae Calculations in Everyday Contexts Mathematics 2 (Int 1) Integers Speed, distance, time Theorem of Pythagoras Graphs, charts and tables Use of Simple Statistics Mathematics 3 (In 1) Simple algebraic operations Graphical Relationships Trigonometry in a right-angles triangle Standard Form Intermediate 2 Mathematics (Int 2) Percentages Volumes & Solids Linear Relationships Algebraic Operations 1 Circle Properties Mathematics 2 (Int 2) Trigonometry Simultaneous Linear Equations Graphs, Charts, Tables Statistics Mathematics 3 (In 2) Algebraic Operations 2 Quadratic Functions Trigonometry Advanced Higher The grade descriptors for this course emphasise the need for pupils to undertake extended thinking and decision making to solve problems and integrate mathematical knowledge and the use of coursework tasks may be used to practise problem solving. Course content: Mathematics 1 (AH) Factorials and the Binomial Theorem Partial Fractions Differential Calculus Applications of Differential Calculus Integral Calculus Properties of Functions Systems of Equations Mathematics 2 (AH) Proof and Elementary Number Theory Further Differentiation Applications of Differentiation Further Integration Complex Numbers Sequences and Series Mathematics 3 (AH) Matrices Vectors Further Sequences and Series Further Ordinary Differential Equations Further Methods of Proof and Number Theory Aims of the department Mathematics has a central role to play in any educational program, with readily applicable uses in all branches of learning. Basic numeracy with basic literacy is a minimum requirement for any member of today’s modern society. To be conversant in mathematics is more important today than ever before, especially with the advancement of current technology and its applications. Every effort will be made to train every pupil who comes through the department in the basic skills and techniques involved in mathematics. The approach required, the skills and techniques involved and the level of competence expected will, of course, vary according to each year group and ability level. The main aims of the Department are detailed below with the emphasis on age and ability. Aims to teach, revise and consolidate basic mathematical ideas and concepts to encourage layout and working in problems which is legible, orderly and logical. to enable pupils to tackle problem-type questions as well as routine calculations. as far as possible, to enable pupils to develop to a limit of their capabilities in mathematics and to give them the mathematical skills and understanding required for their present needs both in and out of school, and for their future needs in adult life- for employment and for further study and training. to develop an appreciation and enjoyment of mathematics and an awareness of its importance in society and in the development of technology. to contribute to a pupil’s personal development and overall education. The Standard Grade Mathematics courses are designed to build upon and develop the skills already displayed by pupils in the subject. The course followed by each individual pupil is therefore determined by their previous performance in S1/S2. Each course consists of two elements, namely Knowledge and Understanding - learning basic Mathematical techniques and Reasoning and Enquiry - using mathematics for solving problems. The courses differ in content and the following is intended to provide a brief guide to the topics and standards associated with each course. Foundation - Here pupils will concentrate on basic skills which will be useful at home and work including simple statistics. General - Again, basic skills, including statistics, will be strengthened and there is much more about shape and relationships. Trigonometry is introduced and greater emphasis is placed on estimating and accuracy. Credit - This course covers all of the above, studying each topic in greater depth, and extends the use of Algebra and Mathematical Modelling to develop a high degree of skill in the subject. Methodology - In contrast to S1/S2, Teacher Centred Learning is the most frequently used approach to deliver the Standard Grade curriculum. Certain topics lend themselves to computer assisted learning or graphic calculators and these are used as and when required. Homework - Regular homework is an important aspect of Standard Grade Mathematics. Pupils are given completion exercises to do at home as well as formal ink Exercises. Pupils are also expected to read over notes and examples examples given to them in class on a regular basis. Assessment - Continuous assessments is a feature of all Standard Grade courses. Unit tests are undertaken throughout the course. In addition all pupils sit a class test in the November of S3. This is to ensure that all pupils are following the correct course and enable any changes to be made at an early stage. Formal term exams covering the two elements are undertaken in May of S3 and December of S4. Certification - The final SCE award is derived from the mean of the two elements with a weighting of 1:1. Where this calculation results in a mean half way between two grades, the better of the two grades will be awarded. For example, element grades of 2 and 3 for KU and RE respectively will result in an over all grade of 2. Entry: At the discretion of the school but you would normally be expected to have attained Standard Grade Mathematics at Foundation level. Why Mathematics? The aim of this course is to enable you to build on your previous mathematical experience. The courses contains many mathematical techniques which you will find useful in everyday life. In addition, simple adstract mathematical concepts are introduced at this stage. The study of Mathematics provides you with valuable skills and is often very helpful when you are seeking employment. Description of Course The course is made up of three units, two compulsory