fenix
‘… a step towards the future of
electricity networks’
Contract Nº: SES6 - 518272
FENIX Deliverable 4.1:
Laboratory Demonstrations
DRAFT 1 for Specification
Abstract and purpose of the document
This document describes the demonstations of the FENIX concepts and the project’s developments in four distinct parts dedicated to the laboratories at ISET, IDEA, LABEIN and IMPERIAL.
Each part describes the laboratory environment, the integration of the FENIX architecture, and
the demonstrations of the FENIX concept.
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fenix
‘… a step towards the future of
electricity networks’
Contract Nº: SES6 - 518272
FENIX Deliverable 4.1:
Laboratory Demonstrations
DRAFT 1 for Specification
PART A: ISET
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Document type: Deliverable 4.1
Main authors: Martin Braun (ISET)
Company: ISET e.V.
Address: Königstor 59
34119 Kassel (GERMANY)
Telephone: +49 561 7294 118
Fax: +49 561 7294 400
Email: mbraun@iset.uni-kassel.de
Further Authors:
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Document information
Document ID: Task 3.1_2008-02-29_Deliverable D4.1_Specifications
Date: 29/02/2008
Issued by: ISET
Work Package / task: WP 4 / Task 4.1
Status: S4: Draft
Dissemination level: CO – Consortium Only
Distribution: FENIX Partners
Document history
Version
Date
Modification
Author
1 29/02/2008
First Draft Version (for specifications)
Martin Braun
Approvals
Name
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Company
Date
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 5
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 8
2 DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE: DEMOTEC ............................ 9
2.1
Description of DER units in DeMoTec .......................................................... 12
2.1.1
200 kVA Biodiesel Genset .......................................................................... 12
2.1.2
20 kVA Variable Speed Genset .................................................................. 15
2.1.3
80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator ...................................................................... 18
2.1.4
100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter and PV Simulator ............................... 19
2.1.5
15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (SG or IG) ............................................... 21
2.1.6
PV-Battery-Diesel-System ......................................................................... 24
2.1.6.1
2.1.6.2
2.1.6.3
2.2
2.3
2.1.7
Mobile 11.55 kVA Loads ............................................................................ 28
2.1.8
Mobile Ohmic Load 210 kW ....................................................................... 28
2.1.9
Workshop ................................................................................................ 28
Description of Network Elements in DeMoTec ............................................ 29
2.2.1
Crossbar Switch Cabinet ........................................................................... 30
2.2.2
10 kV / 1.6-25 km Hardware Grid Simulator ............................................... 32
2.2.3
LV Hardware Cable / Overline Simulator .................................................... 36
ICT infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition .................... 38
2.3.1
ICT infrastructure ..................................................................................... 38
2.3.1.1
2.3.1.2
2.3.1.3
2.3.1.4
2.3.2
2.3.2.4
2.3.3
Local Area Network ............................................................................. 38
Interbus S .......................................................................................... 40
LON Bus ............................................................................................. 40
PROFIBUS .......................................................................................... 40
Data Acquisition ....................................................................................... 41
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.2.3
Central Data Acquisition ....................................................................... 41
Measurements Provided by the Generators ............................................ 42
Mobile Measurements, Power Quality Measurements and Transient
Recording ........................................................................................... 42
Comparison of Different Measurement Devices ...................................... 43
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) .................................................................. 44
2.3.3.1
2.3.3.2
2.3.3.3
2.3.3.4
2.3.3.5
2.3.3.6
2.3.3.7
2.3.3.8
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Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 4500) ............................................. 24
Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 5048) ............................................. 27
Diesel Aggregate ................................................................................. 27
RTU of the 80 kVA SG ......................................................................... 45
RTU of the 15 kVA SG ......................................................................... 46
RTU of the 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate .................................................. 46
Proprietary Protocol via RS232 to control the 100 kVA Multi-PV ............... 46
Modbus via RS 232 to control the 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset .................... 47
TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Load Cabinets ................................... 47
TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Workshop ......................................... 47
XML-RPC via Ethernet to control 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset .............. 51
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2.3.3.9
2.3.4
XML-RPC via Ethernet to control Sunny Islands ...................................... 53
SCADA System ......................................................................................... 55
3 INTEGRATION OF FENIX CONCEPT IN DEMOTEC ................................................. 56
3.1
Integration of FENIX Box ............................................................................ 56
3.2
Integration of DEMS .................................................................................... 57
4 LABORATORY TESTS & DEMONSTRATIONS ......................................................... 58
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Step Response Tests of Active and Reactive Power Control ....................... 58
4.1.1
Test Set Up ............................................................................................. 58
4.1.2
Results of Physical Tests .......................................................................... 58
4.1.3
Software Simulation ................................................................................. 59
Determination of Loading Capability Charts ............................................... 59
4.2.1
Test Set Up ............................................................................................. 60
4.2.2
Results of Physical Tests .......................................................................... 60
4.2.3
Software Simulation ................................................................................. 60
Day-Ahead Market Participation (Active Power Control) ............................ 60
4.3.1
Test Set Up ............................................................................................. 62
4.3.2
Software Simulation ................................................................................. 63
4.3.3
Results of Physical Demonstration ............................................................. 63
Frequency Control (Active Power Control) .................................................. 63
4.4.1
Test Set Up ............................................................................................. 64
4.4.2
Software Simulation ................................................................................. 65
4.4.3
Results of Physical Demonstration ............................................................. 65
Reactive Power Supply (Reactive Power Control) ...................................... 65
4.5.1
Test Set Up ............................................................................................. 67
4.5.2
Software Simulation ................................................................................. 68
4.5.3
Results of Physical Demonstration ............................................................. 68
Voltage Control (Active and Reactive Power Control) ................................ 68
4.6.1
Test Set Up ............................................................................................. 69
4.6.2
Software Simulation ................................................................................. 69
4.6.3
Results of Physical Demonstration ............................................................. 69
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 70
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... 71
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1
INTRODUCTION
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2
DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE: DEMOTEC
The Design-Centre for Modular Supply Technology (DeMoTec) of ISET and the University of
Kassel (see Figure 2-1) was built up as a laboratory with the main objective of studying DER
units and their distribution network integration. Most of the hardware components were funded
from the German government within national projects. The infrastructure was extensively used
in many European projects such as DISPOWER, MICROGRIDS, MOREMICROGRIDS, DERlab and
DGFACTS.
Figure 2-1: View into the Design-Centre for Modular Supply Technology (DeMoTec)
Conventional generators as well as new generating technologies have been set up. This laboratory environment enables tests concerning DG grid integration focussing on grid control, local
generator control, power and communication interfaces. A primary role of the hardware environment is to assure the performance and safety of DG equipment and to help to develop
standards. Moreover, the laboratory grid environment will support the exploitation of the projects results by serving as a demonstration and training facility.
DeMoTec comprises different Distributed Energy Resources (DER) units. A schematic overview
is given in Figure 2-2 (status: December 2007). The following components are available:
1. 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset
2. 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset
3. 5.3 kWel Rape-oil CHP
4. 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator
5. Load Terminal
6. Crossbar Switch Cabinet
7. 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter and PV Simulator (and optional Battery)
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
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15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (SG or IG)
