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Table of Contents Preface Andrew R. Marks Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. x-ix xiv PART 1 – CELL DEATH 1 Pharmacological manipulation of cell death: clinical applications in sight? Guido Kroemer and Douglas Green Center for National Scientific Research, Villejif Cedex, France. 2 Pharmacological manipulation of Bcl-2 family members to control cell death Anthony G. Letai Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. 3 Caspases: Pharmacological manipulation of cell death Inna N. Lavrik, Alexander Golks, and Peter H. Krammer German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. 4 IKK/NF-B signaling: balancing life and death– a new approach to cancer therapy Jun-Li Luo, Hideaki Kamata, and Michael Karin University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. 5 Reawakening the cellular death program in neoplasia through therapeutic blockade of IAP function Casey W. Wright and Colin Duckett University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 6 The survival kinases Akt and Pim as potential pharmacologic targets Ravi Amaravadi and Craig Thompson University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 7 Mitochondria: pharmacological manipulation of cell death Lisa Bouchier-Hayes, Lydia Lartigue, and Donald Newmeyer La Jolla Institute for Allergies and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA. 8 Death versus survival: functional interaction between the apoptotic and stress-inducible heat shock protein pathways Helen M. Beere La Jolla Institute for Allergies and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA. 9 Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict? Beth Levine and Junying Yuan University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. 10 Endoplasmic reticulum stress: cell life and death decisions Chunyan Xu, Beatrice Bailly-Maitre, and John Reed The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. PART 2 – ONCOLOGY 11 Dysregulation of Met receptor tyrosine kinase activity in invasive tumors Alla Danilkovitch-Miagkova and Berton Zbar National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 1 12 Integrins in invasive growth Cord Brakebusch, Daniel Bouvard, Fabio Stanchi, Takao Sakai, and Reinhard Fässler Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 13 Stat proteins and oncogenesis Jacqueline Bromberg Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA. 14 The cadherin-catenin adhesion system in signaling and cancer Maralice Conacci-Sorrell, Jacob Zhurinsky, and Avri Ben-Ze’ev Weismann Institute, Rehovot, Israel. 15 Do tumor-suppressive mechanisms contribute to organism aging by inducing stem cell senescence? Pier Giuseppe Pelicci European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. 16 When cells get stressed: an integrative view of cellular senescence Ittai Ben-Porath and Robert A. Weinberg The Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. 17 Telomeres, stem cells, senescence, and cancer Norman E. Sharpless and Ronald A. DePinho Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 18 Bmi1, stem cells, and senescence regulation In-Kyung Park, Sean J. Morrison, and Michael F. Clarke University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 19 Cellular senescence in cancer treatment: friend or foe? Pascal Kahlem, Bernd Dörken, and Clemens A. Schmitt Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. 20 Mechanisms for pituitary tumorigenesis: the plastic pituitary Shlomo Melmed Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. 21 Melanoma genetics and the development of rational therapeutics Yakov Chudnovsky, Paul A. Khavari, and Amy E. Adams Stanford University School of medicine, Stanford, California, USA. 22 Immunopathogenesis and therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma Ellen J. Kim, Stephen Hess, Stephen K. Richardson, Sara Newton, Bernice M. Benoit, Ravi Ubriani, Carmela C. Vittorio, Jacqueline M. Junkins-Hopkins, Maria Wysocka, Alain H. Rook 23 Cancer vaccines: progress reveals new complexities Zhiya Yu and Nicholas P. Restifo National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. PART 3 – IMMUNE SYSTEM and IMMUNE-MEDIATED INJURY 24 IFNs and STATs in innate immunity to microorganisms Thomas Decker, Silvia Stockinger, Marina Karaghiosoff, Mathias Müller, and Pavel Kovarik Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria. 25 Molecular aspects of primary immunodeficiencies: lessons from cytokine and 2 other signaling pathways Fabio Candotti, Luigi Notarangelo, Roberta Visconti, and John O’Shea National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 26 An integrated view of suppressor T cell subsets in immunoregulation Hong Jiang and Leonard Chess Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 27 CD4+ Tregs and immune control Zoltán Fehérvari and Shimon Sakaguchi Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 28 Tregs and allergic disease Douglas S. Robinson, Mark Larché, and Stephen R. Durham Imperial College, London, Great Britain. 29 Tregs and transplantation tolerance Patrick T. Walsh, Devon K. Taylor, and Laurence A. Turka University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 30 C-reactive protein: a critical update Mark Pepys and Gideon Hirschfield Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom. 31 New insights into atopic dermatitis Donald Y.M. Leung, Mark Boguniewicz, Michael D. Howell, Ichiro Nomura, and Qutayba A. Hamid National Jewish Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. 32 Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities Brian J. Nickoloff and Frank O. Nestle Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA. University of Zurich Medical School, Zurich, Switzerland. 