and one optional. Compulsory Units Mathematics 1 This unit includes calculations in everyday contexts basic geometric properties evaluation of expressions and formulae Mathematics 2 This unit contains both mathematical and statistical topics. Mathematical content includes integers speed, distance and time the Theorem of Pythagoras Statistical content includes the interpretation and construction of graphs, charts and tables the calculation and use of the statistical measures mean, median and mode the probability of a simple outcome Optional Units One unit to be selected Mathematics 3 This unit includes algebraic operations of -evaluation of formulae -manipulation and factorisation of expressions -solution of equations and inequalities drawing straight lines with equations of the form y = ax + b solving right angled triangles by Trigonometry using standard forms. Applications of Mathematics This unit includes social arithmetic the application of mathematics to - logic diagram, scale drawings and nets of solids a statistical assignment requiring the collection and analysis of data and the communication of conclusions. Core Skills Int 1 Problem Solving (Critical Thinking) Int1 Numeracy (Using Graphical Information, Using Number) Type of Assessment There will be a unit assessment at the end of each unit. Each assessment is approximately 45 minutes long and covers minimum competence levels for the unit. Students have to pass these unit assessments and the external exam in order to receive a course award. In addition, an assessment at levels A/B/C will be given at the end of each unit to provide evidence for appeals. Progression Successful completion of this course may lead to: Intermediate 2 in Mathematics (Mathematics is a universal requirement and is thus relevant to all career areas. However, it is particularly important for the following career areas) Training (VQ); Employment in Science & Mathematics Computing & ICT Construction Engineering Garage Services Hairdressing & Beauty Manufacturing Industries Further advice and information on these options is available from your subject teacher, guidance teacher and careers adviser. Entry: While entry is at the discretion of the centre, students would normally be expected to have attained a Standard Grade General award or an A/B pass at Int 1. Purpose The course will provide an experience broadly equivalent in difficulty to Standard Grade Credit Level in terms of algebra, trigonometry and geometry for those students for whom progression to Higher level is appropriate. Description of Course Two mandatory 40 hour units one optional 40 hour unit plus 40 hours flexible time. Mandatory: Mathematics 1 (Int2) 40 hours The content of this unit includes calculations involving percentages, using formulae to find volumes of spheres, cones and prisms, linear relationships in the form of sketches and finding the equations of straight lines, multiplication and factorisation of algebraic expressions, finding the length of an arc and the area of a sector of a circle and solution of problems involving circles. Mathematics 2 (Int2) 40 hours This unit contains both mathematical and statistical content. The mathematics content is further trigonometry using the area of a triangle formula and the Sine and Cosine rules, and simultaneous linear equations. The statistics is an extension of the statistics contained in Mathematics 2 (Int 1) . It includes the use of graphs, charts and tables and the use of simple statistics, such as standard deviation, semi-interquartile range, finding the equation of a regression line and assigning probability to an event. One option selected from: Mathematics 3 (Int 2) 40 hours This unit contains operations on algebraic fractions , surds, indices and change of subject formulae, graphs of quadratic functions and solutions of quadratic equations, and the graphs of trigonometric functions and solutions of trigonometric equations. Applications of Mathematics (Int 2) 40 hours This unit concentrates on social arithmetic, the application of mathematics to logic diagrams and spreadsheets, and the use of formulae in application. The final outcome is a statistical assignment requiring the collection and analysis of data and the communication of conclusions. Type of Assessment There will be a unit assessment at the end of each unit. Each assessment is approximately 45 minutes long and covers minimum competence levels for the unit. Students have to pass these unit assessments and the external exam in order to receive a course award . In addition , an assessments at levels A/B/C will be given at the end of each unit to provide evidence for appeals. Progression Successful completion of this course may lead to: Higher in Mathematics SGA at Intermediate 2 in Science Technology (Mathematics is a universal requirement and is thus relevant to all career areas. However, it is particularly important for the following career areas). Education (NC/VQ); Training (VQ); Employment in Science & Mathematics Computing & ICT Engineering Garage Services Hairdressing & Beauty Manufacturing Industries Entry: While entry is at the discretion of the centre, students would normally be expected to have attained a Standard Grade Credit 1or 2 or an A/B pass at Int 2. Description of course The aim of this course is to build upon and extend students' mathematical learning in the areas of algebra, geometry and trigonometry and to introduce students to elementary calculus. Mathematics1(H), mathematics2(H) and Mathematics 3(H) are progressive units. Two mandatory 40 hour units and one optional 40 hour unit plus 40 hours flexible time. Mathematics1(H) 40 hours This unit includes the gradient and equation of the straight line, sketching and identifying related functions and graphs, composite functions, basic differentiation and recurrence relationships. Mathematics2(H) 40 Hours The content of this unit