PV-Battery-System
5 kVA WEC Simulator
PV-Battery-Diesel-System
10 kV / 1-30 km Hardware Grid Simulator
90 kVA Hardware Grid Simulator (in planning)
Mobile Inductive Load
Mobile Capacitive Load
Mobile Ohmic Load 210 kW
LV Hardware Cable / Overline Simulator
Mobile Ohmic Load 3 x 4 kW
Control and Visualisation Unit
CHP Unit Terminal
1.2 kWel CHP Steam Engine
1.0 kWel CHP Stirling Engine
Heat Storage
Household Simulators
Water tank / Desinfection unit / Model Workshop
PV-Battery System
Virtual Battery
Battery Bank / Inverter
Photovoltaic Facade
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Figure 2-2: Schematic Overview of the DeMoTec Lab Infrastructure
The DeMoTec infrastructure allows a variety of different grid configurations which can be tested
in the laboratory environment. The listed components can be connected via the Cross Bar
Switch Cabinet at various combinations on low voltage level to the mains via a 175 kVA transformer or forming an island grid. They can be connected to the 10 kV MV network via three
100 kVA and one 250 kVA transformer (see Figure 2-3). This 10 kV network is connected to the
mains via a 400 kVA transformer. Moreover, it is possible to simulate lines between the components via LV hardware network simulator or the MV hardware network simulator. The Cross Bar
Switch Cabinet allows configuring three different grids in parallel as all components are connected radially and can be connected internally on three different cross bars.
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Figure 2-3: Grid Configurations at Medium Voltage Level
The control of the connection of the components to the grid, data acquisition, and visualisation
is managed by professional software for visualisation and industrial process control. The communication needed for this purpose is done via an Interbus-S control line. Extra space is available to integrate custom devices on request. In order to enable a common control of the generators and to enable a monitoring of the operating states of the system, a SCADA system for the
laboratory network was developed and implemented. XML-RPC was selected as communication
protocol between the generators. The communication is done via a separate Ethernet communication line.
2.1
Description of DER units in DeMoTec
In the lab demonstrations for FENIX some selected DeMoTec components will be used. They
are described in the following subchapters with regard to their characteristics and control capabilities.
2.1.1 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset
The 2007 installed 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset enhances the capabilities of DeMoTec considerably. This type of emergency genset provides 5 different operational modes. These are
1. emergency power with fixed frequency:
-
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genset starts automatically after outage
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-
provides emergency power
-
resynchronizes with network after restoration
-
disconnection and shut-down
2. grid-tied operation
-
starts automatically with command
-
synchronizes with network
-
sets target value of active power and power factor (ramp of 40 s to full load)
3. grid-tied operation with island grid (the rated values of the island grid have to be fulfilled)
4. grid-forming (fixed frequency)
5. grid-forming (droop mode)
Figure 2-4: 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset (Picture)
Set:
Manufacturer:
POLYMA
Model:
KA 06 0200 5 C 62 T
Type of Connection:
3-phase
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz or 60 Hz
Rated Voltage:
400 or 240 V
Rated Current:
289 A
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Rated Power
200 kVA, 160 KW
Rated Cos(phi)
0.8
48.75-52.75 Hz (at 50 Hz)
Frequency Range
Control time constant of ramp: 13 s (from 48.75 to 52.75 Hz)
Droop can be defined with SYMAP control
378-418 V (at 400 V)
Voltage Range
Control time constant of ramp: 13 s (from 378 to 418 V)
Droop can be defined with SYMAP control
Motor:
Manufacturer:
KHD
Model:
BF6M 1013 FC
Type:
Biodiesel/Diesel engine (an also be operated with vetetable oil)
Rated Power:
183 kW (at 50 Hz), 204 kW (at 60 Hz)
limited active power (< 500 h/a): 201 kW (50 Hz), 225 kW (60
Hz)
Rated Speed:
1500 rpm
Generator:
Manufacturer:
MARELLI MOTORI
Model:
Type:
MJB 250 LA4
Rated Voltage:
400 V or 240 V
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz or 60 Hz
Rated Current:
303 A
Rated Power
220 kVA, 176 kW (at 400 V)
270 kVA, 216 kW (at 240 V)
Rated cos(phi)
0.8
Model:
M8B 160 SB4
Type of Connection:
3-phase, YN
at 400 V and 50 Hz:
Synchronous Reactance Xd
305%
Synchronous Reactance Xq
150%
Transient Reactance Xd’
24%
Subtransient Reactance Xd’’
11.3%
Subtransient Reactance Xq’’
12.6%
Negative Sequence Reactance X2
12%
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Zero Sequence Reactance X0
2.4%
Open Circuit Time Constant Tdo
1s
Transient Time Constant Td’
0.095 s
Subtransient Time Constant Td’’
0.011 s
Armature Time Constant Ta
0.013
Efficiency at 50% load (PF = 1):
95%
Efficiency at 75% load (PF = 1):
94.9%
Efficiency at 100% load (PF = 1):
94.6%
Torque of inertia:
1.89 kg m²
Short-Circuit-Ratio
0.4
3-phase short-circuit current
>=300%
Voltag e regulation accuracy
+/- 0.5%
Overload:
10% for one hour
Phase resistance:
0.021 Ohm
Table 2-1: 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset (Data)
2.1.2 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset
Diesel gensets belong to the central components in many hybrid power supply systems. The
constraints on their environmental characteristics are gradually increased with the European
emission limit values (noise, exhaust and particle emission). An option for complying to these
requirements is the adaptation of the diesel engine’s rotational speed to the power requirements.
In close cooperation, the companies SMA Regelsysteme GmbH and Kirsch GmbH have developed a speed variable diesel genset which consists of a 30 kW diesel motor (1100 – 3000 rpm),
a 20 kVA Permanently Excited Synchronous (PEM) generator and a three-phase inverter (see
Figure 2-5, Figure 2-6 and Table 2-2). The power output from the PEM generator feeds a static
inverter, which builds a standard three-phase grid of 400 V and 50 Hz. This generator set is not
a commercial product. It was developed for laboratory research.
The expected advantages are in particular in the partial load range. In comparison to standard
units with a fixed speed, the speed variable operation has several advantages during partial
load:
 lower fuel consumption
 lower sound emission
 lower exhaust gas emissions
 less wear out resulting in an increased lifetime
These advantages result in lower operating cost.
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Figure 2-5: 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset (Picture)
Set:
Manufacturer:
KIRSCH
Model:
D10-20 DDPME (this set is not a commercial product)
Motor:
Manufacturer:
Deutz
Model:
F3M 1011 F
Type:
Diesel engine
Rated Power:
30 kW
Rated Speed:
2450 rpm
Usable Speed Range:
1100 – 3000 rpm
(limited to a maximum of 2200 rpm by the controller)
Generator:
Manufacturer:
Kirsch GmbH
Model:
Type:
PME 250/2
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Permanently excited synchronous generator with 12 poles, water
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cooling
Type of Connection:
3-phase
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz
Rated Voltage:
400 V
Converter:
Manufacturer:
SMA
Type:
Static Converter (rectifier + inverter)
Type of Connection:
3-phase
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz
Rated Power:
22 kVA / 17.6 kW
Rated Voltage:
400 V
Rated Current:
32 A
Control Mode:
Grid-forming (droop mode), grid-tied (PQ control)
Overload:
10 % for 1 hour
Maximal Power:
35.2 kW / 44 kVA for 20 seconds
Unbalanced Load:
1/3 rated power per phase
Table 2-2: 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset (Data)
Figure 2-6: Layout of the 20 kVA Speed Variable Generator Set [DISPOWER Deliverable 6.1b]
The diesel motor rotational speed is controlled by the inverter to achieve the best compromise
between available reserve power and motor efficiency. A higher rotational speed allows more
reserve power but reduces the motor’s efficiency.
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The theoretical function power (P) versus rotational speed (n) has the following values:
For P < Pmin:
n = nmin
For Pmin < P < Pmax:
n = nmin + (nmax-nmin)/(Pmax-Pmin)*(P-Pmin)
For P > Pmax:
n = nmax
2.1.3 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator
For testing generators and loads, a configurable electrical grid is a basic necessity. The available
public supply grid cannot always be used since it does not allow specific requirements for the
frequency or the grid reactions. In order to simulate an electric grid a motor-generator set has
been built up. The simulator is forming the grid with the help of an 80 kVA synchronous generator, which is powered by a speed-variable rectifier-supplied DC motor. Thus, different frequencies are adjustable. It is suitable for a nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 60 Hz. In the case of
feeding power into this grid, a four-quadrant static inverter transfers the back power to the
public grid. Alternatively, an induction generator with a compensation unit is available to be
mounted instead of the synchronous generator. The Grid Simulator is displayed in Figure 2-7:
80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator (Picture). Table 2-3 lists the technical data of the Grid Simulator. A
flywheel emulates the system’s inertia.
In addition to grid-forming also grid-tied operation is possible. Active and reactive power values
can be set. This enables emulating generating units such as wind turbines (with induction generator) or CHP plants (with synchronous generator).
Figure 2-7: 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator (Picture)
Set:
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Manufacturer:
Siemens
Motor:
Manufacturer:
Baumüller
Model:
GNA 200 MV
Type:
DC motor
Rated Power:
97 kW
Rated Current:
267 A
Rated Speed:
1800 rpm
Maximum Speed:
4100 rpm
Efficiency at 100% load:
90 %
Synchronous Generator:
Manufacturer:
Siemens
Model:
1 FC 6226 – LA 40 Z
Type:
Self-excited synchronous generator
Type of Connection:
3-phase
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz
Rated Power:
80 kVA
Rated Voltage:
400 V
Rated Current:
116 A
Power Factor:
0.8
Number of Pole Pairs:
2
Rated Speed:
1500 rpm
Power Factor Controller (compensation unit):
Manufacturer:
ABB
Model:
CLMW-400/50-5x10-L070
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz Hz
Rated Power:
5 x 10 kVAr
Rated Voltage:
400 V
Table 2-3: 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator (Data)
2.1.4 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter and PV Simulator
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This inverter has an apparent power of 100 kVA and is fed at the DC link either by battery or by
DC current source (PV simulator). Compared to state-of-the-art PV inverters an additional storage and a decoupling inductor are installed which enhances the possible functionalities of the