33 Exploiting dendritic cells to improve vaccine efficacy Ralph M. Steinman and Melissa Pope Rockefeller University, New York, USA. PART 4 – INFECTIOUS DISEASES Clinical Syndromes 34 The enigma of sepsis Niels C. Riedemann, Ren-Feng Guo, and Peter A. Ward University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Gram-positive bacteria in health and disease 35 Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus Franklin D. Lowy Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 36 Bacterial infectious disease control by vaccine development Roy Curtiss, III Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA 3 37 . Development of an improved vaccine for anthrax Stephen H. Leppla, John B. Robbins, Rachel Schneerson, and Joseph Shiloach National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gram-negative bacteria in health and disease 38 Helicobacter pylori persistence: biology and disease Martin J. Blaser and John C. Atherton New York University Medical Center, New York, USA. 39 The emergence of Lyme disease Allen C. Steere, Jenifer Coburn, and Lisa Glickstein Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Bacterial communication 40 The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections William Costerton, Richard Veeh, Mark Shirtliff, Mark Pasmore, Christopher Post, and Garth Ehrlich Montana State University, Montana, USA. 41 Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus infections Jeremy M. Yarwood and Patrick M. Schlievert University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 42 Quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Streptococcal infections Dennis G. Cvitkovitch, Yung-Hua Li, and Richard P. Ellen University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 43 Pharmacological inhibition of quorum sensing for the treatment of chronic bacterial infections Morten Hentzer and Michael Givskov Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. 44 Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing as a potential antimicrobial target 20364 Roger S. Smith and Barbara H. Iglewski University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA. Protozoal Infections 45 Antimalarial drug resistance Nicholas J. White Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Parasitic infections 46 Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges Peter G.E. Kennedy University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland. PART 5 –VIRAL DISEASES 4 47 SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy Kathryn Holmes University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. 48 Acute HIV revisited: new opportunities for treatment and prevention Christopher D. Pilcher, Joseph J. Eron Jr., Shannon Galvin, Cynthia Gay, and Myron S. Cohen University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. 49 Strategies for an HIV vaccine Norman L. Letvin Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 50 Dengue: defining protective versus pathologic immunity Alan L. Rothman University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts USA. 51 West Nile virus: a growing concern? L. Hannah Gould and Erol Fikrig Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. 52 Progress on new vaccine strategies against chronic viral infections Jay A. Berzkofsky, Jeffrey D. Ahlers, John Janik, John Morris, SangKon Oh, Masaki Terabe, and Igor M. Belyakov National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 53 Parainfluenza virus entry into cells as a target for interrupting childhood respiratory disease Anne Moscona Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA. 54 Influenza vaccines: present and future Peter Palese and Adolfo García-Sastre Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA. 55 Live-attenuated virus vaccines for respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses: applications of reverse genetics Brian R. Murphy and Peter L. Collins National Institute for Allergy and Infectious diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 56 Herpes simplex viruses: is a vaccine tenable? Richard J. Whitley and Bernard Roizman University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 57 Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. PART 6 – RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 58 Disorders of lung matrix remodeling Harold A. Chapman University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. 5 59 New insights into the pathogenesis of asthma Jack A. Elias, Chun Geun Lee, Tao Zheng, Bing Ma, Robert J. Homer, and Zhou Zhu Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. 60 JAK-STAT signaling in asthma Alessandra B. Pernis and Paul B. Rothman Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 61 Rescuing protein conformation: prospects for pharmacological therapy in cystic fibrosis Marina S. Gelman and Ron R. Kopito Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA. 62 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis Raghu Kalluri and Eric G. Neilson Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. PART 7 – CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 63 Oxygen, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and heart failure Frank J. Giordano Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. 64 NO/redox disequilibrium in the failing heart and cardiovascular system Joshua M. Hare and Jonathan S. Stamler Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. 65 Genetic causes of human heart failure Hiroyuki Morita, Jonathan Seidman, and Christine E. Seidman Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 66 Protein kinase cascade in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy Gerald W. Dorn II and Thomas Force University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 67 Toward transcriptional therapies for the failing heart: chemical screens to modulate genes Timothy A. McKinsey and Eric N. Olson University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. 68 Mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: a question of balance Janice M. Huss and Daniel P. Kelly Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. 69 Death begets heart failure Roger S.