covers quadratic theory and the Remainder Theorem, basic integration, use of the addition formulae in trigonometry, the equation of a circle and tangency and solution of trigonometric equations. Mathematics3(H) 40 Hours Mathematics 3(H) contains vectors in three dimensions and the scalar product, further differentiation and integration, properties of exponential and logarithmic functions and further trigonometric relationships. Type of Assessment There will be a unit assessment at the end of each unit. Each assessment is approximately 45 minutes long and covers minimum competence levels for the unit. Students have to pass these unit assessments and the external exam in order to receive a course award . In addition , an assessments at levels A/B/C will be given at the end of each unit to provide evidence for appeals. Progression Students may progress to Advanced Higher Mathematics or exit higher or further education, using either the qualification as a general or specific entry requirement for mathematics, engineering, or science HNC/D or degree courses. Entry : While entry is at discretion of the centre, students would normally be expected to have attained an A/B pass at Higher Mathematics. Purpose The aim of this course is to extend further students' mathematical experience in pure mathematics, as well as providing an opportunity to study a branch of applied mathematics. Description of Course Two mandatory 40 hour units and one optional 40 hour unit plus 40 hours flexible time. Mandatory: Mathematics 1(AH) 40 hours Mathematics 2(AH) 40 hours The mandatory units offer students an extension of the 'toolkit' of mathematical knowledge and skills introduced at Higher level. Content includes the binomial expansion, further differentiation and integration, curve sketching, matrix techniques to solve systems of equations, complex numbers, sequences and series, and elementary number theory. One option from: Statistics 1(AH) 40 hours The content of this unit is probability distributions, sampling methods, z-tests and analysis of the relationship between two variables. The final outcome takes the form of statistical assignment. Mechanics 1 (AH) 40 hours This unit covers motion in a straight line, projectiles, position, velocity and acceleration vectors including relative motion and linear motion involving force, momentum, impulse and friction. Numerical Analysis 1 (AH) 40 hours This unit contains work on Taylor polynomials, interpolation of data, numerical integration and solutions of problems by numerical methods. A report also has to be written on completion of a course work task. Mathematics 3 (AH) 40 hours The contents of this unit will be progression from Mathematics 1(AH) and 2 (AH) and covers vectors in three dimension, matrix algebra, ordinary differential equations, further number theory and methods of proof. Type of Assessment There will be a unit assessment at the end of each unit. Each assessment is approximately 45 minutes long and covers minimum competence levels for the unit. Students have to pass these unit assessments and the external exam in order to receive a course award . In addition , an assessments at levels A/B/C will be given at the end of each unit to provide evidence for appeals. Progression Successful completion of this course may lead to: Education (HNC/HND/Degree); Employment in Science & Mathematics Computing & ICT Construction Engineering Finance Health & Medicine Manufacturing Industries Transport & Distribution Further advice and information on these options is available from your subject teacher, guidance teacher and careers adviser. S1/2 We follow the City of Edinburgh Maths Planners (used by all primary and secondary schools in the city) to deliver the 5-14 curriculum. We liaise closely with our feeder primaries to ensure a smooth transition from P7 to S1. This allows us to set our S1 pupils in August. As always with setting, movement between the classes is possible and happens often. Our aim is that most pupils achieve level E by the end of S2. Many of our pupils manage to exceed this target by passing level F in S2. S3/4 Our upper sets in S3/4 follow the Credit/General course at Standard Grade. Regular feedback on progress is given using end-of-unit assessments. Students gain exam experience in their S3 exam and S4 prelim. The lower sets follow the Standard Grade Foundation course in S3 and go onto Intermediate 1 (equivalent of Standard Grade General) in S4. These pupils sit their SQA Standard Grade Foundation exam at the end of S3. S5/6 Pupils have the choice of 3 Higher Still courses in S5/6 – depending upon their results in S4 SQA exams. Intermediate 2 The entrance requirement for Intermediate 2 is a grade 3 at standard grade. Intermediate 2 allows pupils to gain the equivalent qualification to Standard Grade Credit, either as a preparation for Higher in S6 or for entry into further education. Intermediate 2 maths is examined in 2 papers in May (one calculator and one non-calculator). There is no coursework element in Higher maths. Higher The entrance requirement for Higher is either a grade 1 or 2 at Standard Grade. Higher maths extends pupils’ knowledge of trigonometry, algebra, and straight line and introduces the concepts of calculus, logs and exponentials. It is an excellent preparation for any science-based degree. Higher maths is examined in 2 papers in May (one calculator and one non-calculator). There is no coursework element in Higher maths. Advanced Higher The entrance requirement for Advanced Higher is either a grade A or B at Higher. Advanced Higher maths furthers pupils’ knowledge of calculus and introduces the topics of matrices, sequences and series, complex numbers and proof. Advanced Higher maths is examined in a 3-hour calculator paper in May. There is no coursework for this subject. This course is an excellent preparation for a science-based degree at university.