PV inverter significantly (see Figure 2-8). Figure 2-9 shows the laboratory sample of the MultiPV inverter.
service switch
dSPACE
DS 1401
MicroAutoBox
bypass
PV array
fast circuit-breaker
=
~
decoupling
inductor
Load
Load
public
grid
Load
Load
inverter
Battery
local sub-grid
industrial load
with
additional services
industrial loads
without
additional services
Figure 2-8: 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter (System Structure)
A rapid-control-prototyping system is used to control the inverter. This so-called DS 1401 MircoAutoBox (MABx) from dSPACE allows to develop the control and the operating control with
the software tools Matlab, Simulink, and Stateflow. Using automatic code generation simplifies
this process. Against this background, it is possible to implement additional functionalities which
normal PV inverter cannot provide by default.
With regard to the needs of the FENIX demonstrations. for instance, the injection of active and
reactive power of the inverter can be controlled by external settings. A serial interface RS 232 is
used for giving the set values.
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Figure 2-9: 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter (picture of laboratory sample)
2.1.5 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (SG or IG)
In order to simulate small wind and diesel generator sets, a special 15 kVA motor generator set
has been set up in DeMoTec. The set consists of a drive-controlled high-dynamic asynchronous
motor which alternatively drives a synchronous generator or an induction generator. These two
types of generators can be mounted as required by the simulation conditions. The power supply
is provided by a controllable static drive inverter. The type of generator can be selected by
mounting the desired generator on the test bed. Figure 2-10 and Figure 2-11 show pictures of
the 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator’s components and Table 2-4 shows its technical details.
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Figure 2-10: 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (Picture of Control Cabinet)
Figure 2-11: 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (Picture) on the left side: induction generator; in
the centre: induction motor; on the right side: synchronous generator
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Set:
Manufacturer:
SMA Technologie AG
Motor:
Manufacturer:
Siemens
Model:
1 LA7 1664 AA6-Z
Rated Power:
17.3 kW
Synchronous Generator:
Manufacturer:
Kemmerich Elektrotechnik
Model:
M8B 160 SB4
Type:
Synchronous generator
Type of Connection:
3-phase, YN
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz / 60 Hz
Rated Power:
16 kVA / 12.8 kW (at 50 Hz) and 19 kVA (at 60 Hz)
Rated Voltage:
400 V (at 50 Hz) and 450 (at 60 Hz)
Rated Current:
23.1 A (at 50 Hz) and 24.3 A (at 60 Hz)
Power Factor:
cosφ = 0.8
Synchronous Reactance Xd
290 %
Synchronous Reactance Xq
140 %
Transient Reactance Xd’
22.4 %
Subtransient Reactance Xd’’
10.6 %
Subtransient Reactance Xq’’
12.7 %
Negative Sequence Reactance X2
11.7 %
Zero Sequence Reactance X0
1.2 %
Open Circuit Time Constant Tdo
0.45 s
Transient Time Constant Td’
0.035 s
Subtransient Time Constant Td’’
0.008 s
Armature Time Constant Ta
0.005 s
Efficiency at 50% load:
85.4 %
Efficiency at 75% load:
83.9 %
Efficiency at 100% load:
81.9 %
Torque of inertia:
0.141 kg m²
Short-Circuit-Ratio
0.49
Overload:
10 % for 1 hour
Phase resistance:
0.79 Ohm
Table 2-4: 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (Data)
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2.1.6 PV-Battery-Diesel-System
In order to accelerate the planning, development and demonstration of the modular system
technology, ISET and the Department of Electrical Energy Engineering (IEE) at the University of
Kassel have developed a modular hybrid system in co-operation with industrial partners. This
system is developed on common power unit sizes and serves as demonstration and development unit for the actual products of SMA Technologie AG. Furthermore, the plant is used for
validating the efficiency of individual components as well as for the development of the modular
power supply concept.
The Three-Phase PV-Battery-Diesel-System comprises three single-phase PV inverters: two
Sunny Boy 700 and one Sunny Boy 850 with a respective rated power of 700 W and 850 W.
They are for standard low-voltage power networks with a rated frequency of 50 Hz and a rated
RMS voltage of 230 V. Additionally, the system consists of three 3.3 kVA single-phase bidirectional battery inverters Sunny-Island, which form the three-phase grid supported by a 18
kWh battery bank and a 12.5 kVA Diesel-SG unit. A picture of the Three-Phase PV-BatteryDiesel-System is given in Figure 2-12.
Figure 2-12: PV-Battery-Diesel-System (picture)
2.1.6.1 Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 4500)
A battery inverter uses a battery as a buffer to balance the fluctuating energy generation by solar or wind energy and the fluctuating energy demand. Additionally, the analysed battery inverter is able to manage the demand and the supply side. Therewith, an optimisation of the total system behaviour is possible.
The ISET, SMA Technologie AG and the Department of Electrical Energy Engineering (IEE) at
the University of Kassel have developed a three-phase, bi-directional battery inverter Sunny Is-
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land 4500. It has three different operating modes. These are the grid-tied mode (operation as a
current source), the grid-forming mode (operation as a voltage source) and the droop mode.
In grid-tied mode, the Sunny Island complies with the voltage and frequency which is defined
by an additional component of the island grid which forms the grid. The battery inverter provides then an energy management.
In grid-forming mode, in contrast, the Sunny Island keeps the voltage and the frequency of the
grid autonomously at a constant level. In this mode, all other components in the grid have to
operate as grid-controlled power generators or consumers. The task of the grid former is the
stabilisation of the frequency and the voltage of the grid. A grid former operates similar to a
voltage source. In contrast, other grid components which operate in parallel or supporting
mode are considered to be current sources.
In droop mode, the Sunny Island varies the grid’s frequency depending on its current active
power supply and the grid’s voltage depending on its current reactive power supply. In case
that the active power supply increases, the battery inverter reduces the frequency starting from
the nominal frequency. In case that the reactive power supply rises, the battery inverter reduces the voltage starting from the nominal RMS voltage. The Sunny Island battery inverter also
tries to affect the grid’s frequency according to its battery state. If the available power on the
AC bus of the system is higher than the power demanded, all Sunny Islands will charge their
batteries and let the idle frequency slightly rise, analogous to the amount of energy stored in
their batteries. The other way around, if the available power is less than the power demanded,
the missing amount will be fed into the AC bus by the Sunny Islands, slightly reducing the AC
frequency.
The droop mode with a frequency droop and a voltage droop allows connecting several Sunny
Islands in parallel each of them acting as a grid-forming device. Also other grid-forming elements can be connected if they are capable of automatically synchronising themselves to the
grid or if they have a droop characteristic. Therewith, the droop mode enables a simple expandability of supply systems. Additionally, it is possible to distribute the share of load automatically by using different slopes for the droops.
At DeMoTec, three single-phase Sunny Island battery inverters can form a three-phase system.
Two of these three-phase sets are available in DeMoTec.
Figure 2-13 shows a picture of the Sunny Island battery inverter and Table 2-5 lists technical
details. The structure of the Sunny Island is illustrated in Figure 2-14 which shows the battery
connection on the left side as well as the grid connection on the right side. A Cuk converter
connects the battery with the inverter. There are several parameters, e.g. battery temperature,
diesel voltage and diesel current, which allow a control of the inverter as well as a control of external components which can be connected via relays. Moreover, three serial interfaces allow an
information interchange with other components.
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Figure 2-13: SMA Sunny Island 4500 (picture)
Manufacturer:
SMA Technologie AG
Model:
Sunny Island 4500
Type:
Bi-directional battery inverter
Type of Connection:
1-phase
3-phase possible
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz / 60 Hz
Frequency Range:
48 – 62 Hz
Rated Power:
3300 kVA
Rated Voltage:
230 VRMS
Voltage Range :
200 – 260 VRMS
Rated Current:
16 A
Control Mode:
Grid-tied, grid-forming, droop mode
Efficiency at 100% load:
Overload:
>= 90 %
4500 kVA for 30 minutes
6600 kVA for 20 seconds
Table 2-5: SMA Sunny Island 4500 (data)
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Figure 2-14: Structure of a SMA Sunny Island 4500 [Source: SMA]
PQ control of this Sunny Island cluster is difficult to implement and will be neglected. As a gridforming device and with its droop mode it can assist laboratory demonstrations in islanded situations.
2.1.6.2 Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 5048)
This cluster of new battery inverters may be used as well. In a future software version it may
be possible to control active and reactive currents remotely.
2.1.6.3 Diesel Aggregate
System back-up of the hybrid system is provided by a diesel unit with a synchronous generator
rated at 12.5 kVA (see Table 2-6 and Figure 2-12 on the left hand side).
Set:
Manufacturer:
FG Wilson
Model:
L12.5
Generator:
Type of Connection:
3-phase
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz
Rated Power:
12.5 kVA / 10 kW
Rated Voltage:
400 V
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Remote Control
Remote control with starting/stop signal
Table 2-6: 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate (Data)
2.1.7 Mobile 11.55 kVA Loads
It is possible to simulate three-phase loads by means of resistances, inductances and capacitors
(see Figure 2-15). The setting of the jumpers allows setting the power of the loads between 50
VA and 11550 VA for each load cabinet manufactured by Ruhstrat. Besides the jumper setting,
it is also possible to remotely control the loads via an embedded OPC server.
Figure 2-15: Load cabinets with resistances, inductances and capacitors
2.1.8 Mobile Ohmic Load 210 kW
Not remotely controllable.
2.1.9 Workshop
A workshop with typical loads like lamps, pump drive, drilling and a welding machine has been
build up in DeMoTec (see Figure 2-16). The power data of the loads are given in Table 2-7.
These loads can be activated and deactivated by 8 relais for the different single-phase power
sockets. The relais are controlled by a TINI netmaster which has an integrated webserver for
setting new values of the relais.