-Y. Foo, Kartik Mani, and Richard N. Kitsis Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA. 70 Unchain my heart: the scientific foundations of cardiac repair Stefanie Dimmeler, Andreas M. Zeiher, and Michael D. Schneider University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. 71 Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities 6 Garret A. Fitzgerald University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 72 Sex is a potent modifier of the cardiovascular system Leslie Leinwand University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Vascular Diseases 73 Cholesterol in health and disease Ira Tabas Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 74 Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease Kai Simons and Robert Ehehalt Max Planck Instittue of Molecular medicine, Dresden, Germany. 75 Malformation syndromes due to inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis Forbes D. Porter National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 76 Intracellular cholesterol transport Frederick R. Maxfield and Daniel Wüstner Cornel University Medical College, New York, USA. 77 Regulation and mechanisms of macrophage cholesterol efflux Alan R. Tall, Philippe Costet, and Nan Wang Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 78 Consequences of cellular cholesterol accumulation: basic concepts and physiological implications Ira Tabas Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 79 Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment Daniel J. Rader, Jonathan Cohen, and Helen H. Hobbs University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. 80 Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins James K. Liao Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Disorders of rhythm 81 The channelopathies: novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of human disease Robert Kass Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 82 Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death Michael Rubart and Douglas P. Zipes Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. 7 83 Long QT syndrome: from channels to cardiac arrhythmias Arthur J. Moss and Robert Kass University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA. 84 Genetics of acquired long QT syndrome Dan M. Roden Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 85 Muscle channelopathies and critical points in functional and genetic studies Karin Jurkat-Rott and Frank Lehmann-Horn Ulm University, Ulm, Germany 86 Inherited disorders of voltage-gated sodium channels Alfred L. George, Jr. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 87 Cardiac and skeletal muscle disorders caused by mutations in the intracellular Ca2+-release channels Silvia G. Priori and Carlo Napolitano University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 88 Chloride channel diseases resulting from impaired transepithelial transport or vesicular function Thomas J. Jentsch, Tanja Maritzen, and Anselm A. Zdebik PART 8 – HEMATOLOGY 89 Megakaryocyte biology and related disorders Liyan Pang, Mitchell J. Weiss, and Mortimer Poncz Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 90 The molecular mechanisms that control thrombopoiesis Kenneth Kaushansky University of California, San Diego, California, USA. 91 Thrombus formation in vivo Bruce Furie and Barbara C. Furie Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 92 Platelet genomics and proteomics in human health and disease Ian C. Macauley, Philippa Carr, Arief Gusnanto, Willem H. Ouwehand, Des Fitzgerald, and Nicholas A. Watkins University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 93 The biogenesis of platelets from megakaryocyte proplatelets Sunita R. Patel, John H. Hartwig, and Joseph Italiano Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. 94 Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis Meinrad Gawaz, harald Langer, and Andreas E. May Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany. 8 95 Structure and function of the platelet integrin IIb3 Joel S. Bennett University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. 96 Minding the gaps to promote thrombus growth and stability Lawrence F. Brass, Li Zhu, and Timothy J. Stalker University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 97 Untying the Gordian knot: policies, practices, and ethical issues related to banking of umbilical cord blood Joanne Kurtzberg Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. PART 9 – GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 98 Intestinal ion transport and the pathophysiology of diarrhea Michael Field Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 99 Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury Jeffrey D. Browning and Jay D. Horton University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. 100 Liver fibrosis Ramón Bataller and David A. Brenner Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 101 SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver Jay D. Horton, Joseph L. Goldstein, and Michael S. Brown University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. PART 10 – ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 102 Genetic epidemiology of diabetes M. Alan. Permutt, Jonathan Wasson, and Nancy Cox Washington University. St. Louis, USA. 103 ATP-sensitive potassium channelopathies: focus on insulin secretion Frances M. Ashcroft University of Oxford, Oxford, Great Britain. 104 Gestational diabetes mellitus Thomas A. Buchanan and Anny H. Xiang University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. 105 Regeneration of the pancreatic cell Massimo Trucco University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 106 Challenges facing islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus Kristina I. Rother and David M. Harlan National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 9 107 How does blood glucose control with insulin save lives in intensive care? Greet Van den Berghe Katholieke University Lueven, Belgium. 