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Load:
Power:
Water disinfection
60 W
Refrigerator
70 W
Lamps
270 W
Mixer
400 W
Pump drive
600 VA
Welding equipment
2.5 kVA
Table 2-7: Loads of the Workshop
Figure 2-16: Workshop with different loads (picture)
2.2
Description of Network Elements in DeMoTec
The DeMoTec infrastructure allows a variety of different grid configurations which can be tested
in the laboratory environment. The described DER units can be connected via the Cross Bar
Switch Cabinet at various combinations on low voltage level to the mains via a 175 kVA transformer or forming an island grid. They can be connected to the 10 kV MV network via three
100 kVA and one 250 kVA transformer. This 10 kV network is connected to the mains via a
400 kVA transformer. Moreover, it is possible to simulate lines between the components via LV
hardware network simulator or the MV hardware grid simulator. The crossbar switch cabinet allows configuring three different grids in parallel as all components are connected radially and
can be connected internally on three different cross bars. Figure 2-3 describes this variety of
configuration possibilities. The power grid components will be described in the following subchapters.
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2.2.1 Crossbar Switch Cabinet
The safe electrical connection is a basic condition for the flexible, safe and reproducible test operation of various power units in DeMoTec. For the setting up of an island grid, generators and
loads are interconnected by an electric circuit. To make it as flexible as possible, every generator is connected by an independent power line to a central bus bar selector, which has been installed in DeMoTec (see Figure 2-17 and Figure 2-18). The selected units can be assigned over
specified protection switches to one of the three three-phase circuits with a rated current of
630 A. By this easy configuration process, a great amount of grid configurations can be built
simply and securely. The inserted synchronisation relays further allow the coupling on the low
voltage side of the different three-phase grids. There are two 250 A, two 200 A, four 160 A,
eight 100 A and two 63 A secured connections.
The Cross Bar Switch Cabinet is controlled via an Interbus-S controller. A special software tool
with a graphical user interface allows to check the safety relevant conditions and to activate the
electric grid if only these conditions are allowed. The controller is accessed via a server. A
graphical user interface displays the state of all switches and is used to carry out switching operations. All switches, which connect the plants to the island grid of DeMoTec, are situated in
the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet and controlled via the Interbus-S controller.
Figure 2-17: Crossbar Switch Cabinet (picture)
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Figure 2-18: Crossbar Switch Cabinet (connections on the LV side)
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2.2.2 10 kV / 1.6-25 km Hardware Grid Simulator
The 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (see Figure 2-19) comprises physical line models, which
represent three interlinked transmission lines (overhead lines or cables of different length and
cross sections), three 100 kVA transformers and one 250 kVA transformer with a rated voltage
ratio of 10 kV / 0.4 kV. T-form equivalent circuits (see Figure 2-20) of concentrated resistive,
inductive and capacitive elements are used as a basic representation of the lines. The connection of the transformers is switchable between YNyn0 and Dyn5. The grid simulator can be run
both with and without connection to the 10 kV public grid. It is possible to investigate the
transmission behaviour of the network on the MV level by varying the length and the cross section of the lines and cables, varying the loads and generators as well as the operation conditions in order to analyse the resulting influence on the devices which are connected on the LV
side. The 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator’s elements are illustrated in more detail in Figure 2-21
and the element’s data in Table 2-8.
Figure 2-19: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (picture)
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Figure 2-20: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (scheme)
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Figure 2-21: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (Transformer and line element): on the left-hand
side one of the transformers in security cage and on the right-hand side a view of the line
which consists of adjustable resistive, inductive and capacitive elements
Set:
Manufacturer:
Moeller Electric GmbH
Rated Voltage:
10 kV
100 kVA Transformers T-1, T-2 and T-3
Manufacturer:
Pauwels Trafo Belgium N.V.
Type of Connection:
YNyn0 / Dyn5 (switchable)
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz / 60 Hz
Rated Power:
100 kVA
Rated Voltage MV:
10 kV
Rated Current MV:
5.77 A
Rated Voltage LV:
400 V
Rated Current LV:
144.34 A
Rated Open Circuit Losses:
320 W
Rated Short Circuit Losses:
2000 W
Rated Short Circuit Voltage:
4%
250 kVA Transformer T-4
Manufacturer:
TMC Transformers
Type of Connection:
YNyn0 / Dyn5 (switchable)
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Rated Frequency:
50 Hz / 60 Hz
Rated Power:
250 kVA
Rated Voltage MV:
10 kV
Rated Current MV:
14.43 A
Rated Voltage LV:
400 V
Rated Current LV:
360.84 A
Rated Open Circuit Losses:
600 W
Rated Short Circuit Losses:
3500 W
Rated Short Circuit Voltage:
6%
Line 1.3:
Line Tappings (R12/2, L12/2, C12):
Type of Line:
1.2 Ohm, 5.15 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 10 km
2.37 Ohm, 10.3 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 20 km
3 Ohm, 1.95 mH, 1.05 µF
Cable Al 1x25, 5 km
4.18 Ohm, 5.75 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 10 km
6 Ohm, 3.9 mH, 2.1 µF
Cable Al 1x25, 10 km
8.35 Ohm, 11.5 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 20 km
Line 2.3:
Line Tappings (R23/2, L23/2, C23):
Type of Line:
0.31 Ohm, 1.35 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 2.6 km
0.59 Ohm, 2.57 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 5 km
1.09 Ohm, 1.5 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 2.6 km
1.56 Ohm, 1.0 mH, 0.525 µF
Cable Al 1x25, 2.6 km
2.09 Ohm, 2.88 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 5 km
3.0 Ohm, 1.95 mH, 1.05 µF
Cable Al 1x25, 5 km
Line 3.3:
Line Tappings (R24/2, L24/2, C24):
Type of Line:
0.19 Ohm, 0.83 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 1.6 km
0.37 Ohm, 1.6 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 3.1 km
0.67 Ohm, 0.92 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 1.6 km
0.96 Ohm, 0.63 mH, 0.325 µF
Cable Al 1x25, 1.6 km
1.3 Ohm, 1.8 mH
Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 3.1 km
1.86 Ohm, 1.2 mH, 0.64 µF
Cable Al 1x25, 3.1 km
Table 2-8: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (Data)
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2.2.3 LV Hardware Cable / Overline Simulator
The 400 V Low Voltage Hardware Cable/Overline Simulator is a physical model, which consists
of a resistance at each phase with 5 tappings. These tappings specify a low voltage line of different lengths (see Table 2-9 and Figure 2-22).
Figure 2-22: Low Voltage Hardware Cable/Overline Simulator (picture)
Manufacturer:
Ruhstrat
Rated Power:
Rated Voltage:
3 x 18.4 kW or 4.6 kW per phase (incl. Neutral)
Rated Current:
200 A (continuous operation)
400 V
2000 A (short-term operation)
Rated Resistance:
0.115 Ohm
Rated Frequency:
50 Hz / 60 Hz
Tappings of Resistance:
14.37 mOhm
28.75 mOhm
57.5 mOhm
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86.25 mOhm
115 mOhm
Table 2-9: Low Voltage Hardware Cable/Overline Simulator (Data)
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2.3
ICT infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
This chapter provides a description of ICT infrastructure, data acquisition and supervisory control available in the DeMoTec.
2.3.1 ICT infrastructure
Several networks and supporting devices are installed in DeMoTec to satisfy different requirements arising from data acquisition, control and other services.
2.3.1.1 Local Area Network
A Local Area Network (LAN) dedicated to the communication with generators and loads was installed in DeMoTec. The LAN follows the standard IEEE802.3. All cables are connected to a central patch panel (see Figure 2-23). Four separate switches are available for flexible realisation of
different networks. A connection to the computer network of ISET office is possible via a Virtual
Private Network (VPN) gateway and firewall. An example for a network configuration with three
independent networks is shown in Figure 2-24.
Figure 2-23: Central patch panel and switches. The different colours of the patch cables indicate
the allocation to different communication networks
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Figure 2-24: Example configuration with three independent LAN and allocated generators.
(Blue: Communication lines; Red: Power Lines)
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2.3.1.2 Interbus S
The individual switches of the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet can be remotely controlled via an Interbus S connection. Interbus S is a serial bus system, which transmits data between control systems (e.g., PCs, PLCs etc.) and spatially distributed I/O modules that are connected to sensors
and actuators. The Interbus system was developed by Phoenix Contact and is fully standardised
according to d EN 50254 and IEC 61158.
2.3.1.3 LON Bus
In DeMoTec, a Local Operating Network (LON) bus is used to connect several power measurement devices (type A2000) to a central control station. The LonWorks technology was developed by Echelon Corp. in partnership with Motorola. The main aim of interoperability is
achieved through intelligent devices communicating via a common protocol over one or more
media. The nodes may be sensors, controllers, human operator interfaces (displays, terminals,
keyboards, and buttons), actuators and other interfaces. Routers, repeaters and gateways are
available for easy interfacing to other networks and architectures. Nodes are built around the
Neuron chip which is a three-CPU chip that includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM and a communication
interface. Two of the CPUs take continuous care of network communications while the third is
available for application implementation. Network communications are governed by the LonTalk
protocol over a variety of media (e.g. power line, twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless or fibre
optic).
2.3.1.4 PROFIBUS
In DeMoTec, a PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is used to connect several power measurement
devices (type A2000) to a central control station. PROFIBUS is a standard (IEC 61158/IEC
61784) for fieldbus communication in automation technology.
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2.3.2 Data Acquisition
Power and other system data can be acquired by three different means, which are described in
more detail in the following paragraphs:

Central data acquisitions by means of dedicated power measurement devices

Distributed data acquisition based on measurement data provided by the generator itself

Data acquisition for power quality and transient measurements at selected points of the
electrical network by means of a dedicated power quality measurement device
2.3.2.1 Central Data Acquisition
Several power measurement devices from GMC, type A2000, are permanently installed in the
electrical network (see Figure 2-25). Each device can measure:

active power on each phase

reactive power on each phase

frequency

voltage on each phase
Figure 2-25: Power measurement at selected points of the electrical network by A2000 devices
from
A2000 devices are installed at each branch which is connected to the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet.
The data are collected via a LON bus and transferred to the central control PC. This central control PC collects all the measurement data and stores it in an OPC server. OPC was designed to
bridge Windows based applications and process control hardware and software applications. It
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is an open standard that permits a consistent method of accessing field data. The OPC server
can then be contacted by any OPC client. Therewith, the measurement data is available
throughout the intranet. The actual data is also transferred into a central SQL database.
2.3.2.2 Measurements Provided by the Generators
Beside dedicated data acquisition devices further measurement data is available, which is provided by some of the generators and can be transferred to a data logging system by means of
RTUs (see chapter 0).
2.3.2.3 Mobile Measurements, Power Quality Measurements and Transient Recording
In order to perform measurements of energy flows, power quality, transients etc. several universal power analysers from HAAG Elektronische Messgeräte GmbH, type EURO-QUANT and
COMBI-QUANT are available. The EURO-QUANT (see Figure 2-26) can perform power quality
assessment according to EN 50160. It is suitable for long-term measurements and can be controlled remotely. In addition to long-lasting power quality measurements, transient events like
sags, swells, and voltage interruptions or breakdowns may be recorded. Each measurement device can measure up to 4 voltage and 4 current channels. Measurements from several devices
can be synchronised by using a high precision time signal from GPS or DCF77. Interconnection
boxes are available to connect the measurement device at selected points of the network.
Figure 2-26: The power analyser Haag EURO-QUANT
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2.3.2.4 Comparison of Different Measurement Devices
The power output of a three-phase battery inverter cluster has been measured in one experiment by three different logging systems [Braun et al. 2006]:
1.
High precision power analyser (HAAG EURO-QUANT), which is providing for each
second the mean, maximum and minimum for electric values
2.
Main DeMoTec logging system based on distributed data loggers (A2000) connected
via industrial busses (e.g. LON) to a central SCADA (Intouch software). The acquisition rate is about 2 seconds per sample
3.
Measurements provided by the inverter internal meters through the RTU to the
main database. This data logging is tested with a rate of 0.1 Hz.
Figure 2-27 shows that all three logging approaches have similar results and fulfil the requirements for basic EMS functions.
8
P_A2000
P_HAAG
P_XML
Active Power (kW)
6
4
2
0
150
210
270
330
390
450
510
-2
Time(s)
Figure 2-27: Comparison of different data logging approaches: the three curves represent the
same parameter (= active power of a 3-phase battery inverter cluster) measured by three different data logging systems
ACTION LIST:
04-05/08: Different ways of measurements are compared and the resolution in time
is analyzed
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570
2.3.3 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
Nowadays the exchange of information between components of different manufacturers in the
lower power range (< 1 MW) is a problem due to a lack of standardised data exchange systems
and protocols. Sophisticated systems (e.g. Profibus) and protocols (e.g. IEC 870-6 TASE.2) exist
for larger units where the price of the communication system compared to the overall investment is low. Especially in the low power segment, a large variety of different, proprietary solutions are available. However, some components do not even have a communication interface.
In order to examine the interaction and control of components, it is inevitable to interlink them
on a common and easy programmable interface. General characteristics of a communication interface should be:

vendor independent,

platform independent,

open specification,

rapid prototyping for laboratory purposes but professional, and

powerful in order not to be limited by e.g. bandwidth restrictions.
Based on these characterisations, an analysis of available communication platforms has lead to
the use of TCP/IP over Ethernet, one of the most widespread technologies which is even gaining market shares in industrial field applications. A SCADA system matching this concept was
installed in DeMoTec (see
Figure 2-28).
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Figure 2-28: DeMoTec SCADA system
In this system an Ethernet network is building the communication backbone. All components
are linked to this backbone via remote terminal units (RTUs) which are Windows-based PCs
with LabVIEW as a common application for controlling and interfacing the DER component. Different types of RTUs are designed in DeMoTec for each component as an interface to the central SCADA. The software platform of choise is LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation
Engineering Workbench) which allows a communication and control of each component with its
proprietary protocol and communication infrastructure on the one hand and a communication
with the central SCADA on the other hand. Data collected by the RTUs may be stored in an
SQL-database to which all necessary processes (e.g. visualisation, monitoring, supervisory control) have access.
The different types of communication and control infrastructure are presented in the following
consisting of:


direct analog signals to control
o
the 80 kVA SG
o
the 15 kVA SG
o
the 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate
proprietary protocol via RS 232 to control
o