108 Thyrotropin receptor–associated diseases: from adenomata to Graves’ disease Terry F. Davies, Takao Ando, Reigh-Yi Lin, Yaron Tomer and Rauf Latif Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA. 109 Inflammation, stress, and diabetes Kathryn E. Wellen and Gökhan S. Hotamisligil Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 110 Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome Takashi Kadowaki, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Naoto Kubota, Kazuo Hara, Kohjiro Ueki, and Kazuyuki Tobe University of Tokyo and National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. 111 The role of cholesterol efflux in regulating the fertilization potential of mammalian spermatozoa Alexander J. Travis and Gregory S. Kopf Wyeth, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 112 Trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and formation of the maternal-fetal interface Susan Fisher University of Califronia, San Francisco, California, USA. PART 11 – KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT 113 Acute renal failure: definitions, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy R.W. Schrier, W. Wang, B. Poole, and A. Mitra University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA. 114 Kidney stone disease Fredric L. Coe, Andrew Evan, and Elaine Worcester University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 115 Salt handling and hypertension Kevin M. O’Shaughnessy and Fiona E. Karet Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Cambridge, England, Great Britain. PART 12 – BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM 116 Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects Lawrence G. Raisz University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA. 117 Paget disease of bone G. David Roodman and Jolene J. Windle University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 10 118 Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: an inflammatory tale M. Neale Weitzmann and Roberto Pacifici Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 119 Regulation of bone mass by Wnt signaling Venkatesh Krishnan, Henry U. Bryant, and Ormond A. MacDougald Lily Research laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Univeristy of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. PART 13 – NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS 120 VEGF: A critical player in neurodegeneration Erik Strorkebaum and Peter Carmeliet Katholieke University Lueven, Belgium. 121 Neurogenesis and brain injury: managing a renewable source for repair Daniel Peterson Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA. 122 Oxidative stress, cell cycle, and neurodegeneration Jeffrey A. Klein and Susan L. Ackerman The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA. 123 Neuronal degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction Eric A. Schon and Giovanni Manfredi Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 124 The role of cerebral A accumulation in common forms of Alzheimer disease Sam Gandy Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 125 Alzheimer disease therapy: Can the amyloid cascade be halted? Todd E. Golde Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. 126 Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: molecules to medicine Joseph M. Savitt, Valina L. Dawson, and Ted M. Dawson Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 127 Huntingtin in health and disease Anne B. Young Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 128 Programmed cell death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Christelle Guégan and Serge Przedborski Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 129 Multiple sclerosis David A. Hafler Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 130 Progress and problems in the biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics of prion diseases Adriano Aguzzi University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 11 131 The genetic epidemiology of neurodegenerative disease Lars Bertrum and Rudolf Tanzi Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA. 132 Sodium channels in epilepsy and other neurological disorders Miriam Meislerand Jennifer Kearney University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 133 Finding schizophrenia genes George Kirov, Michael O’Donovan, and Michael Owen University of Wales, Cardiff, Great Britain. 134 The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies Nora D. Volkow, Joanna S. Fowler, and Gene-Jack Wang Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA. PART 14 – GENETICS AND DISEASE 135 Mapping the new frontier – complex genetic disorders Richard Mayeux Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 136 Mapping quantitative trait loci in humans: achievements and limitations Partha Majumder and Saurabh Ghosh Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. 137 Linkage disequilibrium maps and association mapping Newtown Morton University of Southampton, Southampton, Great Britain. 138 Genetic counselors: translating genomic science into clinical practice Robin L. Bennett, Heather L. Hampel, Jessica B. Mandell, and Joan H. Marks University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 139 Genetic counseling throughout the life cycle Leslie J. Ciarleglio, Robin L. Bennett, Jennifer Williamson, Jessica B. Mandell, and Joan H. Marks University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 140 Payment of clinical research subjects Christine Grady Clinical Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 141 Embryonic death and the creation of human embryonic stem cells Donald W. Landry and Howard A. Zucker Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA 142 Stem cells: science, policy, and ethics Gerald D. Fischbach and Ruth L. Fischbach Columbia University Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 12 13