Modbus via RS 232 to control
o

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the 100 kVA Multi-PV
the 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset
TCP/IP via Ethernet to control
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

o
the load cabinets
o
the workshop
XML-RPC protocol via Ethernet to control
o
the 20 kVA Speed Variable Genset
o
the three-phase cluster of Sunny Island 4500
CANopen via USB to control
o
the three-phase cluster of Sunny Island 5048
ACTION LIST:
01-05/08: RTUs and local control has to be adapted for FENIX
2.3.3.1 RTU of the 80 kVA SG
The old RTU of the 80 kVA does not allow PQ control. Presently, it only controls the prime mover with regard to speed and torque. In addition, an automatic voltage regulator controls the excitation system to set target value (if required with droop). As PQ control is a basic feature of a
SG and needed for the FENIX experiments a new RTU is developed which allows PQ control.
A local control with LabVIEW is set up which uses analogue 10 V DC signals for control of target
speed and target maximum torque. If target speed is higher than actual speed (given by the
mains), e.g. maximum value, it is possible to control active power by defining the target torque
(positive and negative quadrants may have different inputs). A controllable constant current
source connected directly to excitation coils enables reactive power control. Measurement data
is available from the A2000 (LONbus) measurement device
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
2.3.3.2 RTU of the 15 kVA SG
The old RTU of the 15 kVA should be substituted as well. Presently, it only controls the prime
mover with regard to speed and torque. As PQ control is a basic feature of a SG and needed for
the FENIX experiments a new RTU is developed which allows PQ control.
A local control with LabVIEW is set up which uses analogue 10 V DC signals for control of target
speed and target maximum torque. When the SG is connected to the mains and operated at the
grid’s frequency (grid-tied operation), it is possible to control active power by defining the target torque. With 10 V DC signals the power supply of the excitation system can be controlled
for Q control. Measurement data is available from the A2000 (LONbus) measurement device.
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
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2.3.3.3 RTU of the 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate
The Diesel aggregate can be started and stopped remotely by giving on/off signals.
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
2.3.3.4 Proprietary Protocol via RS232 to control the 100 kVA Multi-PV
A serial RS232 interface enables the communication with the control system of the Multi-PV. A
proprietary protocol is used for this communication in order to set active and reactive power
target values.
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
2.3.3.5 Modbus via RS 232 to control the 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset
Remote control of the SYMAP-XG control system of the genset is possible by Modbus protocol
via RS232/RS485 communication port. Measurement signals of electrical parameters (P,Q,V,I,f
etc.) are available for output. In addition, commands can be given to SYMAP such as
-
event triggers for change of operation mode
-
setpoint for asymmetric load sharing
-
setpoint for asymmetric PF controller
The genset’s control by the RTU has to be developed.
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
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VERY IMPORTANT: Default values have to be set after changes to prevent unsecure
parameter setting  reset after changes required!!!
2.3.3.6 TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Load Cabinets
It is possible to remotely control the loads via an embedded OPC server by the RTU. This OPC
server has to be setup and the communication with LabVIEW has to be implemented.
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
2.3.3.7 TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Workshop
The Elsist NETMASTER (see Figure 2-29) is a programmable controller based on a Dallas Tini
module (see Figure 2-30). It is inserted in a standard DIN 43880 enclosure and by its connectivity in networks it allows an easy integration with other systems. The NETMASTER uses a biprocessor structure (both core MCS51 compatible), the DS80C390 from Dallas Semiconductor
uses a central processor and the ADuC812 of the Analogue Devices uses an analogue I/O manager.
The Netmaster is being programmed in Java and comprises the following features:

12 optoisolated inputs

8 relays logic outputs (or static)

4 analogue inputs 0-10Vdc 12bit

2 analogue outputs 0-2.5Vdc 12bit

I/O status gauges (LED)

Counter speed input

Interrupt external input

Ethernet interface

CAN Bus or RS422/485 interface

1-Wire interface

RS232C standard interface

I2C interface for extension modules
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
512K FLASH memory, 512K SRAM memory with battery

Real-Time Clock/Calendar

10-28Vdc power supply

Keyboard 6 keys and LCD 2*16 alph. display (option)
Figure 2-29: Elsist NETMASTER
The Tini Board (see Figure 2-30) is a little board from Dallas Semiconductor featuring an Ethernet interface, a 40 MHz 8051 descendant (the DS80C390), up to 2 MB of non-volatile storage
(flash and battery backed RAM) and numerous other interfaces (RS232/CAN/OneWire).
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Figure 2-30: Dallas® Tini Board
One NETMASTER is installed in the Workshop for load switching (see Figure 2-31). Another
NETMASTER is installed at the 80 kVA Grid Simulator interfacing with the A2000 measurement
device and the PC controlling the test rig to provide remote control capabilities (see Figure
2-32).
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Figure 2-31: NETMASTER in the Workshop with controllable loads
Figure 2-32: NETMASTER (on the left hand side) and A2000 power measuerement unit (on the
right hand side) of the 80 kVA Grid Simulator
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
2.3.3.8 XML-RPC via Ethernet to control 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset
As a high level communication protocol, the widespread XML dialect XML-RPC has been selected. XML-RPC is a Remote Procedure Calling (RPC) protocol that works over the Internet. A XMLRPC message is a HTTP-POST request. The body of the request is in XML. A procedure executes
on the server and the value it returns is also formatted in XML. Procedure parameters can be
scalars, numbers, strings, dates, etc. and can also be complex record and list structures.
Figure 2-33 gives an example of a XML-RPC request and Figure 2-34 an example for a XML-RPC
encoded DataRequest telegram used in the RTU software.
POST /RPC2 HTTP/1.0
User-Agent: Frontier/5.1.2 (WinNT)
Host: betty.userland.com
Content-Type: text/xml
Content-length: 181
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>examples.getStateName</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value><i4>41</i4></value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
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Figure 2-33: Example of a XML-RPC request
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>DataRequest</methodName>
<params>
<param>
<value>
<array>
<data>
<value>
<struct>
<member>
<name>Serial</name>
<value><string>XXXXX</string></value>
</member>
</struct>
</value>
</data>
</array>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
Figure 2-34: Example of XML-RPC encoded DataRequest telegram
The interface to SMA hardware provides an embedded PC with Ethernet capability for XML-RPC
communication:

Specification of the device: DSM Embedded Controller VIA Eden 667 MHz processor,
fanless, 128 MB RAM, 128 MB Flash Disk, RS 232, RS 485

Operating system: White Dwarf Linux which is a special Linux distribution designed with
respect to memory usage. A complete Linux system can be easily installed on a 16 MB
flash disk.
Remote communication with the variable speed diesel unit is possible with XML-RPC via an OPC
server. Table 2-10 presents all the parameters which can be remotely accessed. These values
comprise also setpoints for active and reactive power.
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Table 2-10: 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset (Control Parameters)
Control Approach (red: to be developed):
2.3.3.9 XML-RPC via Ethernet to control Sunny Islands
Similar to the control approach of the 20 kVA variable speed genset, also the Sunny Island 4500
cluster has an embedded Linux PC which is presented in Figure 2-35. It is installed in the threephase battery-inverter cluster which is displayed in Figure 2-36 and illustrates the inclusion of
the protocol converter (the blue box).
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Figure 2-35: Embedded Linux PC
Figure 2-36: RTU in three-phase battery-inverter cluster of the Three-Phase PV-Battery-DieselSystem (see blue box on the upper right hand side)
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2.3.4 SCADA System
In order to enable a central control of the different generators and loads available in the laboratory, a SCADA system for the DeMoTec was designed and implemented (see Figure 2-37). The
core of the SCADA system is the collecting of data from the RTUs and the management of control requests. All relevant data are stored in a relational database. This database may also serve
as interface to other programmes, e.g. an energy management system.
Inside the database the following tables are defined. The ‘logical device’ (ld) table provides information for all RTUs. For each device a set of 4 tables is given:
1.) ld_device_con:
table holding control parameters for the device
2.) ld_device_doc:
table with general (data sheet) information of the device
3.) ld_device_log:
table with logged data from the device
4.) ld_device_his:
table with historical (i.e. averaged) data from the device
A process named ‘log’ is running for every RTU. This process is responsible
 to periodically collect data from the RTU and
 to forward any control request stored in the ld_device_con table.
A second process ‘mean’ is producing averaged data out of the instantaneous data collected in
the ld_device_log table; these data are stored in the ld_device_his table.
The database was realised with the relation database management system MySql. Any MySqlenabled client can easily access it via standard SQL syntax. With phpMyAdmin, a comfortable,
web-enabled user interface is available.
Figure 2-37: Central SCADA system with data base and relevant processes
The ‘Central Control’ system provides a mean to control the generators and collect measured
data via the RTU. It enables
 the central control of the RTUs;
 the access to the measurement data provided by the power quality measurement devices (A2000);
 the interfacing with the data bases hosting the data collected from the RTUs;
 the visualisation; and the
 provision of human-machine interface.
This functionality is achieved with the product LabVIEW from National Instruments.
ACTION LIST:
03-04/08: SCADA system has to be adapted for FENIX
01/03/08
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3
INTEGRATION OF FENIX CONCEPT IN DEMOTEC
The flexible design of the control architecture in DeMoTec allows implementing different types
of EMS. One type is the FENIX architecture which can be installed in DeMoTec to demonstrate
the functionality of the FENIX concept (see Figure 3-1). Set values of active and reactive power
can be given to the different DER units and loads via the SQL database. The interface of the
FENIX architecture to this database is the FENIX box which is connected via Ethernet and communicates with TCP/IP to the database. In the VPP architecture of FENIX, all commands to the
aggregated DER units are given by the FENIX DEMS which communicates with the components
via the FENIX boxes. The FENIX architecture will be implemented in DeMoTec, tested with regard to communication, and finally used for demonstration of the control concept.
Figure 3-1: FENIX Architecture in DeMoTec
3.1
Integration of FENIX Box
FENIX boxes will be installed in DeMoTec. They will be connected to the central lab SCADA database. The central SCADA provides the measurement data and the possibility to control their
dedicated DER components by setting active and reactive power target values within the unit’s
loading capability chart.
We will analyse the proper communication and control of a variety of DER units by the FENIX
Box. This test will evaluate the proper function of the local FENIX Box in a comprehensive manner through all the different services offered and executed, but always at individual level.
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ACTION LIST:
01-03/08: ISET facilitates components to be controlled by FENIX boxes via central
database
31 March 2008: ZIV has specified the testing procedure
05/08: ZIV installs FENIX boxes in DeMoTec
05-06/08: Demonstration of DER control by FENIX boxes (ISET & ZIV)
3.2
Integration of DEMS
The Siemens DEMS will be installed in DeMoTec. It will communicate with the FENIX boxes and
aggregate them as a CVPP.
A comprehensive interoperability test will be performed of all the messaging and control situations between the FENIX Box and the DEMS.
ACTION LIST:
31 March 2008: SIEMENS has specified the testing procedure
06/08: SIEMENS installs DEMS in DeMoTec
06/08: Comprehensive interoperability test of all messaging and control situations
between FENIX Box and DEMS (SIEMENS, ZIV, ISET)
01/03/08
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4
LABORATORY TESTS & DEMONSTRATIONS
ISET demonstrates the provision of ancillary services (such as frequency and voltage control) by
DER units using active and reactive power control. Physical tests on LV and MV level are performed.
Before starting the demonstrations with several components, each DER unit has to be characterized with regard to its dynamic response to set values and its loading capability chart which
defines the domain of valid active and reactive power set values. With this information, the
FENIX demonstrations can be performed.
4.1
Step Response Tests of Active and Reactive Power Control
The control of the lab’s DER units by the FENIX architecture will be tested basically with step
response tests. For each included DER unit, the dynamic behaviour from setting the target value, the response of the DER unit until the target value is reached will be analysed. This is the
fundamental test to analyse the proper control functionality with its time constants and time delays.
For each of the following DER units the response will be analyzed:

200 kVA Biodiesel Genset

100 kVA Multi-PV

15 kVA SG

load cabinets

20 kVA genset

80 kVA SG

12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate

workshop
ACTION LIST:
03-05/08: ISET performs step response tests of all included components
4.1.1 Test Set Up
4.1.2 Results of Physical Tests
01/03/08
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4.1.3 Software Simulation
Models in PowerFactory are validated and adjusted to the lab’s DER units. This is the basic need
to use software simulations for the preparation and validation of more complex demonstrations.
4.2
Determination of Loading Capability Charts
Each component has its individual loading capability chart (see examples in Figure 4-1). The
limits of P and Q control have to be determined in order to make use of the full possible range
of operating conditions in the FENIX demonstrations. This chart has never been determined but
has to be as a basis for further tests of PQ control.
For each of the following DER units the response will be analyzed:

200 kVA Biodiesel Genset

100 kVA Multi-PV

15 kVA SG

load cabinets

20 kVA genset

80 kVA SG

12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate

workshop
Figure 4-1: Examples for Loading Capability Charts (left: inverter; right: SG)
ACTION LIST:
04-05/08: ISET analzes the loading capability chart of all included components
01/03/08
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4.2.1 Test Set Up
4.2.2 Results of Physical Tests
4.2.3 Software Simulation
The models of the DER units are adjusted by the analyzed limits of the PQ control.
4.3
Day-Ahead Market Participation (Active Power Control)
A price curve according to the Power Exchange will be used (see Figure 0-1 as one example).
The VPP participates on this virtual market with its pool of DER units (see lab components in
Table 0-1). Each DER unit of the lab’s VPP will be given a cost characteristic. According to the
aggregation via the DEMS the unit’s will be actvated, partly activated or deactivated depending
on the actual market price. At minimum price only the cheapest generator should be active
while at maximum price all VPP DG units should be generating power; Vice versa for the loads.
As a demonstration for the Southern Scenario, similar DER units can be considered in the lab as
in the field (see Table 0-2). An exact copy is not possible but the definition of the representation of the lab components takes into account the structure in the Spanish situation.
Many DER units have a certain schedule for the next day which they plan to follow. However,
due to inherent uncertainties in forecast the real profiles are different. One of the advantages of
a pool of units is the possibility to balance these unbalances by controllable units.
In addition, also a situation can be created where the network has certain congestions which
require the limitation of one DER unit’s output.
70
60
€/MWh
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
hour of the average day in 2007
Figure 0-1: Day-ahead-price curve of the EEX (average day in 2007)
01/03/08
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DER unit (lab)
DER unit (represented)
Cost characteristic
200 kVA Biodiesel SG
heat-driven CHP unit
0 €/MWh
 heat profile followed
100 kVA
(inverter)
Multi-PV
To be defined (e.g. flexible CHP unit,
PV, loads, …)
0 – 50 €/MWh
 flexible
(e.g. PV profile of Figure 0-2)
15 kVA SG
Hydro power
0 €/MWh
 hydro profile followed
20 kVA genset (inverter)
Biogas plant
30 €/MWh
 flexible
(e.g. biogas profile of Figure 0-2)
80 kVA SG
Wind turbine
0 €/MWh
 wind profile followed
(e.g. wind profile of Figure 0-2)
12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate
Backup diesel
500 €/MWh
210 kW load
Base load
0 – 20 €/MWh
load cabinets
Variable loads
0 – 50 €/MWh
workshop
Variable loads
0 – 50 €/MWh
Low voltage feeder
Variable loads, to be defined
0 – 50 €/MWh
Table 0-1: DER units in DeMoTec
DER unit
Capacity
P control capacity
Selling
price
Market participation
42 MVA + 8
MVA
-
0 €/MWh
Demand profile forecasted  P
generation fixed to real demand
( unbalances)  participation on
power exchange
(type)
Energyworks Vit-Vall
(Michelin Factory)
SG (CHP unit)
(follows the heat
demand)
Tertiary reserve not possible
Guascor I+D
10 MVA
Full controllability
?
SG (engine test bed)
Engine testing program  generation schedule  participation on
power exchange
Tertiary reserve possible (via
phone calls +/- 5 MW)
Guascor Biomasa
SG (biogas plant)
300 kVA + 370
kVA
Manually
?
Forecast  schedule  power exchange participation
Not considered for tertiary reserve
Eolicas de Euskadi:
Urkila Wind Farm
DFIG (WTG)
01/03/08
38 à 850 kVA
Full controllability
but limited due to
wind conditions
?
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?
Tertiary reserve feasible but economically questionable
Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only
Corporacion Zigor SA
850 KVA
Full controllability
?
No market participation
SG (backup diesel)
Flexibility can be used in FENIX
Tertiary reserve possible
CH Antoñana
220 kW
-
?
Forecast  schedule  power exchange participation
SG (hydro power)
Tertiary reserve not possible
Table 0-2: DER units in the Southern Scenario (active power control)
Figure 0-2: Generation profiles for PV, Wind and Biogas
ACTION LIST:
04-05/08: ISET simulates the demo with PowerFactory
06-09/08: ISET performs the demo
4.3.1 Test Set Up
The network is not considered in this demonstration. All components are connected to the
mains and controlled by the central controller which is the FENIX CVPP. The test setup is depicted in Figure 0-3.
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Figure 0-3: Test set up for day-ahead market participation
4.3.2 Software Simulation
4.3.3 Results of Physical Demonstration
4.4
Frequency Control (Active Power Control)
Frequency control cannot be tested with mains grid connection. Consequently, the DeMoTec will
be operated as an island network. The automatically activated frequency response (primary frequency control) as well as secondary frequency control will be demonstrated. In addition, the
tertiary reserve of the lab’s VPP will be activated via the FENIX architecture.
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DER unit (lab)
DER unit (represented)
Frequency control characteristic
200 kVA Biodiesel SG
Electricity-driven CHP unit
Droop mode (Vf-controlled)
 primary frequency control
100 kVA Multi-PV (inverter)
To be defined (e.g. flexible CHP
unit, PV, loads, …)
Secondary frequency control
 flexible
(e.g. PV profile of Figure 0-2)
15 kVA SG
20 kVA genset (inverter)
Hydro power
Negative tertiary reserve
 hydro profile followed
0 €/MWh
Biogas plant
Positive and negative tertiary
reserve
 flexible
30 €/MWh
80 kVA SG
Wind turbine
Negative tertiary reserve
 wind profile followed
0 €/MWh
(e.g. wind profile of Figure 0-2)
12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate
Backup diesel
Positive tertiary reserve
210 kW load
Base load
-
load cabinets
Variable loads
Positive and negative tertiary
reserve
500 €/MWh
0 €/MWh
workshop
Variable loads
-
Low voltage feeder
Variable loads, to be defined
-
Table 0-1: DER units in DeMoTec
ACTION LIST:
04-05/08: ISET simulates the demo with PowerFactory
06-09/08: ISET performs the demo
4.4.1 Test Set Up
The network is not considered in this demonstration. All components are disconnected from the
mains and connected to the DeMoTec island network. The grid-forming unit of the island network is the 200 kVA biodiesel genset. In droop mode, it provides the required primary frequency control. In addition, one component provides the secondary control (which always aims at
bringing the frequency back to 50 Hz.
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The FENIX concept then recovers the secondary control reserve by providing tertiary reserve to
the system. The fictious TNO calls tertiary reserve from those units which provide respective
capacity starting with the cheapest unit.
The test setup is depicted in Figure 0-3.
Figure 0-1: Test set up for Frequency Control
4.4.2 Software Simulation
4.4.3 Results of Physical Demonstration
4.5
Reactive Power Supply (Reactive Power Control)
The DNO has to follow certain characteristics of reactive power transfer via the GSP to the TN
in order to optimize the TNO’s voltage profile. In active distribution networks the DNO might
use a variety of reactive power sources to influence this profile. Depending on the costs of reactive power supply of each source an optimized allocation of reactive power supply can be
achieved. The influence on network losses and the voltage profile will be analysed if different
sources will be used in the lab grid with LV and MV levels.
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The DER units of the Southern scenario are given in Table 0-1 with regard to their reactive
power control capacity. Only the wind farm and the Michelin CHP unit can contribute to reactive
power supply by remote control. Even though these units could be represented by lab components the Alava network is difficult to represent. Consequently, the general influence of reactive
power supply from DER units is investigated in the lab on LV and MV level including the voltage
profile.
Table 0-2 lists the DER units in DeMoTec and their respective reactive power control characteristics. These characteristics have never been tested so that first of all the loading capability
chart of each unit has to be assessed according to chapter 4.2. A cost function for reactive
power supply will be defined for each DER unit.
DER unit
Capacity
Q control capacity
42 MVA + 8 MVA
Yes, PO 7.4
10 MVA
Manual
300 kVA + 370 kVA
No voltage regulator
38 à 850 kVA
Yes, remote control possible
850 KVA
Manual
220 kW
manual
(type)
Energyworks Vit-Vall (Michelin Factory)
SG (CHP unit)
Guascor I+D
SG (engine test bed)
Guascor Biomasa
SG (biogas plant)
Eolicas de Euskadi: Urkila Wind Farm
DFIG (WTG)
Corporacion Zigor SA
SG (backup diesel)
CH Antoñana
SG (hydro power)
Table 0-1: DER units in the Southern Scenario (reactive power control)
DER unit (lab)
DER unit (represented)
Reactive Power Control
200 kVA Biodiesel SG
Electricity-driven CHP unit
Cosφ = 0.8-1 (ind/cap)
To be tested
100 kVA Multi-PV (inverter)
To be defined (e.g. flexible CHP
unit, PV, loads, …)
 flexible
Q = 0-100 kVAr
Cosφ = 0 -1 (ind/cap)
To be tested
(e.g. PV profile of Figure 0-2)
15 kVA SG
Hydro power
To be tested
 hydro profile followed
20 kVA genset (inverter)
Biogas plant
80 kVA SG
Wind turbine
01/03/08
To be tested
 flexible
To be tested
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 wind profile followed
(e.g. wind profile of Figure 0-2)
12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate
Backup diesel
-
210 kW load
Base load
-
load cabinets
Variable loads
Q = 0-11.5 kVAr (ind/cap)
Capacitor bank
To be tested
workshop
Variable loads
To be tested
Low voltage feeder
Variable loads, to be defined
To be tested
Table 0-2: DER units in DeMoTec (reactive power control)
ACTION LIST:
04-05/08: ISET simulates the demo with PowerFactory
06-09/08: ISET performs the demo
4.5.1 Test Set Up
A reactive power profile should be provided to the TNO. The reactive power can be supplied by
different DER units which are at different distance to the GSP (see Figure 0-1). Different grid
losses have to be considered in addition to the costs of reactive power from each component.
The grid losses depend on the load flow between the connection point of the DER unit and the
GSP where reactive power has to be provided to.
This demonstration provides insights on the possibilities to use DER units as reactive power
suppliers for the DNO. The influence on losses and the voltage profile are investigated. These
hardware demonstrations will be accompanied by software simulations for validating the investigations of both approaches.
These are basic investigations for the TVPP functionality of the FENIX concept where DER units
offer their reactive power control services via the CVPP to the TVPP which then runs an OPF to
estimate the optimal reactive power sources which cause the lowest costs. As the TVPP tool is
not available in DeMoTec, the tests do not aim at finding the optimum but at providing a basic
understanding of the dependencies, sensitivities and possibilities.
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Figure 0-1: Test set up for reactive power supply
4.5.2 Software Simulation
4.5.3 Results of Physical Demonstration
4.6
Voltage Control (Active and Reactive Power Control)
The voltage profile in the DN can be influenced by the DER units. At LV and also at MV level not
only the reactive power but also the active power has significant influence on the network’s
voltage. This behaviour will be analysed in this experiment showing the possibilities of the DER
units.
To be specified…
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ACTION LIST:
03/08: ISET describes the demo
04-05/08: ISET simulates the demo with PowerFactory
06-09/08: ISET performs the demo
4.6.1 Test Set Up
4.6.2 Software Simulation
4.6.3 Results of Physical Demonstration
01/03/08
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REFERENCES
[Braun et al. 2006]
01/03/08
M. Braun, T. Degner, M. Vandenbergh: “Laboratory DG Grid”,
DISPOWER, Deliverable 6.3, 2006
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DN
DNO
TN
TNO
GSP
DeMoTec
DG
DER
VPP
WEC
IG
SG
01/03/08
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